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Анна Энгельгардт (1835–1903): издательница, переводчица, литературный критик и не только…
No full textThis article presents Anna Engelhardt, a woman virtually unknown in France and little studied in Russia, despite her important role in her country’s social and cultural life in the 19th century. She was a writer, translator, editor, literary critic and much more besides. Born in St Petersburg in 1838, she learned several foreign languages from an early age, including French and English. She introduced Russian readers to the works of Émile Zola, Guy de Maupassant, François Rabelais, George Elliot and Louisa May Alcott. She produced the first translations of several works by J.-J. Rousseau, V. Hugo, G. Flaubert and H. Heine. She was also the author (or co-author) of an imposing German-Russian dictionary in two volumes, published in 1877. The article focuses in particular on her close links with Zola and her interpretation of Rabelais, to whom she attributed a special place. It is based on documents held by the Central State Archive of Literature and Art in St Petersburg and the Manuscript Department of the Institute of Russian Literature.Cet article présente Anna Engelhardt, une femme quasi-inconnue en France et peu étudiée en Russie, malgré le rôle important qu’elle joua dans la vie sociale et culturelle de son pays au XIXe siècle. Elle fut à la fois rédactrice en chef, traductrice, éditrice, critique littéraire et plus encore… Née en 1838 à Saint-Pétersbourg, elle apprit très tôt plusieurs langues étrangères, parmi lesquelles le français et l’anglais. C’est elle qui familiarisa le lecteur russe avec les œuvres d’Émile Zola, de Guy de Maupassant, de François Rabelais, de George Elliot et de Louisa May Alcott. Elle fit les premières traductions de quelques oeuvres de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, de Victor Hugo, de Gustave Flaubert et d’Heinrich Heine. Elle est, en outre, l’autrice (ou co-autrice principale) d’un imposant dictionnaire allemand-russe en deux volumes, paru en 1877. L’article se concentre notamment sur ses liens étroits avec Zola et son interprétation de Rabelais, auquel elle attribuait une place particulière. Il s’appuie sur des documents conservés aux Archives centrales d’État de la littérature et de l’art de Saint-Pétersbourg et au département des manuscrits de l’Institut de littérature russe.Данная статья посвящена Анне Николаевне Энгельгардт, остающейся, несмотря на важную роль, которую она играла в культурной и общественной жизни своего времени, неизвестной во Франции и мало изученной в России. Энгельгардт была издательницей, редактором, переводчицей, литературным критиком и не только… Она родилась в 1838 году в Санкт-Петербурге и рано овладела несколькими иностранными языками, среди которых французский и английский. Именно Энгельгардт познакомила российского читателя с Эмилем Золя, Ги де Мопассаном, Франсуа Рабле, Джордж Элиот и Луизой Олкотт. Ей принадлежат первые переводы отдельных произведений Жан-Жака Руссо, Виктора Гюго, Гюстава Флобера, Генриха Гейне. Кроме того, она является автором (или основным соавтором) полного двухтомного немецкого-русского словаря, появившегося в 1877 году. Статья более подробно освещает тесные связи Энгельгардт с Золя и ее отношение к Рабле, которому она придавала особое значение. Источниками для статьи послужили документы, хранящиеся в Центральном государственном архиве литературы и искусства Санкт-Петербурга и в Отделе рукописей Института русской литературы
Proving Properties of -Representations with the Walnut Theorem-Prover
No full textWe revisit a classic theorem of Frougny and Sakarovitch concerning automatafor -representations, and show how to obtain it in a different andmore computationally direct way. Using it, we can find simple, induction-freeproofs of existing results in the literature about these representations, in auniform and straightforward manner. In particular, we can easily and"automatically'' recover many of the results of recent papers of Dekking andVan Loon. We also obtain a number of new results on -representations
Tautological relations and integrable systems
