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Measurements of antibiotic use in United States dairy systems
Get PDFDoctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/PathobiologyMichael D. ApleyMethods of measuring antibiotic use were explored using data collected from a convenience sample of 29 US dairy farms for the calendar years of 2016 and 2017. Multiple on-farm data sources included handwritten records and four software systems. Data from each source were standardized to a common format for analysis. Antimicrobial use is reported as regimens per cow year with the regimens defined at the product level by route of administration, number of administrations, time frame between first and last administration, grams per regimen, and grams per administration. The primary goal of this study was to identify which measures might be useful for guiding stewardship at the farm level, and to describe the nuances associated with different methods of measurement. For this reason, care was taken to maintain the association between use and the reason for use (detected disease) for all measures reported.
This method of reporting provided enough granularity to compare different methods of antimicrobial use measurement. Measurements of overall use by regimens per cow year indicate that most use occurs as intramammary treatments and cephalosporins are the most commonly used antibiotic class. Use measured by grams per cow year indicates that both Dry Cow therapy and non-intramammary (Other Treatments) contribute significantly to overall use, and use in the penicillin class predominates. Comparisons of measures by regimens, grams, defined daily doses (DDD), defined course doses (DCD) and days of therapy (DOT) are evaluated at the farm level. With the exception of grams, all comparisons of these measures have correlations greater than 0.7 for all categories of use. Potency confounds measures of active substance weight causing use measured as grams of antimicrobial to not correlate as well with other measures (correlations <0.5). This lack of correlation is especially apparent for dry cow therapy where the correlation between grams and other measures is -0.06.
These comparisons raise questions about the relationship between use measures and resistance selection pressure. Further study is needed to identify the exact relationship between use measures and resistance selection pressure, as well as to identify treatment outcome parameters that should be assessed to ensure that animal welfare is appropriately monitored as antimicrobial stewardship is advanced
Conviction as Divine Influence or Human Manipulation: LGBTQ+ Christians and a Harmful Habitus
Get PDFKirmser Undergraduate Research Award - Individual Non-Freshman category, grand prizeDr. Trevor DurbinExperiencing same-sex attraction can be a devastating situation for a young Christian growing up within a condemning religious community, as it is often seen as sinful and morally wrong. Religious conviction always plays a central role in the difficulty of reconciling faith and an LGBTQ+ identity, since it is accepted to be of divine influence. There is an underlying tension through this piece of whether conviction is of divine or human origin. Using research conducted with LGBTQ+ Christians, this essay offers an examination of religious conviction as a social process. Bourdieu’s concept of the habitus provides a helpful tool in understanding the occurrence of conviction through the learned processes, internalizations, and embodiments of LGBTQ+ Christians as they navigate a Christian social field--structured by fundamental concepts of the human, human nature, and how to live a life of flourishing that are constrained by knowledge-power relations--that rebukes their experience as sinful. By drawing on critiques of the habitus , studies of feeling, emotion, and the processes of assigning these meaning, and ethnographic work in a manipulative Christian setting, this paper questions the purpose for many of the afflictions LGBTQ+ Christians face and illuminates the elaborate, pervasive process involved in LGBTQ+ Christians developing a habitus within Christian social fields that inflicts harm
Reflections on the Undergraduate Research Experience of Three Former NCAA Division I Athletes
Get PDFUndergraduate research (UR) opportunities are important for college students to engage in areas of interest, gain valuable skills, and contribute to their learning outside of the classroom (Mahatmya et al., 2017). There have been a few studies on college athletes engaged in high impact practices (HIPs) like study abroad programs (Navarro et al., 2020), first-year seminars (Grafnetterova et al., 2020), and learning communities (Mamerow & Navarro, 2014). However, little has been studied on athletes’ engagement in UR (also a HIP). While athletes may not be a large percentage of an institution’s student population, they are more visible in the campus community. College athletes face time constraints, balancing two full-time roles of student and athlete, often with limited time remaining to devote to extracurricular activities (Ishaq & Bass, 2019; Rubin & Moses, 2017). They also endure negative stereotypes, seen as outsiders by the student body and faculty, isolating themselves from campus involvement (Rubin & Moses, 2017; Simons et al., 2020). These stereotypes include the idea of the “dumb jock,” in which athletes are incapable of handling collegelevel work and require additional support to pass classes (Simons et al., 2007). Many campuses offer academic support in facilities designated specifically for athletes, beyond the typically weekday work hours (Rubin & Moses, 2017). Besides attending classes on campus, athletes spend most of their time in athletic facilities for meals, workouts, tutoring, and practices. In classes, they are more likely to sit with other athletes who understand their schedule and lifestyle (Rubin & Moses, 2017). Their rigid schedules might prohibit them from exploring student organizations or UR. Because of this, engaging athletes in UR is not as easy or obvious for faculty as it may be with other students. Yet, Gaston-Gayles and Hu (2009) discovered that athletes who engage in educationally purposeful activities, including faculty interaction and collaborative learning, improve in cognitive and academic outcomes. Since athletes’ college experience may differ significantly from that of other students, it is important to learn from former athletes’ participation in UR
Tensions within the sales ecosystem: a multi-level examination of the sales-marketing interface
Get PDFPurpose
The purpose of this study is to understand one portion of the sales ecological system. This paper focuses on the mesolevel or intra-organizational system that includes the sales and marketing functions. This paper examines distinct tensions at three levels of the firm’s hierarchy and the mechanisms used to manage the tensions.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors use a qualitative data collection. A discovery-oriented process is used to understand the interconnections that exist among marketing-sales dyads at three organizational levels across several firms.
