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Behavioral biomarkers for calf health
Get PDFMaster of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and IndustryLindsey E. HulbertApplied ethology is a diverse scientific field studying animals in confinement under human management. Data collection techniques including automated measures (e.g. activity monitors and environmental enrichment devices) and video recording systems aid in collecting animal behavior data while reducing more invasive collection measures. Understanding early life behavior’s in both dairy and beef calves is important for the health, performance, and welfare of these animals. Oral behaviors early in life can affect a calf’s performance and health through adulthood. Applied ethologist utilize automated technologies to better quantify the behaviors of dairy and beef calves early in life which could result in changes in management of calves.
In the first study, the objectives were to validate an environmental enrichment device for individually housed Holstein dairy calves and describe methods for behavioral data collection. Holstein bull calves were fitted with 3-axis accelerometers (activity monitor) and provided an environmental enrichment device. A total of 59 h of video footage was analyzed for calf behaviors. Observed EED use was shown to be highly correlated with automated EED. Observed standing and lying durations were correlated with automated standing and lying durations. Use of environmental enrichment can aid in collection of data and allow animals to express natural behaviors such as suckling. Furthermore, data collected through automated techniques can give valuable knowledge without increasing distress to animals and providing more time efficient methods of data collection.
In the second study, the objective was to determine if calf behavior data collection techniques (both direct observation and automated) would correlate with measures of passive transfer of immunity (hematocrit; total plasma protein; Immunoglobulins, IgG1 and IgM). Variables collected included: each calf’s first-meal suckling behaviors; automated activity behaviors, and measures of passive transfer of maternal antibodies (IgG1, Igm, hematocrit, and total plasma protein). There was a tendency for IgG1 concentrations to have an inverse relationship with calf body weight. Total plasma protein was correlated with IgG1 and IgM. Likewise, hematocrit was correlated with IgG1 and IgM. Total Plasma Protein had an inverse relationship with birth-to-stand intervals. In addition, total plasma protein tended to decrease as the birth-to-suck interval increased. Total plasma protein increased with the number of lying-bouts per day for the first week of life. Furthermore, there was a tendency for the birth-to-last teat suckled to decrease as the temperature on the day of birth increased. Calf lying duration during the first week of life increased as the temperature on the day of birth increased. These data demonstrate calf behaviors early in life are associated with measures of passive transfer of immunity.
Overall, these data support the use of applied ethology techniques including live/video observation and automated data collection to help address early life behaviors in both dairy and beef cattle. Automated technologies such as an environmental enrichment device could help collect important sucking behavior data while providing dairy calves an avenue to satiate their motivation to suck. Furthermore, observed behavioral measures such as the birth-to-stand measure in beef calves, can give an indication to their passive transfer of immunity status. Future research in regards to animal behavior could benefit from the use of video recording systems and automated technologies resulting in better management of animals under human care
Performance Comparison for Ballistocardiogram Peak Detection Methods
Get PDFCitation: Suliman, A., Carlson, C., Ade, C. J., Warren, S., & Thompson, D. E. (2019). Performance Comparison for Ballistocardiogram Peak Detection Methods. IEEE Access, 7, 53945–53955. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2912650A number of research groups have proposed methods for ballistocardiogram (BCG) peak detection toward the identification of individual cardiac cycles. However, objective comparisons of these proposed methods are lacking. This paper, therefore, conducts a systematic and objective performance evaluation and comparison of several of these approaches. Five peak-detection methods (three replicated from the literature and two adapted from code provided by the methods' authors) are compared using data from 30 volunteers. A basic cross-correlation approach was also included as a sixth method. Two high-performing methods were identified: the method proposed by Sadek et al. and the method proposed by Brüser et al. The first achieved the highest average peak-detection rate of 94%, the lowest average false alarm rate of 0.0552 false alarms per second, and a relatively small mean absolute error between the real and detected peaks: 0.0175 seconds. The second method achieved the lowest mean absolute error of 0.0088 seconds between the real and detected peaks, an average peak-detection success rate of 89%, and 0.0766 false alarms per second. All metrics are averaged across participants
Applying Emotion to High School Band Performance: Supplemental Files
No full textIn my lesson, students learned ways to connect emotionally with their audience through shared experience. In Aaron Perrine’s work, Tears of St. Lawrence, Perrine’s inspiration for his work was watching a meteor shower with his young daughter. After listening to and reflecting on music my students felt a connection to, they discovered that using dynamics and rubato will help add emotion and audience connection to their music.
