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SUDIJSKA (NE)PRISTRASNOST I VEŠTAČKA INTELIGENCIJA
Get PDFA constant progress in development of information technologies and artificial intelligence has opened immense possibilities of their use in the sphere of law. The impact of artificial intelligence is particularly visible in attempts to restrain discretion of a judicial power, located in the most “slippery” field today – in between the creator of law and the one who applies the law. At first sight, it looks like that artificial intelligence could offer a lot within that field. It might have a large potential in overcoming human weaknesses in decision making of a judge, particularly in terms of accomplishing equality and absence of prejudices. This quite optimistic approach is examined in this paper. According to the authors, artificial intelligence cannot successfully overcome the basic “human deficit” and limits immanent to the process of decision-making by judges. The authors point out the weakness and problems in the use of artificial intelligence in the context of impartial decision-making process. Due to great expectations and possibilities deriving from its use, the fact that artificial intelligence is also a product of human being is often neglected. The authors are of opinion that artificial intelligence cannot be of colossal help in terms of impartiality in judicial decision-making in the sense that it is “ratio without passion”. Namely, the creator of artificial intelligence, a man, has implemented his own subjective views into it, his prejudices and a specific view of the world. Artificial intelligence can, by all means, contribute to impartiality and equality in judicial decision-making, but only as a subsidiary remedy and not as a guarantee of a complete impartiality. Artificial intelligence cannot lead us further than what Holmes meant by the law – a prediction how the court will act – and nothing more than that. Realistic expectation of artificial intelligence is increasing predictability, but in no way establishment of a full legal certainty.Neprestani napredak u razvoju informacionih tehnologija i veštačke inteligencije otvorio je neslućene mogućnosti njihove upotrebe i u sferi prava. Uticaj veštačke inteligencije je danas naročito vidljiv u pokušajima „zauzdavanja” diskrecije sudske vlasti, koja se nalazi na najklizavijem terenu između stvaraoca i primenjivača prava. Na prvi pogled deluje da veštačka inteligencija može pružiti mnogo, jer ima veliki potencijal u prevazilaženju ljudskih slabosti u sudijskom odlučivanju, naročito u pogledu jednakosti u postupanju i nepostojanju predrasuda i predubeđenja. U radu se kritički analizira ovakav pristup, kojim se, prema mišljenju autora, ne može prevazići osnovni, „ljudski deficit” i ograničenja prilikom sudijskog odlučivanja. Autori ukazuju na slabosti i probleme upotrebe veštačke inteligencije sa stanovišta nepristrasnog odlučivanja. S obzirom na velika očekivanja i mogućnosti koje otvara upotreba veštačke inteligencije, često se gubi iz vida činjenica da je i veštačka inteligencija tvorevina lјudskog bića. Autori smatraju da ona ne može biti od prevelike pomoći što se tiče nepristrasnosti u sudijskom odlučivanju, odnosno da nije baš „razum bez strasti”, pošto je njen tvorac, čovek, uneo u nju svoje subjektivne stavove, predubeđenja i specifične poglede na svet. Nesumnjivo, veštačka inteligencija može doprineti povećanju nepristrasnosti i jednakosti u sudijskom odlučivanju, ali kao pomoćno sredstvo, a ne i kao garant potpune nepristrasnosti. Veštačka inteligencija nas ne može odvesti dalјe od onoga što je još Holms podrazumevao pod pravom – predviđanje onoga kako će sud postupiti i ništa više od toga. Realno očekivanje od ovog novuma je povećanje predvidivosti postupanja, ali nikako uspostavlјanje potpune pravne sigurnosti
POLITIČKE STRANKE U SAVREMENOJ DEMOKRATIJI – POJAM I ELEMENTI
Get PDFPolitical parties are a necessary component of democratic systems. In the paper, the author defines the concept and basic elements of the concept of political parties, keeping in mind the political and public legal dimension. The paper analyzes five basic elements that classical and more modern authors considered when defining political parties. These are: ideology, expression of interests of social groups, realization of state (national) interest, nomination of candidates in elections for public-political positions, exercise of power and permanence.
During the discussion, the change of the political party, and therefore the entire political scene with the changes that took place in society through the development of the economy, consumer society and mass media, were taken into account. Thus, certain elements that classical theorists of political parties considered the essence of former parties, such as ideology and representation of the interests of certain social groups, became more symbolic and easily changeable.
