JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA
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Formulation and test of mosquito repellent lotion from the extract of kecombrang (Etlingera elatior (Jack)) and beluntas (Pluchea indica) leaves extract
Full text linkDengue fever is an infectious disease which is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and commonly occurs in Indonesia. The use of natural ingredients for mosquito repellent is becoming a trend. Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior (Jack)) is known as a medicinal plant which contains alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and glycosides. Beluntas (Pluchea indica) contains tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and essential oils. This study aims to develop mosquito repellent lotion using combined leaf extracts of E. elatior and P. indica at different ratios (1:1; 1:2; 2:1). The materials used in this study were E. elatior and P. indica leaves, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, 96% ethanol, stearic acid, triethanolamine, white oil, methyl paraben, cetyl alcohol, and distilled water. The repellent activity is tested using a standard method of WHO, comparing control group and treatment group, repeating for four times, then the protection level was calculated. The three formulas of lotion fulfilled both physical and chemical requirements and had a repellent activity of above 80%. The formulae of F3, a lotion containing both E. elatior and P. indica leaf extracts of 2:1, gave the highest protection of 88.1%
Optimation of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) leaf extract using natural deed eutectic solvent basis choline cloride–glycol on antioxidant
Full text linkPhyllanthus niruri L. has many benefits because it is known that meniran leaves contain secondary metabolites in the form of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenolics. The content of phenol compounds which are constituent compounds for antioxidant activity. This research was conducted to determine the combination of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) which can produce extracts with strong antioxidant activity. The preliminary stage determines the best combination of NADES with choline chloride as the Hydrogen Bond Acceptor and the type of sugar as the Hydrogen Bond Donor. The NADES screening obtained the best combination of choline chloride: glycerol, then the optimization stage was carried out using the RSM method with a Central Composite Design. Three variables used were temperature (25°, 40°, 60°C), time (10, 30, 60 minutes) and the ratio of NADES usage (50%, 70% and 90%). Antioxidant activity was determined with the value of in Meniran extract with positive control of vitamin C. The best NADES combination was choline chloride–glycerol (1:1) with an value of 18.039 ppm. Optimization with variations in temperature time and ratio variables obtained optimal conditions at temperature of 60°C with an extraction time of 44 minutes and ratio of 90% NADES obtained values of 8.040 ppm and positive control of vitamin C obtained values of 4.307 ppm. The best results for antioxidant activity are at a temperature of 60°C gives an value of 8.050 ppm was obtained and the average is 8.075 ppm
Antibacterial effects of Andrographis paniculata extract, Curcuma domestica extract, chloramphenicol and their combinations on the growth of Salmonella typhi bacteria
Full text linkTyphoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi remains a serious health threat. Although standard treatment with antibiotics such as chloramphenicol has helped reduce mortality rates, bacterial resistance to this antibiotic is increasing. New treatment approaches are urgently needed, including combining antibiotics with natural compounds from medicinal plants, such as Andrographis paniculata and Curcuma domestica. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial effects of A. paniculata extract, C. domestica extract, chloramphenicol, and their combinations on the growth of S. typhi. This in vitro experimental study used the disc diffusion method to evaluate antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity tests were performed against S. typhi using discs soaked in 70% ethanol extract solutions of A. paniculata and C. domestica, chloramphenicol, and their combinations. Inhibition zones were measured after incubation for 24 hours at 37°C. Chloramphenicol showed the strongest antibacterial activity with a mean inhibition zone of 28.33 ± 0.58 mm. Single extracts of A. paniculata and C. domestica had relatively weak antibacterial activity (inhibition zones of 9.67 ± 1.15 mm and 9.83 ± 0.29 mm) and there was no significant difference between them (p>0.05). Combinations of extracts with chloramphenicol showed increased antibacterial activity compared to single extracts (inhibition zones of 23.17 ± 1.26 mm for A. paniculata + chloramphenicol and 21.00 ± 2.65 mm for C. domestica + chloramphenicol) and there were significant differences between combinations and single extracts (p<0.05), but still lower than single chloramphenicol and statistically significant (p<0.05). Although combining medicinal plant extracts with chloramphenicol increased antibacterial activity compared to single extracts, it did not exceed single chloramphenicol