No full textWe present a family of conjectural relations in the tautological cohomologyof the moduli spaces of stable algebraic curves of genus with markedpoints. A large part of these relations has a surprisingly simple form: thetautological classes involved in the relations are given by stable graphs thatare trees and that are decorated only by powers of the psi-classes athalf-edges. We show that the proposed conjectural relations imply certainfundamental properties of the Dubrovin-Zhang (DZ) and the double ramification(DR) hierarchies associated to F-cohomological field theories. Our relationsnaturally extend a similar system of conjectural relations, which were proposedin an earlier work of the first author together with Gu\'er\'e and Rossi andwhich are responsible for the normal Miura equivalence of the DZ and the DRhierarchy associated to an arbitrary cohomological field theory. Finally, weprove all the above mentioned relations in the case and arbitrary using a variation of the method from a paper by Liu and Pandharipande, this canbe of independent interest. In particular, this proves the main conjecture fromour previous joined work together with Hern\'andez Iglesias. We also prove allthe above mentioned relations in the case and arbitrary .Comment: v3: final journal version, 44 page
flows and multi-component hierarchy (KP case)
No full textWe show that abelian subalgebras of generalized () algebra gives rise to the multicomponent KP flows. The matrixelements of the related group elements in the fermionic Fock space is expressedas a product of a certain factor (generalized content product) and of a numberof the Schur functions and the skew Schur functions
An Industrial West? A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Newspapers Discourses about Technology over One Hundred and Ten Years (1830-1940)
No full textRecent work analyzing the social impact of technology in processes of globalization signals a shared Western voice in sustainability related discourses dating back twenty years (Fernández Fernández and Savcisens. However, many scholars propose the idea that, as a direct consequence of the Second Industrial Revolution, globalization processes can be traced back at least to the second half of the nineteenth century. Only a few decades later, nevertheless, two of the most divisive historic events ever in human history took place: the First and Second World Wars. In this article we seek to explore information behaviour during one hundred and ten years approximately (1830-1940), using multilingual historic newspapers as a proxy (Le Figaro, The New York Herald, El Imparcial, Neuer Hamburger Zeitung and La Stampa), to observe to what extent technology acted as a cohesive force across Western societies walking along these different historic happenings. Thus we filter our corpus with three key technological terms (telephone, gasoline, and iron) as an exploratory endeavour. Afterwards, we implement a mix-methods approach that combines quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. In our quantitative analysis, we use a five-step pipeline that includes Topic Modelling (Pachinko Allocation), translation of the topic words into English, Word Embeddings, Ward Hierarchical Clustering, and a directed graph. In our qualitative analysis, we firstly select randomly one newspaper per decade per outlet seeking to observe whether multilingual historical newspapers are comparable objects of analysis (i.e. is their format similar enough to implement meaningful discourse analysis?). Secondly, we also sample randomly a variety of articles containing our selected key terms in order to assess the social impact of technology using a close reading approach. Our quantitative data analysis reveals three main findings: firstly, we empirically detect a trend in information flattening coinciding with the peak of the Second Industrial Revolution (1890 and 1900), as well as a trend of information complexity during the following decades. Secondly, we observe more nuanced patterns of agreement during the Twentieth century, therefore showing how the social and political polarity during that time did not affect technological related discourses. Thirdly, we notice high rates of content similarity across our three selected key terms over our whole observational time, displaying almost identical wording. These findings resonate with our qualitative analysis, where we observe a certain degree of heterogeneity among both newspapers formatting and our selection of articles, yet very subtly. These outcomes make us speculate with the idea that it is possible to trace a shared Western voice in technological related discourses back to two hundred years ago, exposing the agency of technology as a trigger of cultural flattening in terms of information behaviour.
