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Pravo na besplatno osnovno obrazovanje – od ideala do stvarnosti
No full textU radu su analizirani međunarodnopravni akti, sudske odluke međunarodnih i nacionalnih sudova i kvazisudskih tela, kao i praksa država u pogledu prava na osnovno obrazovanje. Za omogućavanje jednakog pristupa obaveznom osnovnom obrazovanju neophodno je da ono bude besplatno, što je i propisano međunarodnopravnim aktima. Međutim, rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da se ovaj standard različito tumači, a to dovodi do neujednačene prakse u državama. Ilustrativni primer su svakako bivše jugoslovenske republike, te će poseban deo rada biti posvećen analizi normativnog okvira i prakse Republike Srbije, koja i dalјe ne obezbeđuje besplatne udžbenike za osnovnu školu
Forma arbitražnog sporazuma
Get PDFPredmet rada je analiza pismene forme arbitražnog sporazuma u savremenom uporednom i međunarodnom pravu. Opravdana očekivanja privrednih subjekata u pravnom prometu, kao i pojava savremenih sredstava komunikacije dovele su do različitih inicijativa na polju uređivanja forme sporazuma o arbitraži, od čega se u pogledu korektivnih tehnika uočava prezumpcija ispunjenja pismene forme u slučajevima kada se, po tradicionalnom određenju pismene forme, ne bi uzelo da ona postoji. Jedan od načina izbegavanja pravila o strogoj pismenoj formi jeste pretpostavka postojanja sporazuma o arbitraži u slučaju prekluzije prava na isticanje prigovora nenadležnosti arbitražnog suda. Od naročitog značaja je i tehnika zaključenja sporazuma o arbitraži upućivanjem, pozivanjem na drugi pravni akt ili opšte uslove koji u sebi sadrže i arbitražnu klauzulu, pa se u teoriji postavilo i pitanje da li upućivanje treba da bude izričito, ili da se iz njegove sadržine može naslutiti da je cilj upućivanja da se zaključi arbitražni sporazum. Rad se bavi analizom ovih pitanja i preispitivanjem funkcije forme arbitražnog sporazuma u poređenju sa tradicionalnim funkcijama forme kod ugovora građanskog prava, imajući u vidu njegove specifičnosti, pri čemu se kao primarna funkcija forme navodi funkcija obezbeđivanja pouzdanog dokaza o postojanju i sadržini sporazuma o arbitraži
Pravno regulisanje eutanazije u Španiji i nekim zemlјama Evropske unije
No full textHumanizam ili altruizam, patriotizam ili bilo koji drugi postupak koji bi bio motivisan, ako ne ljubavlju, a ono bar brigom i pažnjom, tj. empatijom ili obzirnošću za interese drugog, zaista su toliko retki da ih je, jednostavno, naročito u ovim surovim vremenima, teško primetiti. Kao da smo na njih zaboravili. A to je isto, kao da ih nema. Sa gledišta pojedinca i zaštite njegovog života nema razlike. Upravo, iako sasvim suvišno, ako ima toliko beskućnika, izgnanika, izbeglica, jednom reči, nesrećnika, napuštenih, zaboravljenih, „nevidljivih“… o kojima niko ne vodi računa, nije li onda licemerno govoriti o brizi zajednice za pojedinca. Ipak, respektujući neke druge segmente ljudskog postojanja, određene forme stvarnosti u određenim zemljama pokazuju drugačije, nove tendencije, koje se sa aspekta autora mogu podvesti pod „prava rešenja“ od značaja za sagledavanje odnosne problematike. Dakle, u celoj toj priči, u njenoj višeznačnosti i komplikovanosti, u gomili pitanja koja se u vezi sa tim „otvaraju“, prepoznaje se onaj centralni – ima li čovek pravo na dostojanstvenu smrt’? Da, stav španskog zakonodavca je – dopustiti eutanaziju, i on je eksplicitno formulisan Zakonom o eutanaziji LO 2/2021. Recimo, Španija se 18. oktobra 2021. odlučila da legalizuje dobrovoljnu eutanaziju i potpomognuto samoubistvoo za osobe koje boluju od teških i neizlečivih bolesti koje žele prekinuti svoju patnju i život. Donošenjem jednog takvog zakona, Španija je postala četvrta zemlja u Evropi koja dozvoljava obe forme okončanja života umirućeg pacijenta. U radu će se, stoga, detaljnije, analizirati specifičnosti pravnog regulisanja eutanazije u pravu Španije, te u kratkom dati komparativna analiza njenog krivično-pravog uređenja u nekim drugim evropskim zemljama koje su se odlučile da regulišu ovo osetljivo pitanje na drugačiji (ili isti način) – kroz njenu legalizaciju
The Importance of the principle of equal treatment of men and women in European Union law
No full textThe issue of equal treatment of men and women
represents an inexhaustible topic for research. Since the problem of
gender-based discrimination is closely related to the establishment
of equal treatment, the investigation of this topic should begin at
the supranational level, as is the system of law in the European Union.
