JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA
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Profil Pengobatan Pasien Rawat Jalan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 setelah Pelaksanaan JKN
Get PDFIn 2014, health insurance entirely colected together into Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) became Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN). But there is different payment method that is ASKES used Fee for Services (FFS) method and BPJS use INA-CBGs method. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that patients with that diagnosed should use drug continuously. Therefore, research with conducted by time series longitudinal retrospective method that aimed to observe impact of JKN about drug treatment profile among outpatients of type 2 DM in X Hospital Jakarta. Total of samples collected were 84 patients, 31 (36.90%) of male and 53 (63.10%) of female. Most patients (29.76%) were 66-70 years old. There were 38 patients with 10 times of visite, 27 patients with 11 times of visite, 19 patients with 12 times of visit. Based on drug treatment profile, after JKN has launched, decreasing of total of drug use, number of visit increased to 42 visits, kinds of drug appropriate with DPHO decreased until 79%, kinds of drug appropriate with national formularium rised 97%, generic drugs also increased 54% and non generic drug decreased 47%. Based on descriptive analysis, when JKN has launched, there were impact toward drug treatment profile.Pada tahun 2014, Asuransi Kesehatan (ASKES) bergabung dengan Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) menjadi Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN). Namun terdapat perbedaan metode pembayaran sebelum bergabung dengan BPJS yaitu dari metode Fee for Service menjadi metode INA- CBGs. Diabetes melitus merupakan penyakit kronik yang mengharuskan pasien selalu menggunakan obat. Oleh sebab itu penelitian yang dilakukan dengan metode time series longitudinal retrospective bertujuan untuk melihat dampak JKN terhadap profil pengobatan pada pasien rawat jalan ASKES DM tipe 2 di RS X Jakarta. Total sampel yang diperoleh 84 orang, laki-laki 31 (36,90%) dan perempuan 53 (63,10%). Pasien yang diperoleh berumur ≥50 tahun, 38 pasien dengan 10 kali kunjungan, 27 pasien dengan 11 kali kunjungan, 19 pasein dengan 12 kali kunjungan. Berdasarkan profil pengobatan, setelah pelaksanaan JKN terdapat peningkatan jumlah kunjungan sebesar 42 kunjungan, penurunan jumlah obat yang diberikan, penurunan jenis obat yang diresepkan berdasarkan DPHO mencapai 79%, peningkatan jenis obat yang diresepkan berdasarkan formularium nasional mencapai 97%, peningkatan jenis obat generik mencapai 54% dan penurunan jenis obat non generik mencapai 47%. Secara deskriptif dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan JKN memiliki pengaruh terhadap profil pengobatan
Kapasitas Pengikatan Iodida dan Iod pada Karbon Aktif Konvensional dan Terbrominasi
No full textRelated to the activities in a radioisotope processing laboratory at CDRR, BATAN, active carbon has a great potency and a role as adsorber for radioisotope immobilizing agent in process and installation systems. KAKEN Corporation, a CDRR's collaboration partner in Japan, has introduced a new type of active carbon namely KAKEN Brominated Active Carbon (KBAC) which is claimed to have an anionic exchange character. The presented experiment was thus performed to determine the iodide and iodine binding capacities of the KBAC resin as well as comparing to those of the conventional active carbon, which was also provided by KAKEN (KCAC). The experiment had been done using solutions of natural iodide and iodide - iodine mixtures. The binding capacities were determined by iodometry and iodatometry. In general the results obtained showed that the iodide-binding capacity of KBAC was higher than that of KCAC, but that the iodine-binding capacity of KCAC was higher. The KBAC showed that the binding capacity of iodide from iodide solutions was smaller than that from iodide-iodine samples, while the KCAC showed the reverse
Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Agarosa dari Rumput Laut Gracilaria verrucosa