La valorisation de HAL. Finalités, outils et process
No full textThis article presents the results of a qualitative analysis of the use of the HAL platform by research laboratories. The analysis is based on semi-directive interviews with representatives from 50 laboratories affiliated to the ten Udice research universities. It focuses on the function that HAL fulfils for the laboratories, on its added value for their operation and their development. In particular, we are questioning the purposes of the use of HAL by the laboratories, the use of internal and external tools, and the trajectories of practices. We discuss the results from three angles: the discourses and communities of practice in the laboratories; the scope and challenges of the systems put in place by the laboratories upstream and downstream of HAL; and the transformation of HAL from a platform for self-archiving and direct scientific communication to an infrastructure for monitoring and evaluating scientific performance. This is the first in a series of three articles from the HAL/LO project.L’article présente les résultats d’une analyse qualitative de l’utilisation de la plateforme HAL par les laboratoires de recherche. L’analyse s’appuie sur des entretiens semi-directifs avec des représentants de 50 laboratoires affiliés aux dix universités de recherche Udice. Elle porte sur la fonction que remplit HAL pour les laboratoires, sur sa valeur ajoutée pour leur fonctionnement et leur développement. En particulier, nous interrogeons les finalités de l’utilisation de HAL par les laboratoires, le recours à des outils internes et externes, et les trajectoires des pratiques. Nous discutons les résultats sous trois angles : les discours et les communautés de pratiques dans les laboratoires ; le périmètre et les enjeux des dispositifs mis en place par les laboratoires en amont et en aval de HAL ; et la transformation de HAL d’une plateforme d’auto-archivage et de communication scientifique directe vers une infrastructure de suivi et d’évaluation de la performance scientifique. Il s’agit du premier d’une série de trois articles issus du projet HAL/LO
Chaînes relationnelles dans l'accès à l'emploi : perspective à partir d'une enquête récente en France
No full textSince Mark Granovetter's seminal work on the access to employment of white collars in the Boston suburbs, studies on the embeddedness of the labor market in social networks have multiplied. They all agree on the fact that a significant proportion of access to employment is based on interpersonal relations, either because these relations are decisive in ob-taining information on jobs (for future recruits) and on possible candi-dates (for recruiters), or because they lead to direct recruitment (if the recruiter and the future recruit already know each other) or because recommendations by intermediaries result in hiring. The proportion of jobs obtained on the basis of personal relationships varies according to the methods studied and the study sites but it's often a significant one. In this article, we study the relational chains of access to employment based on the questions used in a questionnaire survey carried out in 2028 on a sample of 1,676 persons living in mainland France. This sur-vey confirms previous results: relationships are important, and this im-portance varies according to the characteristics of the respondents and the jobs they obtained. Relationships are more important for executives and prestigious jobs. Moreover, these prestigious jobs were obtained by involving colleagues or former colleagues to a greater extent than other jobs. Being located in a privileged environment and knowing other peo-ple in that environment provides additional resources for accessing cer-tain jobs.In addition to verifying these trends, our aim was to characterize the chains themselves as far as possible. In this way we were able to support a hypothesis that has emerged from previous work, namely that the average length of chains varies according to the type of resource in-volved: the rarer the resource, the longer the chains. By distinguishing between assistance limited to information or advice and that which in-volves more direct help in obtaining employment, we have been able to show that the chains are longer on average in the case of direct assis-tance, which is consistent with our hypothesis, but they are also longer for the youngest people, who have not yet been able to build up profes-sional relationships comparable to those of older people. What is at stake is therefore a relative scarcity that depends on the characteristics of the persons and their network as much as on those of the resources at stake.Depuis le travail fondateur de Mark Granovetter sur l’accès à l’emploi de cadres de la banlieue de Boston, les études sur l’encastrement du marché du travail dans les réseaux sociaux se sont multipliées. Toutes convergent sur le constat qu’une part importante des accès à l’emploi s’appuie sur des relations interpersonnelles, soit que ces relations soient décisives dans l’obtention d’informations sur les postes (pour les futures personnes recrutées) et sur les candidatures possibles (pour les personnes qui recrutent), soit qu’elles débouchent sur des recrutements directs (si les personnes concernées se connaissent déjà) ou que des recommandations par des intermédiaires aboutissent à l’embauche. La proportion des emplois obtenus sur la base de relations personnelles varie selon les méthodes étudiées et les terrains d’étude mais elle est souvent importante. Dans cet article, nous étudions les chaînes relationnelles d’accès à l’emploi à partir d’une enquête par questionnaire effectuée en 2018 au-près d’un échantillon de 1676 personnes représentatives de la population résidant en France métropolitaine. L’analyse de ces données con-firme l’importance des chaînes de relations dans l’accès à l’emploi en France, avec des variations selon les caractéristiques des personnes, les plus diplômées mobilisant les relations plus que les autres. Cette analyse porte également sur la longueur des chaînes, qui varie en fonction de la rareté relative des ressources ainsi que des caractéristiques des personnes cherchant un emploi
Addition and Differentiation of ZX-diagrams