Development of web-based application of medicine management dashboard for pharmacists in primary health care using a user-centered design: evidence from Indonesia
Full text linkAlthough the minimum standard of pharmaceutical services at the primary health centres (PHCs) has been determined, the quality of drug management at PHCs is not optimal. There is no information system in PHC to help pharmacists monitor drug management performance. This study aims to describe the systematic development of such an application. A descriptive study with a case study approach was conducted, consisting of three stages: user needs analysis, model and prototype development, and prototype evaluation. The first stage in the user-centred design method is through focus group discussion and observation. There were 13 institutions involved in the needs analysis and 9 institutions in the evaluation stage by purposive sampling. The institutions are health centres and offices in Yogyakarta from September 2021 to April 2022. Data were analysed using descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods. The research resulted in a prototype web application, PharmD, which functions as a drug management performance dashboard for pharmacists at PHCs
Public perception of COVID-19 vaccination in Banjar District, Indonesia: the role of sociodemographic factors
Full text linkCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov-2) virus. Vaccination is one way to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus. One of the factors causing the low acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination in the community is the perception of COVID-19 vaccination. Socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, occupation, last degree of education, and monthly income have a substantial relationship with public perceptions of COVID-19 vaccination. The purpose of this study was to analyze public perceptions of COVID-19 vaccination. This study used an analytical observational method with a cross-sectional study design. The sample in this study used a consecutive sampling technique, totaling 400 people. The majority of respondents had a enough good perception of COVID-19 vaccination. There is a relationship between socio-demographic factors of age, occupation, last degree of education, and monthly income with people's perceptions of COVID-19
Spray-gel formulations of Cantigi extract and Cantigi extract-loaded gelatin nanoparticles as antioxidant
Full text linkSpray-gel formulations may contain natural antioxidants like plant extracts. They can reduce free radicals and prevent premature aging. This research aims to study spray-gel formulations using Cantigi extracts and Cantigi extract-loaded gelatin nanoparticles as antioxidants. Extract preparation used the maceration method concentrated by a rotavapor and characterized for specific and nonspecific parameters. Antioxidant activity analysis of extract, nanoparticles, and formulations used the DPPH method. Gelatin nanoparticle synthesis was done using the nanoprecipitation method and then characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, aldimine linkage formation, and morphology. Two spray-gel formulations were manufactured (F1 contained the extract, and F2 contained the nanoparticles) and evaluated for one month for organoleptics, homogeneity, viscosity, flow properties, spray pattern, pH, and antioxidant activity tests. The extract and nanoparticles meet all parameters. The antioxidant activities (IC50) are Cantigi extract of 17.4 ppm, gelatin nanoparticles of 33.6 ppm, F1 of 60.6 ppm, and F2 of 99.5 ppm. After the stability study, the spray-gel formulation characteristics were: Organoleptics, homogeneity, homogeneity, and viscosity complied (F1 and F2); flow property showed plastic thixotrophy properties (F1 and F2); spray pattern showed best at 20 cm distance (F1 and F2); pH complied (F1 and F2); and IC50 of F1 was 63.0 ppm while F2 was 103.3 ppm. Conclusions were that the spray-gel formulations (F1 and F2) complied with the standards and were stable during the storage time. However, F1 has more potent antioxidant activity than the F2. 