Get PDF: Agar is complex polysaccharide which could be isolated from group Rhodophyta of seaweeds, sucs as Gracilaria verrucosa. Agar consists of two components, namely agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is neutral polysaccharide, while agaropectin is polysaccharide that contain sulphate, so agarose could be used for gel electrophoresis. The use of NaOH solution was aimed to hydrolyzes the agar to form 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose, whereas the use of propylene glycol was to separates agarose from agaropectin. This research was aimed to isolate agarosa from Gracilaria verrucosa using NaOH solution with the concentrations of 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and propylene glycol of 30, 50 and 70 mL. The agarose obtained was giving specivic absorbtion band in IR spectrum with wave number in the region of 930 and 890 cm-1, and there were absorbtion band in the region of 860 and 830 cm-1, indicated that the agarose still contained sulphate. The increase of NaOH concentration and propylene glycol volume caused drawback sulphate and ash content, constant melted temperature and gel temperature but increase gel strength. The best amount of agarose was obtained with the use of NaOH 10% and 70 mL of propylene glycol, with the characteristics were: ash content of 2.0035±0.0429% (w/w), sulphate content of 0.3236±0.0131% (w/w), melted temperature of 34 oC, gel temperature of 90 oC, gel strength of 432.195±26.172 g/cm2 and degree of electroendosmosis of 0.20±0.005.Agar adalah polisakarida kompleks yang dapat diisolasi dari rumput laut golongan Rhodophyta, seperti Gracilaria verrucosa. Agar terdiri dari dua komponen yaitu agarosa dan agaropektin. Penggunaan NaOH pada penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menghidrolisis agar, sehingga terbentuk 3,6-anhidro-L- galaktosa, sedangkan propilen glikol untuk memisahkan agarosa dari agaropektin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengisolasi agarosa dari rumput laut Gracilaria verrucosa menggunakan NaOH 4%, 6%, 8% dan 10% serta propilen glikol 30, 50 dan 70 mL. Agarosa yang didapat memberikan pita serapan yang spesifik pada panjang gelombang spektra IR sekitar 930 cm -1 dan 890 cm-1, dan terdapat pita serapan sekitar 860 cm-1 dan 830 cm-1, yang menunjukkan masih mengandung sulfat. Peningkatan konsentrasi NaOH dan volume propilen glikol menyebabkan penurunan kadar sulfat dan kadar abu, suhu lebur dan pembentukan gel tetap serta peningkatan kekuatan gel. Agarosa hasil isolasi yang paling baik adalah yang mengunakan NaOH 10% dan propilen glikol 70 mL dengan kadar abu 2,0035±0,0429% (b/b), kadar sulfat 0,3236±0,0131% (b/b), suhu lebur 34 oC, suhu pembentukan gel 90 oC, kekuatan gel 432,195±26,172 g/cm2 dan derajat elektroendosmosis 0,20±0,005
Toksisitas dan Anti-inflamasi Senyawa 1,5-Bis(3’-Etoksi-4’-Hidroksifenil)-1,4- Pentadien-3-on (EHP)
Get PDFThe 1,5-bis(3’-ethoxy-4’-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-pentadiene -3-one (EHP) is a curcumin analogue. The structure has also been identified before. EHP is obtained, which has been pharmacologically proven to have higher antioxidant activity than curcumin. The objectives of this research were to determine the acute toxicity (LD50) of EHP compound by Weil C.S. method using male mice as experimental animals and to determine its antiinflammatory activity. The LD50 value of the synthesized EHP compound is 6,8675 g/kg body weight (bw) with the criteria of mild toxic, so it is assumed to be safe as drug substance candidate. The anti-inflammatory activity of the compound was determined by obeserved legs swelling index of the mouse. Anti-inflammatory activity of EHP with doses of 137.35 mg, 274.70 mg and 549.40 mg were equal to aspirin with the dose of 90 mg/200 g bwSenyawa 1,5-bis(3’-etoksi-4’-hidroksifenil)-1,4-pentadien-3-on (EHP) adalah senyawa analog kurkumin, telah disintesis sebelumnya dengan metode kondensasi aldol dan terbukti mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan lebih tinggi daripada kurkumin. Telah dilakukan uji keamanan bahan calon obat meliputi uji toksisitas (LD50) dengan metode Weil C.S. dan uji aktivitas antiinflamasi secara in vivo. Nilai LD50 dari senyawa EHP adalah sebesar 6,8675 g/kg BB dengan kriteria toksik ringan sehingga cukup aman sebagai calon bahan obat. Aktivitas anti-inflamasi senyawa EHP diaanalisis dengan mengukur derajat bengkak pada kaki tikus. Hasil uji efek anti-inflamasi EHP dosis 137,35 mg, 274,70 mg dan 549,40 mg sama dengan aspirin 90 mg/200 g BB
Pengaruh Purifikasi n-Heksana pada Serbuk Simplisia terhadap Kadar Asiatikosida, Penangkapan Radikal Bebas dan Kadar Fenol Total Ekstrak Etanolik Herba Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban)