The origin and development of the principle of equal treatment
within the community of European states was gradual, leaving room
for further refinements. However, the normative framework that was
set was not accompanied by practical changes in providing equal
opportunities for women in employment and at work, hence scholars
continue to deal with the phenomenon of the gender pay gap, job
segregation, the glass ceiling, and the problem of reconciling family
and professional life, as a consequence of the unequal position of
men and women in society.
This paper examines the origin and development of the principle
of equal treatment within the European Union, with the initial
hypothesis that even the current normative framework is not capable of preventing the consequences of gender-based discrimination that
exist in practice
„Holding zadruga“ Predlog modela zadružnog radničkog akcionarstva u Srbiji
Get PDFA democratic enterprise is any enterprise that is managed by its
workers and at the same time owned by them (collectively or privately).
The most common legal form of democratic enterprise is the
cooperative, which is characterized by collective worker ownership
and joint management based on the principle „one member, one
vote”. Different forms of employee share ownership that we encounter
in practice depart from the ideal model of a democratic enterprise,
and usually involve worker’s participation in ownership but
not in management. On the other hand, cooperatives have certain
shortcomings in terms of institutional design, related to problems
of access to ownership, sustainability of worker ownership, and insufficient
investment in capital assets, which leads to difficulties
in terms of economic sustainability. The model of cooperative employee
share ownership, the applicability of which is examined here
in the legal framework of the Republic of Serbia, introduces institutional
innovations that directly address these problems: entry into
ownership is financed out of future profits, so that every worker can
afford to become an owner; the rollover system facilitates the entry
of new workers into ownership and allows faster access to the
financial benefits of membership; while individual capital accounts,
as a basis for establishing individualized collective ownership, record
individual investments in capital assets and encourage further investments.
The first part of the analysis presents the basic features
of the existing employee share ownership practices and their main
characteristics, and describes the cooperative employee share ownership
model in more detail. The second part of the research examines
the possibility of applying this model in Serbia, and proposes a
„holding cooperative” model that could be implemented within the
framework of domestic legislation
Neizvršenje ugovora, odgovornost i naknada štete
Get PDFPrior determination of the sources governing contractual interactions was essential for the research on various conceptualizations of contract non-performance, contractual liability, and compensation of damages. Given that contract is the primary source of rules governing contractual relations, principles of autonomy of will and contractual freedom were studied, as well as their limitations. In addition to examining national and international sources that can govern mutual rights and obligations in accordance with modern methods of concluding contracts, emphasis was placed on contract forms and templates, adhesion contracts, standardized agreements and their general terms and conditions of contracts (in business, travel, insurance, etc.). The role of a custom and customary law in contract law is emphasized, as well as the importance of understanding the evolution of principles in European and comparative contract law, doctrine and judicial and arbitral practices.
Before delving into and discussing many types of contract non-performance, it was critical to grasp the contractual obligations which can trigger certain legal consequences and the option of applying specific legal remedies. Legal effects as well as the principle of the contract’s binding force were examined in order to provide theoretical and historical explanations to the question of why contracts are binding. The analysis of the legal nature of contractual obligations commences with Roman law, which is then followed by an exploration of the theories of promise, reliance and transfer. The final component of this section delves into the prevalent idea and justification for the binding effect of contracts, which is represented succinctly as pacta sunt servanda.
The investigation into contract non-performance commences by conducting a comparative analysis of various approaches to defining the notion of contract non-performance. This encompasses an examination of the concept based on legally prescribed forms of non-performance, as well as the comprehensive concept of contract non-performance. The latter is subjected to further scrutiny through a thorough evaluation of the two systems: one that links the concept of contract non-performance to contractual liability, and another that determines contract non-performance by emphasizing legal remedies and the prerequisites for their implementation. Particular emphasis is placed on contract non-performance within the framework of Serbian positive law This section emphasizes the practical importance of defining various types of contract non-performance. It then proceeds to specifically examine the delay in the performance of a contractual obligation, the impossibility of performance and the liability for material and legal flaws in performing a contractual obligation.