I have developed more as a teacher in this program by putting more thought into my teaching philosophy, and the contemplating the reasons I enjoy teaching daily, supported by the ideas of the philosophers I studied. When learning about these philosophers, I found that I strongly align with David Elliot’s teachings and promote the idea that all students can be creative music makers with the encouragement from their teacher to explore improvisation, composing, and arranging. I encourage my concert band students to discover improvisation in our warm up time by modeling a musical pattern of their creation and having the band echo that same pattern back. In learning about Elliot Eisner, it helped me realize that even if some of my students will not continue with music after high school, their time in my class performing music will give them a source of pleasure and encourage higher thinking skills. By learning about specific music education philosophy, I know what my short term and long term goals are with my students and how I want them to grow as a result of participating in my classes during their time in high school.
My overall knowledge as a band director has improved during my time in this program. I enjoyed learning about the history and development of wind band literature and about repertoire I was not familiar with as a musician. Another development of my teaching has been the organization skills learned in my classes. I found new ways to prioritize paperwork and have a thorough band handbook to cover policies and expectations as well as useful information on instrument brands and accessories and recommended private teachers. I also organized my marching band task list into a monthly task list so that I do not feel overwhelmed at any one point in the year
Effects of corn gluten feed and dried distillers grains with solubles on Boer-type goat growth performance
No full textGoats are becoming more and more popular in the United States, increasing 211% in the last 15 years. There is very little data that can be found on economical diets for goats. Most diets for goats are based on soybean meal (SBM). This study aimed to determine a cheaper alternative feed for SBM in Boer-type goats using corn gluten feed (CGF) and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). CGF and DDGS are a significantly cheaper alternative to SBM, as SBM cost 177.88 per ton, and DDGS costs .04 kg of feed. This led to the result that corn co-products lower the cost of feed per goat (P=.0008). However, there was no evidence showing a significant difference in feed cost per kg of gain. This study concludes that feeding CGF or DDGS can be an economic replacement diet for SBM
Evaluating the effects of medium chain fatty acids on nursery pig health and performance compared to traditional feed supplements carbadox and zinc oxide
Get PDFCarbadox and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) are traditional supplements for nursery pig diets, but have many modern disadvantages, including negative environmental impacts. By testing different medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) supplements for nursery diets, performance aspects including ADG, ADFI, and G:F were investigated. The 35-day study follows 360 weanling pigs (DNA 200x400: 5.4+/-0.07 kg) being fed one of 6 dietary treatments. Pigs were randomly assigned to 10 pens per treatment with 6 pigs per pen. The 6 dietary treatments included: 1) control; 2) 3,000 ppm ZnO in Phase 1 and 1,500 ppm ZnO in Phase 2; 3) 50 g/ton carbadox; 4) 1% blend of C6:C8:C10; 5) 1% Feed Energy R2 (Feed Energy Corp, Des Moines, IA); 6) 1% FORMI GML (ADDCON, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany). Diets were split into 3 phases, with treatment diets in Phase 1 (d0 to d7) and Phase 2 (d8 to d19), while Phase 3 (d20 to d35) was a common diet. Piglet weights and feeder weights were collected weekly. Piglets fed ZnO or carbadox had greater (P<0.05) ADG and ADFI compared to the control, with pigs fed FORMI being intermediate. Pigs fed C6:C8:C10 and R2 had decreased (P<0.05) ADFI, possibly due to a taste or palatability issue, which likely caused a related decrease (P<0.05) in ADG. Under the conditions of this experiment it was found that pigs fed traditional feed supplements ZnO and carbadox had the greater performance compared to the control, while those fed MCFA had varied outcomes. In conclusion, further studies are needed to evaluate if MCFAs are an adequate replacement for ZnO and carbadox
Dried distillers grains with solubles or corn gluten feed has the ability to replace soybean meal in Boer-type growing goat diets
Get PDFThere is a limited amount of research pertaining to the formulation of growing goat diets. This causes the producers to have limited understanding on what to feed their goats to achieve better performance while still being economical. This study was aimed to evaluate whether dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) or corn gluten feed (CGF) could replace soybean meal in Boer-type growing goat diets. A total of 75 Boer-type goats were used and randomly assigned to pens containing three head; the unit of measurement was on a per pen basis. Five pens were assigned to one of each treatment over a 35 d period. Treatments were 1) 100% CGF/0% DDGS, 2) 66% CGF/33% DDGS, 3) 33% CGF/66% DDGS, 4) 0% CGF/100% DDGS, and 5) soybean meal. The goats were approximately 70 d of age and weighed 26.9±0.2kg. Data were collected on a weekly basis and cost related data was calculated at the end of the trial. All data was analyzed by the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (v.9.4, Cary, NC) with an acceptable alpha value of 0.05. There were no detected treatment differences for BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P>0.05). The feed cost per kg of gain had a P-value of 0.049 meaning that there was a significant difference in this cost. Also, goats fed treatments with corn co-products resulted in less feed cost per goat than those fed soybean meal (P=0.0008). In summary, DDGS or CGF can replace soybean meal in Boer-type growing goat diets, due to being financially more economical