Get PDFIt has been proven that gotu kola (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) have an antioxidant activity that make it possible to use in preventing degenerative illness. The aims of this study are to find the effect of n-hexane purification before maceration on asiaticoside content, free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content of gotu kola ethanolic extract. The gotu kola extract was made by maceration process using the mix of ethanol and aquadest as solvents in different proportion, which are 100%:0% (E100), 75%:25% (E75), 50%:50% (E50), 25%:75% (E25), and 0%:100% (E0). The determination of asiaticoside content in gotu kola ethanolic extract was measured using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Densitometry method, free radical scavenging activity was measured using diphenylpicryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and defined by parameter of IC , and total phenolic content was defined by equivalency of galic acid using Folin-Ciocalteau. The results show that the hexane purification would increasing total phenolic content significantly in ethanolic extract which extracted with solvents in proportion of ethanol:aquades 75%:25% (E75), 50%:50% (E50), and 25%:75% (E25), but not significant in decreasing of IC . Statistically, n-hexane purification was also not significant to increasing asiaticoside content in gotu kola ethanolic extract. Pegagan atau kaki kuda (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) sudah dibuktikan secara in vitro memiliki kemampuan antioksidan yang memungkinkan untuk dimanfaatkan dalam upaya pencegahan penyakit degeneratif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat apakah adanya purifikasi n-heksana sebelum proses maserasi akan mempengaruhi kadar asiatikosida yang tersari, kemampuan penangkapan radikal bebas dan kadar fenol total ekstrak etanolik herba pegagan. Ekstrak herba pegagan dihasilkan dari proses maserasi menggunakan pelarut campuran etanol:air dengan proporsi yang berbeda-beda, yaitu 100%:0% (E100), 75%:25% (E75), 50%:50% (E50), 25%:75% (E25), dan 0%:100% (E0). Penetapan kadar asiatikosida dalam ekstrak herba pegagan yang dihasilkan ditentukan menggunakan metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) Densitometri, kemampuan penangkapan radikal bebas ditetapkan berdasarkan nilai IC dengan menggunakan diphenylpicryl hydrazyl (DPPH), dan kadar fenol total ditetapkan berdasarkan ekivalensi terhadap asam galat dengan reagen Folin-Ciocalteau. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa adanya perlakuan purifikasi n-heksana dapat membantu meningkatkan kadar fenol total secara bermakna ketika herba pegagan dimaserasi menggunakan pelarut campuran etanol-air dengan perbandingan 75%:25% (E75), 50%:50% (E50), dan 25%:75% (E25), namun tidak signifikan dalam menurunkan nilai IC . Secara statistik adanya purifikasi n-heksana juga tidak signifikan dalam meningkatkan kadar asiatikosida tersari dalam ekstrak etanolik herba pegagan yang dihasilkan. 
Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa (-)-Asam Usnat dari Lichen Usnea sp. serta Aktivitas Sitotoksiknya terhadap Sel Murine Leukemia P388
Get PDFLichen is a symbiotic organism composed by algae and fungi that already known produces spesific secondary metabolites having bioactivities. The aim of this study were to isolate and determine the structure of secondary metabolites of Lichen Usnea sp. and to examine the cytotoxic activity against murine leukemia P388 cells. Isolation was carried out by utilizing colom chromatography using silica gel 60 stationary phase with eluent mixtures of n-hexane and ethyl acetate in a gradient elution. Isolates compounds were identified using UV-Vis spectroscopy, IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The identification result obtained was (-)-usnic acid compound with molecular weight (MW) of 344 g/mol, needle-shaped yellow crystals. Test results cytotoxic compound of (-)-usnic acid against murine leukemia P388 cells were derived IC50 5.738 ± 0.61 µg/mL.Lichen adalah organisme simbiosis antara ganggang dan jamur yang diketahui menghasilkan metabolit sekunder yang khas dan memiliki bioaktivitas. Senyawa golongan depsida, desidon dan dibenzofuran adalah kelompok senyawa yang banyak dijumpai dalam Lichen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan menentukan struktur kimia senyawa metabolit sekunder dari Lichen Usnea sp. dan menguji aktivitas sitotoksiknya terhadap sel murine leukemia P388. Isolasi dilakukan dengan teknik kromatografi kolom menggunakan fase diam silika gel 60 dengan eluen campuran n-heksana dan etil asetat secara elusi gradien. Senyawa yang diperoleh diidentifikasi menggunakan spektroskopi UV-Vis, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR. Hasil identifikasi isolat diperoleh senyawa (-)-asam usnat dengan BM 344 g/ mol, berbentuk kristal jarum berwarna kuning. Hasil uji sitotoksik senyawa (-)-asam usnat terhadap sel murine leukemia P388 diperoleh nilai IC50 5,738 ± 0,61 µg/mL