The focus of the investigation of contractual liability is exploring the grounds of contractual liability in comparative law, with distinct consideration of the two systems: subjective and objective contractual liability. For the sake of reader comprehension, the study of subjective liability is offered in both Germanic and Roman systems. Such investigation comes before delving into the basis of contractual obligation under Serbian law. The exploration of contractual liability limitations and exclusions follows as well as limitations of such possibilities. The analysis continues by exploring contractual and statutory justifications for excluding and restricting contractual obligations. Subsequently, an evaluation is conducted to ascertain legal significance of exculpatory provisions. This segment delves into the present state and advancements in the utilization of these clauses by business practitioners engaged in commercial and international trade activities. Specifically, it concentrates on the regulations and repercussions that apply to such provisions in consumer contract law, particularly when they are formulated in a manner that renders them unjust contractual terms.
The examination of contractual damages is organized into four distinct sections. It begins by examining the purpose of damages, with a particular emphasis on three aspects: compensating the creditor for losses incurred as a result of the failure to achieve expected benefits from contract performance, compensating the creditor for losses incurred due to reliance on a validly executed contract and the belief that it would be fulfilled as agreed, and providing restitution to the creditor by requiring the party in breach of the contract to return what they received as performance under the contract. Furthermore, it addresses the protection of the creditor’s interest in demanding specific performance of the contract and the preventive role of damages. Alongside the legal treatment of the concept of damages and the requirements for asserting the right to damages, significant attention is devoted to conducting thorough research on quantifying damages and establishing proofs of contractual damages. This includes references to legal sources, theoretical and comparative studies, and relevant case law.
In a claim for damages, the creditor seeks compensation from the debtor for losses incurred as a result of non-performance or improper execution of a contract. The primary objective of this legal recourse is to restore creditor’s financial position to a state as if the debtor had fulfilled the contract properly. Typically, the creditor can achieve this by receiving a suitable monetary sum, but he/she must provide evidence of both the occurrence and extent of the damage. However, there may be instances where the creditor is unable to precisely prove the exact amount of the incurred damage, or it may be excessively challenging or costly to do so. In such cases, the creditor may only claim the costs incurred, relying on the expectation that the contract will eventually be fulfilled. The creditor has the right to determine how to formulate the claim for damages. Nevertheless, as a rule, they cannot simultaneously accumulate multiple claims to obtain a larger compensation because damages are not punitive. They do not serve as a penalty imposed on the debtor for breaching the contract; rather, they are intended to be equivalent to the actual harm and lost profits suffered. In situations where compensating for damages solely through the payment of a corresponding sum of money may not adequately remedy the deficiencies in contract execution, the creditor may seek compensation through the specific performance of the contract in kind.
Two fundamental inquiries arise when discussing compensation for damages: which types of damages are eligible for compensation, and how should the value of these damages be quantified in monetary terms? In the realm of comparative law, it is widely accepted that contractual damages are pecuniary, encompassing both actual harm and lost profits. However, there remains a lack of consensus regarding the entitlement of the injured party to receive compensation for non-pecuniary contractual damages, although arguments in favour of such compensation are gaining traction. Determining the amount of compensation necessitates the utilization of an appropriate calculation method to assess the damages. In principle, damages can be evaluated by considering the specific costs incurred by the injured party as a result of the breach of contract, which is referred to as a specific calculation of damages. However, due to the arduous task of proving damages for the injured party, comparative law has established two distinct so-called privileged methods for calculating the amount of compensation. These methods are applicable only when the creditor has terminated the contract breached by the debtor, who bears responsibility for the breach. The first method involves compensating the injured party based on the difference in market prices between the value of the contractual performance at the time the contract was concluded and its value at the time of non-performance. The second method entails compensating the injured party based on the difference between the agreed price of the terminated contract and the price from a cover contract, provided that this difference is detrimental to the injured party. It is important to note that compensation awarded through these methods represents the minimum amount for damages claim, and the creditor retains the right to pursue additional damages under the general rules for compensation until achieving full restitution.
