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The Interplay between Education and Digital Skills in Shaping Social Mobility: An International Comparative Perspective
No full textInternational audienceEducation is central in determining occupational outcomes and social mobility, but rapid digitalisation and skill-biased technical change has transformed occupational hierarchies, as well as the skills needed in the workplace. In this context, digital skills, particularly in information and communication technologies (ICT), now take a pivotal role in predicting occupational outcomes. This may offer new possibilities for social mobility, or may further strengthen social inequalities. Indeed, the classic interplay between class origin, education, and class destination (OED triangle) may be modified in important ways based on these new sets of skills that impact successful labour market integration. Through analyses of Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) data, this paper considers the relationship between social background, education, digital skills, and employment outcomes across 30 countries. We use PIAAC’s Adaptive Problem Solving in Technology-Rich Environments competency domain assessment to examine the associations between country-specific relative digital skills and social origin, education, and occupational status. Furthermore, we study how ‘old’ mechanisms of social mobility interact with ‘new’ skills by examining the interplay between education and digital skills in predicting social mobility between the status of family of origin (measured by parents’ education) and current occupational status (measured by the International Standard Classification of Occupations, ISCO). Finally, we compare hypotheses of cumulative and compensatory effects, perspectives which provide two divergent explanations of the size of the effects of education and digital skills depending on class origin when predicting occupational outcomes. The originality of this approach lies in its effort to demonstrate empirically how the interplay between education and digital skills is shaped by class origins and theoretically how cumulative advantage and compensatory advantage perspectives both contribute to understanding this relationship
Digital work and digital workers in Europe and China
No full textInternational audienceThis book is a study of digital workers across China and Europe. It considers the shift of economic activity to online activity, examines increasing economic globalization that involves a new global division of labour, with novel forms of global capitalism, and emphasises the fact that increasingly work for many people is now digital work"Ce livre est une étude des travailleurs numériques en Chine et en Europe. Il examine le passage de l'activité économique vers des activités en ligne, étudie la mondialisation économique croissante qui implique une nouvelle division internationale du travail, avec de nouvelles formes de capitalisme mondial,
Flux et reflux d’Henri IV sur les planches de la Révolution : un « culte » contrarié
No full textInternational audienceThis paper analyzes the ongoing popular “cult” that characterized King Henri IV during the French Revolution, although it oscillated and decreased during the Terror, without totally vanishing. Through the setting of nearly 500 performances showing this heroic figure on the Parisian stages during the decade 1789-1799, we aim at sketching its emotional goals, together with its political and memory stakes, which varied according to the dramatic genres – from historical comedy to national tragedy and lyrical drama: all the plays linked past and present through the strong emotional aspects of the political relationship grounded on royal paternalism.Cet article analyse le maintien du « culte » populaire envers le roi Henri IV qui perdure au début de la Révolution et se trouve contrarié après la chute de la monarchie, sans disparaître tout à fait. Outre la présentation d’un corpus assurant près de 500 représentations scéniques de ce roi à Paris durant la décennie 1789-1799, l'objectif est de mettre au jour la valence émotionnelle et les enjeux politiques et mémoriels de cette figure, en fonction des genres qui l’incarnent, de la comédie historique à la tragédie nationale, en passant par le drame lyrique : tous comportent une valeur commémorative analogique avec le temps présent et mettent en relief la nature affective puissante de la relation politique conçue sur le modèle du paternalisme royal
Sur les marges méridionales des marais de La Verpillière : l’établissement rural et les nécropoles de Vaulx-Milieu (38)
No full textInternational audienceUne fouille archéologique préventive a été réalisée en 2017 aux lieux-dits « Les Brosses » et « Les Croisettes » à Vaulx-Milieu en Isère. Implantée en bordure des marais de La Verpillière, cette opéra-tion a permis d’explorer une surface de plus de 2 ha apportant de précieuses informations quant à l’occupation rurale de ce territoire durant l’Antiquité. Les principaux résultats concernent les vestiges d’une petite exploitation rurale antique occupée entre le Ier et le IVe siècle après J.-C. Celle-ci est matérialisée par un vaste bâtiment maçonné aux fonctions multiples (habitat, stockage, forge) succé-dant à un premier établissement plus modeste. Parmi les activités recensées, une production de malt peut être envisagée grâce à l’étude carpologique. À cette occupation relativement longue et sans hia-tus notable sont associés deux pôles funéraires. Le premier, proche du bâtiment principal, est consa-cré à l’inhumation de périnataux tandis que le second, un peu plus éloigné, accueille des sépultures secondaires à crémations d’individus adultes