Studi Interaksi Obat dan Reaksi Obat Merugikan pada Pasien HIV/AIDS dengan Koinfeksi Tuberkulosis di RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung
Get PDFHIV/AIDS and tuberculosis require combination therapy that can lead to drug interactions and unwanted drug effects or adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This study was aimed to determine the potential drug interactions, estimate the occured ADRs and provide treatment recommendations for HIV/AIDS patients with tuberculosis. This research was a descriptive study which was conducted retrospectively in forty eight HIV/AIDS patients with tuberculosis receiving treatments in the Teratai clinic, Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung Hospital in 2013. From these forty eight patients, there were 109 incidences of potential drug interactions with major significance, 299 incidence of with moderate significance and 58 with minor significance. Estimated ADRs with the greatets number found in this study was 8 incidences of gastrointestinal disorders, 5 incidences of drug eruption, 5 drug-induced liver injury (DILI) incidences and 4 peripheral neuropathy incidences. Patients receiving category 1 tuberculosis therapy was recommended to use tenofovir, lamivudine, and efavirenz as antiretroviral therapy, whereas patients receiving category 2 tuberculosis therapy was recommended to use zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz.HIV/AIDS dan tuberkulosis memerlukan terapi kombinasi obat yang dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya interaksi obat dan reaksi obat merugikan (ROM). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan potensi interaksi obat, kemungkinan ROM yang terjadi serta memberikan rekomendasi terapi untuk pasien HIV/AIDS dengan koinfeksi tuberkulosis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang dilakukan secara retrospektif pada 48 pasien HIV/AIDS dengan koinfeksi tuberkulosis yang menerima pengobatan di Poliklinik Teratai, RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung pada tahun 2013. Dari 48 pasien tersebut, ditemukan 109 potensi kejadian interaksi obat dengan signifikansi mayor, 299 potensi kejadian interaksi obat dengan spesifikansi moderat dan 58 potensi kejadian interaksi obat dengan signifikansi minor. Dugaan jumlah kejadian ROM terbanyak dalam penelitian ini meliputi 8 kejadian gangguan saluran pencernaan, 5 kejadian drug eruption, 5 kejadian drug induced liver injury (DILI) dan 4 kejadian neuropati perifer. Pasien yang menerima obat antituberkulosis (OAT) kategori 1 direkomendasikan untuk menggunakan ARV tenofovir, lamivudin, dan efavirenz, sedangkan pasien yang menerima OAT kategori 2 direkomendasikan untuk menggunakan ARV zidovudin, lamivudin dan efavirenz
Ekspresi VEGF Sel Adenokarsinoma Mamma Pada Pemberian Oral Ekstrak Andrographis paniculata
Get PDFAngiogenesis was needed to fulfill nutrition and oxygen demand for tumor growthh and its metastase. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was a potential proangiogenic factor of angiogenesis process. In vitro study of Andrographis paniculata extract showed decreasing tend of VEGF level serum on PC-3 cancer cell line. The aim of this study was to prove the effect of oral administered Andrographis paniculata extract on VEGF expression of adenocarcinoma mammae C3H mice. Twenty four mice was transplanted with adenocarcinoma mammae randomly to four groups. Andrographis paniculata extract at dose 5, 10, and 15 mg/day were given on mice group along 14 days. One group another as a control. VEGF expression were examined use immunohistochemistry staining. Anova test showed difference VEGF expression among reseach groups (p=0,000, r=-0,953). The highest of VEGF expression index 24,8 was found on control group, and the lowest 19,4 was found on group which received 15 mg/day. We concluded that oral administration of Andrographis paniculata extract decreased VEGF expression of adenocarcinoma mamme C3H mice.its metastase. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was a potential proangiogenic factor of angiogenesis process. In vitro study of Andrographis paniculata extract showed decreasing tend of VEGF level serum on PC-3 cancer cell line. The aim of this study was to prove the effect of oral administered Andrographis paniculata extract on VEGF expression of adenocarcinoma mammae C3H mice. Twenty four mice was transplanted with adenocarcinoma mammae randomly to four groups. Andrographis paniculata extract at dose 5, 10, and 15 mg/day were given on mice group along 14 days. One group another as a control. VEGF expression were examined use immunohistochemistry staining. Anova test showed difference VEGF expression among reseach groups (p=0,000, r=-0,953). The highest of VEGF expression index 24,8 was found on control group, and the lowest 19,4 was found on group which received 15 mg/day. We concluded that oral administration of Andrographis paniculata extract decreased VEGF expression of adenocarcinoma mamme C3H mice