The law of damages is governed by the principle of full compensation although comparative analysis reveals that all legal systems deviate from the principle of integral compensation. Different techniques are employed to implement these limitations, with the most common approach being to consider only the damages that the debtor could have foreseen as a possible consequence of the contract breach at the time the contract was concluded. Furthermore, the extent to which the creditor contributed to the occurrence or increase of the damages through their behaviour is often taken into account. Limiting damages to the foreseeable amount is necessary to ensure that the liability of the contractual debtor aligns with the objective and fair measure. This is because the causal link between the contract breach and damages, which is a necessary condition for the right to compensation for both contractual and non-contractual damages, can be relatively easily established in contractual damages. However, the challenge lies in assessing the amount of contractual damages, as not all damages that occur after the contract breach are always part of the ordinary course of events. They are often influenced by specific circumstances of the individual creditor and the case. Therefore, contractual damages are generally less than the loss for which the debtor is responsible, applying the theory of adequate causation prevalent in many continental legal systems or based on the division of damages into direct and indirect damages in common law systems. The solution to this problem is provided by the foreseeability rule, which ultimately determines the point at which the chain of causes and effects initiated by the contract breach stops. The monograph thoroughly analyses the relationship between causation and foreseeability as two criteria that limit the contractual liability of the debtor, intertwining and defining the final amount of damages. The calculation of contractual damages is also influenced by the behaviour of the creditor, such as whether they contributed to the damages or failed to take reasonable measures to prevent or minimize the damages. Hence, actions of the creditor also intersect with causation by disrupting the sequence of events between the breach of contract and the resulting damages in cases where the creditor played a role in causing the damages or neglected to take appropriate steps to prevent or reduce them. The monograph explicitly differentiates how each of these scenarios impacts the assessment of damages
Vodič za primenu procene uticaja propisa i javnih politika na socioekonomski najugroženije građanke i građane
Get PDFVodič za primenu procene uticaja propisa i javnih politika na socioekonomski najugroženije građane i građanke
(u daljem tekstu: Vodič) nastao je sa ciljem da se organima javne vlasti i svim ostalim zainteresovanim akterima
predstave koraci u postupku sprovođenja analize efekata dokumenata javnih politika i propisa uopšteno, kao i
analize uticaja novog propisa ili javne politike na određene grupe lica koja se nalaze u nepovoljnijem društvenom
i ekonomskom položaju u odnosu na većinsko stanovništvo, koji su propisani izmenama i dopunama Zakona o
zabrani diskriminacije iz 2021. godine.
U Republici Srbiji je proces sprovođenja analize efekata detaljno normiran Zakonom o planskom sistemu
Republike Srbije (u daljem tektsu: ZoPS RS)
, kao i Uredbom o metodologiji upravljanja javnim politikama,
analizi efekata javnih politika i propisa i sadržaju pojedinačnih dokumenata javnih politika (u daljem tekstu:
Uredba)
. Poslednjim izmenama i dopunama Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije (u daljem tekstu: ZZD)
predviđena
je obaveza za organe javne vlasti da analizu efekata vrše i kroz dimenziju ljudskih prava, i prema članu 14 st. 4
ovog zakona, organ javne vlasti prilikom pripreme novog propisa ili javne politike od značaja za ostvarivanje
prava socioekonomski ugroženih lica ili grupa lica donosi procenu uticaja propisa ili politike u kojoj se izjašnjava
o njihovoj usaglašenosti sa načelom jednakosti.
Procena uticaja na socioekonomski ugrožena lica ili grupe lica kroz perspektivu načela jednakosti, iako
konkretizovana kao obaveza organa javne vlasti kroz odredbe ZZD, nije u potpunosti novina, jer je u Prilogu 7
Uredbe predviđena lista ključnih pitanja za analizu efekata opcija na društvo. Kroz ova pitanja jesu prepoznate
socioekonomski ugrožene grupe lica, kao i različita lična svojstva kao osnov diskriminacije, a jedno od pitanja
poseban fokus usmerava i na promene koje opcija može izazvati na tržištu rada.
Metodološki okvir pripreme ovog Vodiča čine normativni ili pravno-dogmatski metod, koji se oslanja na analizu
pozitivno-pravnih propisa koji regulišu oblast analize efekata u pravnom sistemu Republike Srbije, kao i studija
slučaja (case study) konkretnih važećih propisa koji ilustruju neadekvatno sprovedenu ex-ante analizu efekata
uticaja na ostvarivanje ljudskih prava određenih kategorija lica u Republici Srbiji
Phenomenon of peer violence with insight into the situation in Serbia
Get PDFThe phenomenon of peer violence has multiple dimensions and a global
character. It can be identified risk factors and directly negative causes, as well
as positive determinants for prevention of this socially dangerous phenomenon
with devastating consequences for the victims. Peer violence is linked with
younger and older minors, therefore it is primarily related to violence in schools,
but it often takes on wider dimensions, because social models of behavior developed
in the school are transmitted outside the walls of the school, as an integral
part of the behavior of minors. Furthermore, the child’s family relationships
and social relationships outside of school are transferred and continue to act
in school. Consequently, the paper discusses the causes of violence and ways to
prevent peer violence in schools, as well as the psychological profile of the minor
assailant and a victim. Special attention is paid to the legal and strategic frameworks
for preventing peer violence internationally and in Serbia, with contemporary
insight into the situation in Serbia. Concluding considerations formulate
constructive guidelines for the comprehensive prevention of peer violence
Ugovor o sponzorstvu u sportu
Get PDFSponzorstvo u današnje vreme ima značajnu ulogu u finansiranju sportskih
klubova, organizacija i sportista, kao i organizovanju sportskih događaja.