High harmonic generation spectroscopy via orbital angular momentum
Get PDFWe present an experimental technique using orbital angular momentum (OAM) in a fundamental laser field to drive high harmonic generation (HHG). The mixing of beams with different OAM allows us to generate two laser foci tightly spaced which generate harmonics that interfere in the far field. Thus, this technique is an OAM based in situ HHG interferometric spectroscopic method. With this tool, we measure the phase and amplitude of the angle dependent multiorbital HHG emission in molecular nitrogen
Distortion of the Ionization Cross Section of He by the Coherence Properties of a C6+ Beam
Get PDFWe analyze the influence of the coherence of the projectile’s beam in scattering phenomena. We focus our study in the ionization of He byC6 +projectiles at 100 MeV/amu. We assess the influence of this effect by performing a Born initial state and continuum distorted wave final state (CDW-B1) calculation together with a rigorous procedure to account for the initial coherence properties of the projectile’s beam. These calculations, which had been previously performed for only the scattering and perpendicular collision planes and within the First Born approximation (FBA), were repeated for an ampler set of collision planes. Additionally, a more refined method to describe the applicability of the aforementioned procedure, is used. We achieve a better qualitative agreement with the experimental results
Tracing intermolecular Coulombic decay of carbon-dioxide dimers and oxygen dimers after valence photoionization
Get PDFWe have conducted an experimental study on the photo double ionization (PDI) of carbon-dioxide dimers at photon energies of 37 and 55 eV and oxygen dimers at photon energies of 38, 41.5, and 46 eV, while focusing on the dissociation dynamics upon single-photon absorption. The investigation was performed by applying the cold-target recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy method in order to collect and record the three-dimensional momenta of the ionic fragments and emitted electrons from the dissociating dimer in coincidence. The kinetic-energy release upon fragmentation and the electron angular distributions in the laboratory and body-fixed frames, as well as the relative electron-electron emission angle, show unambiguous experimental evidence of intermolecular Coulombic decay (ICD) in carbon-dioxide dimers upon photoionization below and above the double-ionization threshold of CO2 monomers. The PDI of oxygen dimers is less conclusive and shows contributions from ICD and knock-off ionization mechanisms. As for atomic dimers, the present results reveal that ICD in CO2 dimers after valence PDI can also serve as a source for low-energy electrons, known to be very relevant in biological systems, cells, and tissues
Willingness to eat an insect based product and impact on brand equity: A global perspective
Get PDFCitation: Castro, M., & Chambers, E. (2019). Willingness to eat an insect based product and impact on brand equity: A global perspective. Journal of Sensory Studies, 34(2), e12486. https://doi.org/10.1111/joss.12486Rapid population growth is creating the need to find new and sustainable food sources. Insect-based products could satisfy this high priority necessity while incorporating important nutrients in the human diet such as protein, vitamins, and minerals. This research provides a global overview of the willingness to try a new product that contains insect powder and determine the impact of adding insect-based products to a brands portfolio. An international survey was conducted in 13 different countries (n = 630 consumers per country, total 7,800 consumer) with consumers who represented diverse demographic backgrounds. Eight of the 13 countries could be classified as “disgust” countries where most respondents said they would not be willing to try a familiar product containing insect powder. Nine countries fell into the “impact” category where participants would be more likely to stop buying other products from this company knowing that they have used insect powder in another product from the same brand. The reasons why participants would not consider eating foods containing insect powder were religion, the perception that insects carry diseases and cause allergic reactions. Only the disease-carrying perception was significant in most of the countries. Practical applications The results from this study showed that most consumers from most countries studied are not willing to try insect-based products at this time. However, there was a segment of the population in each country that was willing to try such products. There is a great opportunity for companies to create new products for countries where the disgust factor was not a barrier and to test those new concepts and products. This could help provide information to educate consumers about all the benefits of insect protein and implement. It is key to remember that new brands probably are necessary for such products because of the potential damage to brand equity of introducing products containing insect powder