The paper therefore gives one definition containing the necessary, constitutive elements. Hence, political parties are defined as permanent (permanent) organizations that, by nominating candidates in elections, enable the exercise of political power and the implementation of certain policies that are to be implemented through legally binding decisions and norms.Političke stranke su neophodan činilac demokratskih sistema. Autor u radu definiše pojam i osnovne elemente pojma političkih stranaka imajući u vidu političku i javnopravnu dimenziju. Autor analizira pet osnovnih elemenata koje su klasični i moderniji autori razmatrali prilikom definisanja političkih stranaka: ideologiju, izražavanje interesa socijalnih grupa, ostvarivanje državnog (nacionalnog) interesa, predlaganje kandidata na izborima za javnopolitičke funkcije, vršenje vlasti i stalnost.
Prilikom razmatranja su posebno u obzir uzete društvene promene koje su uticale na promenu političkih stranaka, ali i celokupnog političkog sistema. Tako su određeni elementi koje su klasični teoretičari političkih stranaka smatrali suštinom nekadašnjih partija, poput ideologije i zastupanja interesa određenih socijalnih grupa, postali više simboličkog i lako promenljivog karaktera.
U radu se otuda daje definicija koja sadrži nužne, konstitutivne elemente. Političke stranke se određuju kao postojana (stalna) organizacija koja isticanjem kandidata na izborima omogućava vršenje političke vlasti i sprovođenje određene politike koja se želi sprovesti kroz pravno obavezujuće odluke i norme
KAZNA DOŽIVOTNOG ZATVORA U MAĐARSKOM KRIVIČNOM PRAVU
Get PDFAmong penalties, the imprisonment is imposed for a fixed duration or for a life term in Hungary. In many cases the duration of an imprisonment may be longer due to the fact that relative dangerous criminal offenses or special circumstances shall be punished differently. As a part of the imprisonment system, but above and on the top of the penalties the life imprisonment is taking place. This penalty is usually facultative and the judge may decide whether the perpetrator would be sentenced for a fixed-term imprisonment between ten and twenty years or to the life imprisonment. The key issues of an “effective” life imprisonment are the right to hope. In line with Hungarian criminal law the court may deny the possibility of parole in connection with sentencing a person for life imprisonment. In the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, Hungarian life imprisonment received special attention and also serves as an example for the sustainability of the current regulation. In this article the author shall guide through Hungarian regulation history and highlight the current system of penalties including the right to hope and the possibility of parole.Kao kazna, zatvor se u Mađarskoj izriče na određeno vreme ili doživotno. U mnogim slučajevima trajanje kazne zatvora može biti duže zbog činjenice da će se relativno opasna krivična dela ili posebne okolnosti drugačije kažnjavati. Iako je deo zatvorskog sistema, kazna doživotnog zatvora se preduzima kao mera koja je iznad svih drugih. Ova kazna je fakultativna i sudija može odlučiti da li će počinilac biti osuđen na kaznu zatvora od deset do dvadeset godina ili na doživotnu kaznu zatvora. Ključno pitanje „efikasne“ kazne doživotnog zatvora jeste pravo na nadu. U skladu sa mađarskim krivičnim zakonom, sud može uskratiti mogućnost uslovnog otpusta u vezi sa osudom lica na doživotnu kaznu zatvora. U praksi Evropskog suda za ljudska prava, mađarski doživotni zatvor je bio predmet posebne pažnje, i takođe, služi kao primer održivosti trenutnih regulativa. U radu, autor će analizirati mađarske regulative kroz istoriju uz značajan osvrt na trenutni sistem kazni - uključujući pravo na nadu i mogućnost uslovnog otpusta
UPOREDNOPRAVNI PRIKAZ BRAKA U ŠERIJATSKOM PRAVU I POZITIVNOM PRAVU REPUBLIKE SRBIJE
Get PDFComparative legal analysis of natural and positive law has provoked various disagreements and discussions on the topic from the earliest periods of history. Proponents of natural law believed that such a comparison could not be made because natural law is true, irreplaceable and comes from God, while positive law has been regulated by man, following the example of all other rights that exist on earth. Positive law defines marriage as a community of life governed by legal norms, which is an expression of the undoubted interest of society to make marriage a legal institution, and the Qur’an, as a main source of Sharia law, categorizes the institution of marriage on a very precise system based on the strongest and safest principles that guarantee happiness to spouses, peace and morality to communities and society. The aim of