Sa druge strane, ono predstavlja i značajno marketinško sredstvo koje zbog
svojih specifičnosti prevazilazi klasične oblike oglašavanja. Njegove specifičnosti
nije jednostavno sistematizovati iz više razloga. Prvo, u pitanju je odnos
u koji mogu stupati sponzori koji se bave različitim delatnostima, pa se tako
i njihove obaveze iz ugovora mogu sastojati iz davanja u novcu, ali i robi,
ukoliko je reč o sponzoru koji se bavi proizvodnjom sportske opreme ili druge
robe koja može biti od značaja za bavljenje sportom. Drugo, na drugoj strani
se mogu nalaziti sportski klubovi, sportske organizacije, organizatori sportskih
događaja i sportisti pojedinci, i njihova podobnost da promovišu sponzora
omeđena je njihovim imanentnim svojstvima i aktivnostima, tako da se
i njihove obaveze iz ugovora o sponzorstvu u mnogome razlikuju, usled čega
se razlikuju i imenovani ugovori koji se nalaze u njegovoj osnovi. Treće, cilj
sponzorstva nije isključivo promocija sponzorovog imena, naziva ili žiga,
aktivnosti ili proizvoda. Cilj, koji je možda i značajniji od prethodnog, jeste
da se preduzimaju mere u cilju promocije veze koja postoji između sponzora i
sponzorisanog, kako bi se slika koju javnost ima o sponzorisanom prenela i na
sponzora. Radi realizacije tog cilja sponzorisano lice prenosi pravo korišćenja
svog ličnog dobra na sponzora, poput prava korišćenja njegovog ličnog
imena ili lika u cilju promocije, što nije svojstveno ni jednom drugom obliku
oglašavanja. Višestruki ciljevi kojima se ugovorne strane rukovode prilikom
zaključenja ugovora o sponzorstvu otežavaju njegovu analizu. Sponzorstvo je
u srpskom pozitivnom pravu uređeno Zakonom o oglašavanju, dok se u Zakonu
o sportu samo usputno spominje. Drugim propisima nije uređeno sponzorstvo,
niti ugovor o sponzorstvu, koji stoga spada u kategoriju neimenovanih mešovitih
ugovora, ali se može i postaviti pitanje svrsishodnosti zakonskog uređenja
ovog ugovora u situaciji kada mnoga pitanja koja se tiču ovog ugovora nisu
dobila jasan odgovor u teoriji
Prevarni postupci u delatnosti osiguranјa
No full textU radu su evaluirani rezultati ranijih istraživanja o prevarama u osiguranju i ugovaranju nepravičnih ugovornih odredbi od strane osigura- vajućih društava. Polazna premisa jeste obema pojavama zajedničko na- stojanje da se na etički neprihvatlјiv i pravno zabranjeni način ostvari korist, bilo za fizičko, bilo za pravno lice. Propisivanje prevara u osi- guranju kao posebnog krivičnog dela sugeriše da se opasnijim po društvo smatraju prevare koje vrše osiguranici, nego posledice unošenja nepravič- nih ugovornih odredbi od strane osiguravajućih društava po imovinske interese osiguranika, iako je upravo takva praksa razlog što korisnici gube poverenje u osiguravače. Analiza pokazuje da postoje manjkavosti za- konodavstva Srbije kako u oblasti kaznenog prava, tako i u domenu prava osiguranja i zaštite korisnika finansijskih usluga, te su preporučene izmene de lege ferenda. Međutim, osnovni problem jeste što se postojeći pravni mehanizmi nedovolјno primenjuju na prevarne postupke u delatno- sti osiguranja, što može da znači da se takve situacije razrešavaju ad hoc vanpravnim sredstvima, različito od slučaja do slučaja