Findings
This paper uncovers distinct tensions and defenses exhibited by managers at each hierarchical level and this paper presents mechanisms that can are used to reduce the tensions.
Research limitations/implications
The multi-level perspective demonstrates the value of examining the intra-organizational aspect of the sales ecosystem. This paper uses a qualitative approach to highlight that sales-marketing tensions are unique to each of the hierarchical levels. This paper demonstrates that the tensions are a function of the unique roles each sales and marketing executive has within the organization.
Practical implications
To make the sales and marketing interface more effective, managers need to view tensions across the sales-marketing interface as complementary versus opposing forces. Managers must balance these tensions, rather than fight them and/or select one of the alternatives over the other. This paper suggests that paradoxical thinking may be a valued skillset for managers at each level of the organization.
Originality/value
The study uses a unique qualitative data set that examines the sales-marketing interface across three levels of an organizational hierarchy. Through this approach, this paper delineates specific tensions between marketing and sales within each level of the firm. This paper also describes mechanisms to manage the tensions common within the sales-marketing interface
Imaging multiphoton ionization dynamics of CH3I at a high repetition rate XUV free-electron laser
Get PDFXUV multiphoton ionization of molecules is commonly used in free-electron laser experiments to study charge transfer dynamics. However, molecular dissociation and electron dynamics, such as multiple photon absorption, Auger decay, and charge transfer, often happen on competing time scales, and the contributions of individual processes can be difficult to unravel. We experimentally investigate the Coulomb explosion dynamics of methyl iodide upon core–hole ionization of the shallow inner-shell of iodine (4d) and classically simulate the fragmentation by phenomenologically introducing ionization dynamics and charge transfer. Under our experimental conditions with medium fluence and relatively long XUV pulses (∼75 fs), we find that fast Auger decay prior to charge transfer significantly contributes to the charging mechanism, leading to a yield enhancement of higher carbon charge states upon molecular dissociation. Furthermore, we argue for the existence of another charging mechanism for the weak fragmentation channels leading to triply charged carbon atoms. This study shows that classical simulations can be a useful tool to guide the quantum mechanical description of the femtosecond dynamics upon multiphoton absorption in molecular systems
Amplified spontaneous emission in the extreme ultraviolet by expanding xenon clusters
Get PDFFocused short-wavelength free-electron laser (FEL) pulses interacting with gas phase samples can induce by inner-shell ionization a short-lived population inversion, followed by coherent collective emission of directed, short, and strong radiation bursts. We extend our studies into the warm-dense matter (WDM) regime by investigating the nanoplasmas produced in an ensemble of nanometer-sized clusters by FEL irradiation. Here, additional pathways can also lead to strong, laserlike emission: Electron-ion collisions can yield a long-lived population inversion, and subsequent amplified spontaneous emission. We observe amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the extreme ultraviolet in xenon clusters excited by soft x-ray FEL pulses, we diagnose the generated nanoplasmas by fluorescence spectroscopy, and we study under various cluster and FEL parameters the directed ASE from the Xe2+ 65 nm line. We show its exponential increase as a function of FEL irradiation power, and an accompanying collisional broadening of the emission spectra. These findings are corroborated by extensive numerical simulations based on theory, combining detailed hydrodynamic and kinetic simulations with time-dependent calculations of radiation transport, amplification, and collective emission in the WDM nanoplasma. Our theoretical findings underline that population inversion is due to electron-ion collisions and that the observed decoherence processes can be empirically characterized by a phenomenological decoherence time in the range of 100–200 fs
Environmental & architectural phenomenology. Vol. 31, issue 1
No full textBesides “items of interest,” and “citations received,” this issue includes the following items: An “in memoriam” for architectural theorist Bill Hillier, who died in November; Entries relating to Goethean science as a phenomenology of nature, including three “book notes” on recently-published volumes as well as the last part of philosopher Henri Bortoft’s essay, “Goethean Science and the Wholeness of Nature;” A “book note” on sociologist Michael Hviid Jacobsen’s Encountering the Everyday: An Introduction to the Sociology of the Unnoticed; Essays by writer David Ferlic (“Walking the Dog Phenomenologically”) and anthropologist Kevin Browne (“Negotiating National Memory and Forgetting through Cemeteries”); Psychologist Akihiro Yoshida’s Japanese translation of the “twenty-three definitions of phenomenology,” originally published in the 2019 summer/fall issue of EAP
RPT102_2020_01
No full textThis informal report to the Kansas Legislature summarizes the wide-ranging impact of K-State Research and Extension in 2020, highlighting initiatives in agriculture, environmental stewardship, public health, and community development across Kansas
An integrated and dynamic framework for assessing sustainable resilience in complex adaptive systems
Get PDFGrowing awareness of climate change and resulting impacts to communities have generated increasing interest in understanding relationships between vulnerability, resilience, sustainability, and adaptive capacity, and how these concepts can be combined to better assess the quality of complex adaptive systems over time. Previous work has described interactions between these concepts and the value-added should they be integrated and applied in a strategic manner, resulting in a new understanding of system quality defined as sustainable resilience. However, a framework for explicitly integrating vulnerability, resilience, and sustainability assessment to develop understanding of system sustainable resilience has yet to be proposed. This paper presents a high-level, integrated and dynamic framework for assessing sustainable resilience for complex adaptive systems. We provide a set of functional definitions, a description of each step in the proposed assessment process, and walk through an example application of the framework, including a discussion of preliminary analyses, technical methodologies employed, and suggested future advances