the research is to present the understandings of natural-legal and positive-legal theory of law through a comparative analysis of the institute of marriage in Sharia law and law of the Republic of Serbia where the focus on this and similar issues should not be the “compatibility” of Sharia with “universal human rights norms” or vice versa, the focus should be on explanation and approaching of norms in order to make it easier to overcome, understand and accept differences.Uporednopravna analiza prirodnog i pozitivnog prava je od najranijih vremena izazivala različita neslaganja i diskusije na temu. Zagovornici prirodnog prava su smatrali da se ne može vršiti ovakvo poređenje jer je prirodno pravo istinsko, nezamjenljivo i dolazi od boga, dok je pozitivno pravo uredio i uređuje čovjek, po uzoru na sva ostala prava koja postoje na zemlji. Pozitivno pravo definiše brak kao zajednicu života koja se uređuje pravnim normama, što je izraz nesumnjivog interesa društvene zajednice da brak bude pravni institut, isto tako Kur’an kao glavni izvor šerijatskog prava kategorizuje instituciju braka na vrlo preciznom sistemu koji počiva na najčvršćim i najsigurnijim načelima koja garantuju sreću supružnicima, a mir i moral zajednici i društvu. Cilj ovog rada je predstavljanje osnovnih shvatanja prirodnopravne i pozitivnopravne teorije prava kroz uporednu analizu instituta braka u šerijatskom pravu i pravu Republike Srbije gde fokus istraživanja neće biti na kompatibilnosti šerijatskog prava sa univerzalnim normama ljudskih prava, ili suprotno, već će fokus biti na pojašnjenjima ovih normi u cilju lakšeg razumevanja i prihvatanja različitih učenja i shvatanja
GOVOR SA KOMEMORATIVNOG SKUPA ODRŽANOG U INSTITUTU ZA UPOREDNO PRAVO U BEOGRADU 28. DECEMBRA 2022. GODINE
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IZAZOVI DIGITALIZACIJE RADA I ZAŠTITE LIČNIH PODATAKA
Get PDFInnovations in the field of information and communication technologies have facilitated faster and more efficient economic transactions, seamless information flow, and the exchange of large volumes of data. While advancements in high technology bring numerous benefits, they also come with various challenges. Smart devices and new surveillance methods have enabled the creation of extensive databases of individuals, leading to certain concerns. Data plays a crucial role in the functioning of digital platforms, ensuring their optimal performance. Consequently, these platforms collect necessary data during the worker registration process. However, this practice creates information asymmetry and inequality, as digital platforms possess a wealth of data, whereas platform workers have limited access to information. To be more precise, digital platforms deprive workers of vital information concerning the users availing their services, the quantity and nature of assigned tasks, as well as client feedback that shapes decisions related to negative ratings and the termination of workers’ connection to the platform. In the light of the General Data Protection Regulation, this information is considered personal data and should be made available to the relevant worker. Accordingly, the evaluation of work quality, which qualifies as personal data, is safeguarded and can only serve as a basis for the automatic deactivation of a worker’s account under specific conditions.Inovacije u oblasti informacionih i komunikacionih tehnologija su omogućile brže i efikasnije odvijanje ekonomskih transakcija, lakši protok informacija i razmenu velike količine podataka. Premda napredak u oblasti visoke tehnologije donosi određene prednosti, za njega se vezuju i brojni izazovi, budući da pametni uređaji i novi oblici nadzora omogućavaju stvaranje velike baze podataka o ličnosti. Podaci imaju ključnu ulogu u radu digitalnih platformi i obezbeđuju njihovo dobro funkcionisanje, zbog čega digitalne platforme prikupljaju potrebne podatke već u momentu registracije radnika na platformi. To vodi informacionoj asimetriji i nejednakosti, što dodatno otežava položaj platformskih radnika koji, za razliku od digitalne platforme, raspolažu minimumom informacija. Naime, digitalne platforme uskraćuju radnicima informacije o korisnicima njihovog rada, broju i vrsti radnih zadataka koje treba da izvrše, iskustvima klijenata na osnovu kojih su donete odluke o negativnim poenima i diskonekciji radnika sa platforme. Potonja informacija se u svetlu Opšte uredbe o zaštiti podataka o ličnosti Evropske unije smatra ličnim podatkom koji mora biti dostupan radniku na koga se odnosi. U tom smislu, ocena kvaliteta rada koja se smatra ličnim podatkom uživa zaštitu i može biti korišćena kao osnov za automatsku deaktivaciju naloga radnika samo pod određenim uslovima.