Lü bi qinshu: Da Ming lü zhong de nubi “律比亲属”《大明律》中的奴婢
No full textChevaleyre, Claude, “Insiders by Analogy: Slaves in the Great Ming Code,” Slavery & Abolition 3 (2022): 460-481: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2021.200872
HGTs are not SPRs: In the presence of ghost lineages, series of Horizontal Gene Transfers do not result in series of Subtree Pruning and Regrafting
No full textInternational audienceAbstract When a gene is horizontally transferred (HGT), under the “replacement” model where the transferred gene replaces its homolog in the recipient genome, the corresponding gene phylogeny departs from the species phylogeny by a Subtree Prune and Regraft (SPR) operation: the “recipient branch” is moved from its initial position to attach to the “donor branch”. Based on this observation, various methods have used SPRs to infer HGTs. We examine this apparent equivalence in the light of ghost lineages, i.e. related species absent from the phylogeny because they are extinct, unknown or have not been sampled. In this case an SPR is not directly interpretable by an HGT from the donor branch, because HGTs can have ghost lineages as donors. A possible and frequent interpretation – that we call “induced HGT” – is that the transferred gene leaves the sampled phylogeny for a ghost lineage at the donor branch, and is transferred back from a ghost lineage at the recipient branch. We show by simulations that this interpretation is misleading in a significant number of cases. For instance if the studied phylogeny represents 1% of all the species susceptible to exchange genetic material with the 100 sampled species, and 11 transfers occurred, then SPRs do not correspond to induced HGTs in around 50% of the cases. This leaves the question of a coherent interpretation of SPR in the presence of ghosts open, and applies to a certain extent to other phylogenetic simulation or inference methods of HGT, like reconciliation, or phylogenetic networks
Move, Rove, Love: Color Cues Help Learning Novel English Words When Pronunciation Is Not Predictable From Spelling: Learning English Pronunciation With Color Cues
No full textInternational audienceSeeing written forms of novel words during learning can help memorize vocabulary, but it may alter pronunciation, especially when orthography is opaque like in English. This study investigated whether a color‐code helps participants learn novel words with unpredictable pronunciation. Sixty Spanish speakers learned 16 English‐like pseudowords in one of three training conditions. Audio group learned training items with the auditory word form only. Two other groups learned items with auditory and written forms, with a color‐code (ColorCode group) or with random colors (RandColor group). Elicited speech samples from each group were assessed for recall and pronunciation accuracy. ColorCode group outperformed other groups on pronunciation in posttest tasks including reading training items in black text, and reading color‐coded untrained items. Color‐code benefits even strengthened one week later. These findings indicate that a color‐code can support pronunciation learning in languages with opaque orthography and should be more systematically implemented in learning resources
Dioscórides ante el mundo. Usos plurales de un “libro-laboratorio” en la edad moderna
No full textInternational audienceEl De materia medica de Dioscórides (siglo I) es, sin duda, el tratado de farmacopea clásico del mundo antiguo. Quince siglos más tarde, la Europa renacentista lo convirtió en un laboratorio de conocimiento sobre la naturaleza. Médicos, filósofos naturales, filólogos, boticarios, y gobernantes confrontaron la obra de Dioscórides con sus propias experiencias y con las noticias procedentes de otros mundos nuevos y lejanos. Puesto Dioscórides ante el mundo y ante los ojos de los contemporáneos, el saber sobre las plantas, los animales y los minerales se enriqueció, se renovó y se reordenó para, entre otras cosas, gobernar la naturaleza y aprovechar sus recursos. De Burgos a Goa, de París a Roma, de Padua a Flandes, de Venecia a Madrid, de Praga a México, este libro trata de cómo la obra de Dioscórides fue usada, traducida, criticada, comentada y aprovechada en diversas partes del mundo durante los primeros siglos de la modernidad.Le De materia medica de Dioscoride (Ier siècle) est, sans aucun doute, le traité de pharmacopée classique du monde antique. Quinze siècles plus tard, l’Europe de la Renaissance en a fait un laboratoire de savoir sur la nature. Médecins, philosophes naturels, philologues, apothicaires et gouvernants ont confronté l’œuvre de Dioscoride à leurs propres expériences ainsi qu’aux informations venues d’autres mondes, nouveaux et lointains.Face au monde et aux yeux des contemporains, Dioscoride a enrichi, renouvelé et réorganisé les connaissances sur les plantes, les animaux et les minéraux, afin, entre autres, de gouverner la nature et d’exploiter ses ressources.De Burgos à Goa, de Paris à Rome, de Padoue à la Flandre, de Venise à Madrid, de Prague au Mexique, cet ouvrage examine comment l’œuvre de Dioscoride a été utilisée, traduite, critiquée, commentée et mise à profit dans diverses régions du monde durant les premiers siècles de la modernité