Kejadian Efek Samping Kinin pada Pasien Malaria di RSUD Bontang, Kalimantan Timur
Get PDFQuinine intravenous for severe malaria and complications, is recommended until the patient is able to use the oral formulation. The purpose of this study was to monitor the side effects that arise during the administration of quinine in malaria patients in Bontang Public Hospital and evaluate the use of other drugs that may increase the incidence of quinine side effects. This study was conducted by using descriptive study design. Monitoring of side effects is based on qualitative data, through clinical observation before and after the patients received the drug. The events of side effects were evaluated from the data collectedby usingNaranjo algorithm to determine possible (score 1-4), probable (score 5-8) and certainty (definite) (score 9). From the study, it is found that 32 patients (88.89 %) experienced quinine side effects, 2 patients (5.55 %) did not experience significant side effects. 7 patients (19.44 %) were using cimetidin, 6 patients (16.67 %) had more than 2 side effects. Possible influence of cimetidine on the clearance of quinine that cause the increase of quinine levels in the blood may increase the risk of the events of quinine side effects. Kinin intravena injeksi direkomendasi pada pasien malaria berat sampai pasien mampu menggunakan formulasi oral. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memonitor efek samping yang timbul selama pemberian kinin pada penderita malaria di RSUD Bontang dan mengevaluasi keterkaitan penggunaan obat lain yang dapat meningkatkan kejadian efek samping kinin. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan rancangan studi deskriptif, mengumpulkan data secara prospektif. Monitoring efek samping dilakukan berdasarkan data kualitatif, melalui pengamatan klinis sebelum dan setelah pasien menerima kinin. Kejadian efek samping dievaluasi berdasarkan Algoritme Naranjo untuk menentukan possible (nilai 1-4), probable (nilai 5-8) dan definite (nilai 9). Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan sebanyak 32 pasien (88,89 %) mengalami efek samping kinin, sedangkan 2 pasien (5,55 %) tidak sama sekali mengalami efek samping yang berarti. Sebanyak 7 pasien (19,44 %) yang menggunakan simetidin, 6 pasien diantaranya (16,67 %) mengalami lebih dari 2 efek samping. Kemungkinan adanya pengaruh simetidin pada clearance kinin sehingga kadar kinin dalam darah meningkat, yang mungkin meningkatkan risiko kejadian efek samping kinin
Pengembangan Pewarna Rambut dari Ekstrak Kental Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) dalam Sediaan Setengah Padat
No full textGambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) is one of the alternatives used as a natural colouring agent in foods and drinks. The aim of this research was to develop extract gambier as a hair dye. Gambier extract was obtained by macerated with water in base condition (pH 8-10). The resulting extract was evaluated for hair adhesion, organoleptic, physical, chemical and irritation test to rabbit’s skin. Viscous gambier extract has 0HUE value of 338.73 ± 0.116 (purple), can be processed into permanent hair colour cream with 0HUE value of 42.167 ± 0.231 (red), pH 8, ammoniac odor, produce red yellowish hair with 0HUE value of 53.43 ± 0.060, fulfil requitment for microbiology, not iritant to rabbit's skin has density of 0.903 0.006 g/L and viscosity of 13,100 ± 0.000 cP.Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) merupakan salah satu alternatif yang digunakan sebagai pewarna alami dalam makanan dan minuman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan ekstrak kental gambir sebagai pewarna rambut. Pembuatan ekstrak padat gambir dilakukan dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut air dalam suasana basa kuat (pH 8-10). Ekstrak yang dihasilkan dievaluasi daya lekat ke rambut, organoleptik, fisika, kimia, mikrobiology dan uji iritasi terhadap kulit kelinci, pewarna ekstrak kental gambir mempunyai daya lekat permanen dengan nilai 0HUE 338,73 ± 0,116 (keunguan), dapat dibuat menjadi krim pewarna rambut permanen dengan nilai 0HUE 42,167 ± 0,231 (merah), pH 8, berbau amoniak, memberikan warna kuning kemerahan terhadap rambut yang sudah dipudarkan/ bleaching dengan nilai 0HUE 53,43 ± 0,060; memenuhi persyaratan mikrobiologi, tidak mengiritasi kulit kelinci, BJ 0,903 ± 0,006 g/L, viskositas 14.200 ± 0,000 cP