 
PRITVOR U KRIVIČNOM PROCESNOM ZAKONODAVSTVU MAĐARSKE
No full textThe paper presents the situation of detention in Hungary. The legal institution of detention is the deprivation of personal liberty without a final court decision, i.e., a final decision. The Hungarian Criminal Procedure Act, which entered into force on 1 July 2018, aims to renew the practice of detention. According to the new regulation, detention can be applied only if the intended purpose of the proceedings cannot be ensured by less coercive measures (criminal supervision, bail). The paper describes the legal reasons for the detention, the statistics, and the previous problems in the case law that characterized the legal institution.U radu je prikazano stanje pritvora u Mađarskoj. Pravni institut pritvora predstavlja lišenje lične slobode bez pravnosnažne sudske odluke, odnosno pravnosnažne odluke. Mađarski Zakon o krivičnom postupku, koji je stupio na snagu 1. jula 2018. godine, ima za cilj da revidira praksu pritvora. Prema novom propisu, pritvor se može primeniti samo ako se svrha postupka ne može obezbediti blažim merama prinude (krivičnim nadzorom, jemstvom). U radu su opisani pravni razlozi pritvora, statistika i dosadašnji problemi u sudskoj praksi koji su karakterisali ovaj pravni institut
PRANJE NOVCA PUTEM VISOKOTEHNOLOŠKOG KRIMINALA I DIGITALNI DOKAZI
No full textThe widespread dependence on digital systems and increased value of digital commerce in the metaverse boosted cyber vulnerability. The cybercrime will be more profitable than the global trade of all major illegal drugs combined, while Cybersecurity Ventures expects global cybercrime costs to grow by 15 percent annually by 2025. Cybercrime changed traditional money laundering methods which is difficult to detect since it could be committed from anywhere in the world. The threat posed by cybercrime money laundering methodologies has been aggravated by the Covid-19 pandemic.
To investigate cyber laundering the e-evidence are crucial, which is confirmed by the EU Commission estimate that 85 percent of criminal investigations require electronic evidence. Additional challenge for law enforcement authorities presents the fact that the organised cybercrime is joining forces and their likelihood of detection and prosecution is estimated to be 0.05 percent in the USA. Furthermore, the digital evidence is often held by service providers as private companies based in another country, which causes many obstacles to access to those data by investigative and law enforcement authorities.
The paper identifies impact of Covid-19 on cybercrime and increased risks of cyber laundering. In relation to investigation and prosecution of cyber money laundering, the paper analyzes challenges for investigative authorities to gather data and evidence in cyber money laundering cases and efforts of EU and USA authorities to facilitate access to digital evidence and relevant data stored by service providers. The paper refers to possible shortcomings of proposed instruments and need for efficient response and adaptation to changes in the cybercrime.Široka zavisnost od digitalnih sistema i povećana vrednost digitalne trgovine u metaverzumu povećali su sajber ranjivost. Sajber-kriminal će biti profitabilniji od globalne trgovine svim glavnim ilegalnim drogama zajedno, dok Cybersecurity Ventures očekuje da će globalni troškovi sajber kriminala rasti za 15% godišnje do 2025. godine. Sajber kriminal je promenio tradicionalne metode pranja novca koje je teško otkriti jer se isti može počiniti bilo gde u svetu. Pretnja koju predstavljaju metodologije pranja novca sajber kriminala pogoršana je usled pandemije Covid-19.