No full textThe ZX-calculus is a powerful framework for reasoning in quantum computing.It provides in particular a compact representation of matrices of interests. Apeculiar property of the ZX-calculus is the absence of a formal sum allowingthe linear combinations of arbitrary ZX-diagrams. The universality of theformalism guarantees however that for any two ZX-diagrams, the sum of theirinterpretations can be represented by a ZX-diagram. We introduce a general,inductive definition of the addition of ZX-diagrams, relying on theconstruction of controlled diagrams. Based on this addition technique, weprovide an inductive differentiation of ZX-diagrams. Indeed, given a ZX-diagram with variables in the description of its angles,one can differentiate the diagram according to one of these variables.Differentiation is ubiquitous in quantum mechanics and quantum computing (e.g.for solving optimization problems). Technically, differentiation of ZX-diagramsis strongly related to summation as witnessed by the product rules. We also introduce an alternative, non inductive, differentiation techniquerather based on the isolation of the variables. Finally, we apply our resultsto deduce a diagram for an Ising Hamiltonian
Le rôle des collectifs d’agriculteurs porteurs de filières territorialisées dans les trajectoires de transition agroécologique des exploitations agricoles : analyse par la méthode des narrations quantifiées
No full textCollective action among farmers is regularly presented as a driver for the adoption of agroecological practices on farms. This study proposes to extend the analysis of relational drivers in the implementation of changes in practices beyond peer groups, by looking at their collective organization around territorialized supply chains involving other actors. More specifically, this paper proposes to study the role that this collective organization around territorial supply chains plays in the changes toward agroecological practices carried out on farms.The study of the individual farm trajectories as a chain of events is an approach that allows the understanding and analysis of changes in practices. As we are interested in coordination mechanisms based on interactions between actors as a driver for agroecological transition, we mobilize the framework and tools of social network analysis. In particular, in order to analyse the relational drivers in the trajectories of changes practices, we mobilize the relational chain approach through the method of quantified narratives. This approach allows us to understand changes in practices on farms as collective actions, through the study of relationships activated by farmers in order to have access to different types of resources during their trajectory. Thus, our work feeds the literature mobilizing the method of quantified narratives for the analysis of farm transition trajectories, which we modulate by focusing on the trajectory of a particular cropping system analysed through the agronomic and socio-economic principles of agroecology. We conducted semi-structured interviews with eight farmers who are members of a territorial organic wheat-flour- bread supply chain collective that includes a miller and a baker, all located in the plain of Limagne (Puy-de-Dôme, France). Following these interviews focused on their changes in wheat-growing practices, we identified five phases of agronomic and socio-economic coherence in their trajectories, that we evaluated through the prism of the agroecological principles. We then identified the relationships activated by the farmers to access the various resources needed to carry out the changes in practices during these different phases. Based on their trajectories, a typology of farms was created. This typology helps to understand the different roles played by farmers’ collectives developing territorial supply chains in the different types of farms, by analysing during which phases of the trajectory they intervene, to provide access to which resources, in articulation with which other actors. Although the interests for participation vary between the different types of farms, it appears that the farmers’ collective developing territorial supply chains systematically give access to commercial, cognitive, social and material resources. As a result, they favour access to strategic resources on the farms, making it possible to couple changes in agricultural practices and their economic valorisation. These resources contribute to a change in the farmers' posture during their trajectory, moving from a role of raw material producers to a role of co-designers of agroecological products.L'action collective entre agriculteurs est régulièrement présentée comme un levier pour la mise en oeuvre de changements de pratiques agroécologiques dans les exploitations agricoles. Cette étude propose d'ouvrir l'analyse des déterminants relationnels dans l'adoption de changements de pratiques au-delà des groupes de pairs en s'intéressant à leur organisation collective autour de filières territoriales faisant intervenir d'autres acteurs. Pour ce faire, la méthode des narrations quantifiées a été mobilisée dans le cadre d'entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès des 8 agriculteurs membres d'un collectif filière territoriale intégrant un meunier et un boulanger. L'analyse de ces trajectoires a permis la création d'une typologie des fermes favorisant la compréhension du rôle que joue le collectif filière territoriale dans les changements de pratiques menés par ses différents membres. Bien que les intérêts pour la participation au collectif varient entre les différents types de fermes, il ressort que le collectif donne systématiquement accès à des ressources tant commerciales, que cognitives, sociales et matérielles. De ce fait, le collectif favorise l'accès à des ressources stratégiques dans les exploitations agricoles permettant de coupler la mise en oeuvre de changements de pratiques agricoles et leur valorisation économique. Ces ressources contribuent à un changement de posture des agriculteurs au cours de leur trajectoire, passant d'un rôle d'exécutants producteurs de matières premières à un rôle de coconcepteurs de produits agroécologiques