The impact of medication adherence on health outcomes for patients with metabolic syndrome
Full text linkCardiovascular disease is a non-communicable disease that is often associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is a group of abnormal conditions that include hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. Patients with MetS often require multiple drugs to achieve therapeutic targets, but poor medication adherence can lead to complications. Poor medication adherence can worsen the disease and increase hospitalizations. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether medication adherence affects metabolic syndrome outcomes. This study was conducted using a cross-sectional design and purposive sampling. Our respondents were focused on patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidemia. Patients' adherence was measured using a self-made questionnaire. The study obtained data on the patient's lipid profile, HbA1c, and blood pressure (hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia). The study used Spearman analysis to investigate adherence scores to lipid profile levels, HbA1c, and blood pressure. Therapeutic coverage was analyzed using a T-test. Confounding variables, such as age, HbA1c level, and blood pressure, were considered when analyzing the correlation between adherence scores and lipid profiles. The majority of patients were women or elderly, and more than 90% reported that their therapeutic needs were met. Total cholesterol and LDL-c significantly negatively correlated with adherence for patients' factor category, therapeutic regimen factor, and overall factor (p<.05). Triglyceride levels correlated significantly with adherence only to category interaction factors between patients and family/health workers. Regression analysis shows that all correlations are negative to total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglyceride levels (p<.05)
Polypharmacy and the occurrence of potential drug interactions in geriatric Covid-19 patients in Karawang General Regional Hospital, Indonesia
Full text linkThe management of COVID-19 treatment continues to evolve by involving various types of drugs both symptomatic and supportive therapy. COVID-19 infection with comorbid conditions in geriatric patients can have an effect on increasing drug use and the potential for drug interactions. The purpose of the study was to determine whether there is a relationship between the level of polypharmacy and the incidence of potential drug interactions at Karawang Regency Hospital for the period January to December 2021. The research method used was a cross-sectional study design. The data collected was hospital secondary data with retrospective data type and statistical analysis using Spearman Rho. The research material used was medical record data from 182 samples using the total sampling method. Based on the results of the study, it was found that as many as 108 (59.3%) patients received treatment with a total of 5-9 types of drugs. Potential drug interactions were experienced by 148 (81.3%) patients with a total of 764 events. There is a relationship between the level of polypharmacy and the potential incidence of drug interactions (r: 0.537, p: <0.001)
New PK/PD profile improvement following cephalosporin extended infusion : a systematic review
Full text linkAntimicrobial resistance is a global problem that is currently experienced in various countries, both developed and developing countries. The lack of discovery of new antibiotics and the increasing incidence of Multidrug–Resistant Organisms (MDROs) have sparked several efforts to optimize the administration of currently available antibiotics. Modifications in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles are one of the strategies carried out, namely by extending the duration of infusion. Cephalosporins are time-dependent antibiotics; the longer they are exposed to an infusion, the more potent they are against bacteria. This is so that the drug concentration can remain above the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) for an extended period of time throughout the infusion. In this study, articles available in Pubmed and Google Scholar from 2013-2023 using the PRISMA method related to the extension of the duration of cephalosporin infusion were evaluated. The search strategy used the keywords continuous infusion, extended infusion, prolong infusion, cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and effectiveness. From the research results, it was found that continuous infusion was better able to achieve the desired target drug levels compared to intermittent infusion and IV bolus administration
Effectiveness of nutmeg flesh extract (Myristica fragrans H) as an immunomodulator using the carbon clearance method in mice (Mus musculus)
Full text linkNutmeg (Myristica fragrans H) is composed of secondary metabolite compounds, among which flavonoids significantly contribute to its immunomodulatory properties. Using the carbon clearance method, this study aims to determine the efficacy of nutmeg flesh extract (NFE) as an immunomodulator. Negative control (Na-CMC 0.5%), normal control (Na-CMC 0.5%), immunostimulant positive control (Imboost® Force 0.91mg/20 g BW of mice), immunosuppressant positive control (methylprednisolone® 0.015 mg/20 g BW of mice), dose I (5 mg/20 g BW of mice), dose II (10 mg/20 g BW of mice), and dose III (20 mg/20 g BB mice) comprised the seven groups of 35 white male mice (DDY). The assessed parameters included organ index, absorbance, and the phagocytosis constant and index. The immunostimulant effect of NFE was demonstrated by the phagocytosis index values of 1.225 (indicating moderate immunostimulation), 1.512 (indicating moderate immunostimulation), and 2.202 (indicating strong immunostimulation) for NFE dose I, II, and III, respectively. The lymphoid organ index may have increased among the three NFE treatment groups, according to the results of organ index measurements. We can conclude, Nutmeg Flesh Extract (NFE) has an immunomodulatory effect in the immunostimulant category, as well as increased phagocytosis activity and lymphoid organ index