Za istragu cyber laundering-a e-dokazi su ključni, što potvrđuje i procena Evropske komisije da 85% krivičnih istraga zahteva elektronske dokaze. Dodatni izazov za istražne organe za sprovođenje zakona predstavlja činjenica da organizovani sajber kriminal postaje sve organizovaniji i da se verovatnoća otkrivanja i krivičnog gonjenja procenjuje na 0,05% u SAD. Štaviše, digitalne dokaze često drže pružaoci usluga - privatne kompanije sa sedištem u drugoj zemlji, što uzrokuje mnoge prepreke pristupu tim podacima od strane istražnih organa.
U radu se identifikuje uticaj Covid-19 na sajber kriminal i povećani rizik od cyber laundering (sajber pranja novca). U vezi sa istragom i procesuiranjem sajber pranja novca, u radu se analiziraju izazovi istražnih organa da prikupe podatke i dokaze u slučajevima sajber pranja novca i napore vlasti EU i SAD da olakšaju pristup digitalnim dokazima i relevantnim podacima koje čuvaju pružaoci usluga. Rad ukazuje na moguće nedostatke predloženih instrumenata i potrebu efikasnog reagovanja i prilagođavanja promenama u sajber kriminalu
„PRIRODA STVARI” I DOMET UPRAVNOG SPORA
Get PDFJudicial full jurisdiction in administrative dispute does not disturb the principle of separation of powers: its objective is complete, effective, economic, and timely protection of subjective rights and interests. Firstly, it goes without saying that administrative jurisdiction is in principle protective-operational mechanism. At the same time public administration should do its job, and in everything legally and properly - not to hide behind the hypothetical complete intervention of the administrative judiciary (both judicial and administrative, in two steps). It is necessary to adopt general catalogue - in the form of legal position of the administrative court - of administrative matters that are exempted from full jurisdiction. Apart this, the Court reserves the right to assess when to engage in full jurisdiction and when not. De lege ferenda, Law on administrative disputes should not refer to the possiblility that lex specialis laws exclude full jurisdiction in specific administrative matters. It should be the issue of discretionary powers. It is also legitimate to prevent ping pong in the field of administrative-judicial disputes. De lege ferenda, it would be necessary that after one cancellation of the contested administrative act (the same is the case when establishing that the silence was unfounded) and the non-compliance with that judgement, the court's full jurisdiction would be mandatory, regardless of the nature of the matter, except when there is an administrative discretionary assessment. Summa summarum, in the entire given milieu, the category of “nature of the things” is redundant, i.e. it represents unclear limiting factor of full jurisdiction.U članku autor nastoji da ispita neophodnost kategorije „priroda stvari”, kovanice upotrebljene na više mesta u ovdašnjem Zakonu o upravnim sporovima. Ona se poglavito, ali ne i isključivo, vezuje za omeđivanje spora pune sudske jurisdikcije. Upravno-sudska stvar, kao sporna, izrasta iz upravne stvari, kao vansporne, čija se zakonitost ispituje u upravnom sporu. A u domaćem pravu, domet spora pune jurisdikcije – kod kojeg sud, pored klasičnih upravno-sudskih ovlašćenja kasacije, poseduje i koristi i druga, za njega netipična (upravna, parnična disciplinska...), ima dva zakonska noseća stuba čiju ispunjenost, u rangu uslova, ceni sud: „prirodu stvari” i raspoloživo neophodno činjenično stanje. Inače, sudska puna jurisdikcija u upravnom sporu ne remeti načelo podele vlasti: njen cilj je potpuna, delotvorna i ekonomična, osobito blagovremena zaštita subjektivnih javnih prava i na zakonu zasnovanih interesa. Upravno sudstvo kao sistem je u načelu zaštitno-operativni. Autor nalazi da je preko potrebna jedna principijelna sudska lista – u obliku pravnog stava Upravnog suda – orijentaciono izuzetih od odlučivanja u punoj jurisdikciji. No, izvan toga, sud ne bi smeo da izgubi i domen sopstvene ocene kada će se upuštati u punu sudsku jurisdikciju, a kada ne. Razume se, izvan diskrecionih upravnih stvari, tuđih sudskom meritornom rešavanju, kao i onih situacija kada je puna sudska jurisdikcija zakonski obavezna. U datom miljeu, zaključuje autor, kategorija „prirode stvari” je suvišna kao nejasni ograničavajući faktor pune sudske jurisdikcije
