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Iranian reformists in the Middle East modernisation process a study on the example of Mohammad Khatami
No full textBu tez çalışması Ortadoğu bölgesinde uzun yıllardır modernleşme çabalarının belli dönemler içerisinde sonuç bulmasına bağlı olarak İran'daki dönüşümlerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma giriş ve sonuç bölümleri haricinde altı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm olan Modernleşen Ortadoğu başlığı altında Ortadoğu bölgesel ve kavramsal olarak tanımlanacak olup ikinci bölümde bölge içerisinde İran ve İran'ın tarihsel süreci ele alınacaktır. Üçüncü bölümde İran İslam Cumhuriyeti'nin Örgütlenmesine değinebilmemiz adına devlet yapısı ele alınacak olup başta dini lider ve cumhurbaşkanı kurumunun sistemdeki yeri anlamlandırılacaktır. Dördüncü bölümde ise siyasi grupların sağ ve sol bağlamındaki ayrışmaları sonucunda ortaya çıkan muhafazakar kesimlerin geleneksel yönetim anlayışına yer verilecektir. Devamında Şah yönetiminde modernizasyon sürecinin Ak Devrim boyutuna değinilerek Muhammed Musaddık önderliğinde Ulusal cephe hareketlerinin ön plana çıkması aktarılacaktır. İran İslam Devrimine giden yolda karizmatik lider imajını çizen Ayetullah Humeyni'nin Ak Devrim karşısında İslam Devriminin temellerini atmak istemesi beşinci bölümün konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Son bölüm olan altıncı bölümde ise Muhammed Hatemi'nin 1997 yılında yapılan cumhurbaşkanlığı seçiminde beklenmedik bir aday olarak çıkması ve beraberinde seçimi kazanması ile reformist hareketlerin benimsenmesi irdelenecektir. Muhammed Hatemi döneminde basın hareketleri, muhafazakarların siyasal anlamda karalama çalışmaları, meclis seçimleri ve Ahmedinejad dönemine geçiş ele alınacaktır. Sonuç bölümünde genel bir değerlendirme yapılarak İran'da meydana gelen her siyasi dönüşümün önündeki engellerin neler olduğu ve bu durumun demokrasi açısından hangi zorlukları barındırdığı açıklanmak istenecektir. Muhammed Hatemi'nin gerçekleştirmek istediği reform hareketlerini ne ölçüde hayata geçirebildiği üzerindeki soru işaretleri cevap bulmaya çalışacaktır. Elde edilen veriler aracılığıyla dönemin anlamlandırılması için incelemeler farklı bir bakış açısıyla ortaya konacaktır. Çalışma içerisinde Cumhurbaşkanlığı kurumunun dini liderin arkasında sembolik bir anlam taşıması ele alınacak olup İran'ın beşinci cumhurbaşkanı olan Muhammed Hatemi'nin modernleşmeye olan katkısı ele alınacaktır. Bu konuya kadar gelinen kısımda neden demokrasinin sürekli sekteye uğradığı geniş bir şekilde ele alınacak olup muhafazakar ve reformist grupların arasında geçen mücadelenin derinine inilecektir.This thesis aims to examine the transformations in Iran i
Energy geopolitics of South China sea: Can the prevailing and prospective hydrocarbons within the region further escalate or De-Escalate
No full textConflicts have shifted in the 21st century from claimed territories to extraterritorial places. The disputes among states were based on territorial claims up to the previous century. The demarcation of territorial boundaries has effectively resolved land conflicts as a spatial concept. Because some states have unsettled land boundaries that serve as the basis for interstate conflict, the establishment and maintenance of land borders therefore continues to be a critical problem for state sovereignty. But in the maritime realm, the same clarity that is required to control state behaviour has not been attained. The states' perception of South China Sea (SCS) as per nautical area will dictate whether they cooperate or compete in the region. Individual maritime and territorial claims have the potential to cause regional instability. This paper aimed to analyse the energy geopolitics of the SCS by taking into account its potential, territorial disputes, the basic dynamics and the approaches of the regional states, especially in line with Beijing's claims and aggressive stance. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
A technical and musical analysis of Frederic Chopin's Op. 22 Andante Spianato et Grande Polonaise Brillante
No full textBu araştırma, Frederic Chopin'in Op. 22 Andante Spianato et Grande Polonaise Brillante adlı eserini form, armoni ve teknik açılardan kapsamlı şekilde analiz etmektedir. İki bölümden oluşan eser, romantik dönemin karakteristik özelliklerini derinlemesine yansıtmaktadır. Andante Spianato bölümü, Sol Majör tonalitesinde lirik ve yumuşak bir atmosfer sunarken, Grande Polonaise Brillante gösterişli ritimleri, süsleme pasajları ve dans karakteriyle dikkat çeker. Chopin'in bel canto etkisindeki melodik anlayışı, Polonya'ya özgü polonez ritimleri ve yenilikçi armonik yapıları eserin belirgin özelliklerindendir. Analizde, artmış altılı akorlar, Fransız altılı akoru, ani ton değişimleri ve rubato uygulamaları detaylı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, eserin virtüözite gerektiren pasajları, pedal kullanımı ve teknik zorlukları ele alınarak icracılara öneriler sunulmuştur. Özellikle eserin girişteki yumuşak arpej çalışmaları, orta kısımlardaki süsleme pasajları ve polonezin ritmik coşkusu, icracılara çeşitli teknik zorluklar ve yorum fırsatları sunmaktadır. Bu zorlukların aşılması ise rubatonun doğru uygulanması, süsleme notalarının net duyurulması ve pedallamanın eserin duygusal dokusunu destekleyecek biçimde yönetilmesinin önemli olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. Form ve armoni yönünden detaylı incelenen bu eser, Chopin'in romantik piyano repertuvarına kazandırdığı en önemli yapıtlar arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma hem akademik literatüre katkı sunmakta hem de eseri yorumlamak isteyen piyanistler için teknik ve müzikal rehberlik niteliği taşımaktadır.This study
Method development and validation for determination of N-Nitrosamines in pharmaceutical preparations by LC-MS/MS: Application to extractables and leachables studies
No full textThe use of highly sensitive and reliable analytical methods is essential for Extractables & Leachables studies. Especially the determination of N-Nitrosamines in drugs, which have carcinogenic properties and may contaminate drugs at trace levels, is quite important. In this study, a new, sensitive, short-time and reliable liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the analysis of 15 N-Nitrosamines defined in the European Pharmacopoeia within the scope of Extractables & Leachables studies and validated according to the International Council for Harmonization (ICH Q2 (R2)). The analysis of N-Nitrosamines was carried out in positive mode using an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization source in the dynamic multiple reaction monitoring scanning mode. In the chromatographic separation, gradient elution was applied using a reverse phase Phenyl column and the mobile phase (A: 0.1 % formic acid in ultrapure water, B: 0.1 % formic acid in methanol); total analysis time was 16 mins and the flow rate was optimized as 0.6 mL/min. N-Nitrosodimethylamine-d6 was used as an internal standard. The developed method was used in extractables studies to control the potential presence of N-Nitrosamines that may be caused by interactions between the product and primary packaging materials (e.g. polypropylene bag, LDPE container, disposable eye drop packaging and bromobutyl stopper). It was also successfully applied to pharmaceutical preparations containing sugammadex, metformin, gliclazide and paracetamol in the leachables studies.TUBITAK; Polifarma Pharmaceutical Industry and Trade Inc.; BAP [TDK-2022-11256]; [119C134]We would like to thank TUBITAK for the financial support they provided through BIDEB 2244-Industry Doctoral Scholarship Program and 2250-Postgraduate Scholarships Performance Program (119C134), Polifarma Pharmaceutical Industry and Trade Inc. and BAP Coordinatorship for their financial support (TDK-2022-11256), and also Eastern Anatolia High Technology Application Research Center where I conducted my study
Further evidence regarding the effect of KAMs on audit report lag
No full textThis paper investigates the effect of the number of key audit matter disclosures (KAMs) on audit report lag, focusing on Turkey, an emerging country. The main findings indicate that the number of KAMs positively influences audit report lag in Turkey. System GMM results reinforce our primary estimations, supporting the robustness of our findings. Notably, auditing by large audit firms moderates the effect of KAM numbers of on audit report lag. We categorized KAMs into four sub-types and found that only revenue-related KAMs significantly increase audit report lag. Additionally, various corporate governance, audit firm, and individual auditor attributes influence the number of KAMs reported
Quantitative Evaluation of Hepatic Microstructural Changes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging
No full textAim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a fundamental imaging modality in the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Diffusion-based imaging techniques have been shown to potentially play a significant role in the characterization of focal liver lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the diagnosis of HCC by comparing DWI and DTI parameters with those of cirrhotic and non-pathological liver parenchyma. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 62 patients with HCC, 56 with cirrhosis, and 52 with non-pathological liver parenchyma who underwent 1.5-T MRI. DWI and DTI sequences were acquired using b-values of 50-800 sec/mm2 and 20 diffusion-encoding directions. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated and compared across the groups. Results: ADC values were significantly lower and FA values significantly higher in HCC compared to cirrhotic and non-pathological parenchyma (p<0.05). Mean FA was 0.46 +/- 0.14 for HCC, 0.39 +/- 0.08 for non-cancerous parenchyma, and 0.40 +/- 0.07 for both cirrhotic and non-pathological parenchyma. An FA cut-off of 0.45 yielded 38.7% sensitivity and 94.2% specificity [area under the curve (AUC): 0.653, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.554-0.751] vs. non-pathological parenchyma, and 62.9% sensitivity and 75.0% specificity (AUC: 0.649, 95% CI: 0.542-0.745) vs. cirrhotic parenchyma. Conclusion: FA values reflected moderate anisotropy in HCC, cirrhotic, and non-pathological liver parenchyma. Although FA differed significantly between HCC and non-malignant tissues, its modest sensitivity limits its utility as a stand-alone biomarker
HALP score as a prognostic marker for overall survival in advanced pancreatic cancer
No full textIntroduction Pancreatic cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and most of the patients diagnosed at an advanced stage. Clinicians need simple, effective, and repeatable tools to predict the prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the HALP score and prognosis in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.Methods Patients diagnosed with advanced pancreatic cancer at three centers in Turkey between 2009 and 2023 were included in this retrospective study. Demographic features, blood parameters, treatment received, treatment responses, and survival were recorded.Results 227 patients were included in the study. The median overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort was 10.4 months. The median OS was 8.7 months in the low-HALP group and 11.2 months in the high- HALP group. Patients in the low-HALP group had a significantly shorter median OS than those in the high-HALP group (log rank p=0.001).Conclusion The HALP score is a reliable and practical tool that can be utilized in clinical practice to predict prognosis in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.The authors declare that no financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article
Uzun Süreli Kullanılan İlaçların Antimikrobiyal Etkisinin ve Antimikrobiyal Ajanlar ile İn Vitro Etkileşiminin Araştırılması
No full textPeople with chronic diseases have to use medication regularly and for a long time. Antimicrobial agents may be used concominantly together with these drugs. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effects and interactions of frequently used drugs in chronic conditions when combined with other antimicrobial agents. The selected drugs included atorvastatin and rosuvastatin (statins), metoprolol and propranolol (beta-blockers) and lansoprazole and esomeprazole (proton pump inhibitors). In our study, standard microorganisms and resistant isolates in the culture collection obtained from the department of microbiology were studied. The antimicrobial activity of the drugs was determined using the microdilution method, while their combined effects with antibiotics were assessed using the checkerboard method. Our study showed that combining certain medications with antibiotics significantly reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (ampicillin MIC for Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin MIC for Enterococcus faecalis, ciprofloxacin MIC for Escherichia coli, imipenem MIC for Klebsiella pneumoniae, meropenem MIC for Acinetobacter baumannii, gentamicin MIC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa). In the presence of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, MIC values of antibiotics against resistant S.aureus, E.faecalis, A.baumannii and K.pneumoniae isolates decreased by 4-fold or more. For the same agents, in resistant P.aeruginosa isolates, gentamicin MIC values was reduced by 2-64 fold and ciprofloxacin MICs for ciprofloxacin-resistant E.coli isolates decreased by 8-fold and 2-fold, respectively. When antibiotics were combined with propranolol, MIC values decreased by 64-fold for resistant E.faecalis and K.pneumoniae isolates, 2-64 fold for resistant S.aureus, and 4-64 fold and 2-64 fold for resistant P.aeruginosa and A.baumannii isolates, respectively. Ciprofloxacin's MIC value for resistant E.coli isolates decreased by 2-4 fold. Similarly, the combination of metoprolol with antibiotics reduced MIC values by 64-fold for resistant P.aeruginosa, A.baumannii and E.faecalis isolates and by 2-64 fold and 32-64 fold for resistant S.aureus and K.pneumoniae isolates, respectively. However, for resistant E.coli isolates, ciprofloxacin MIC value only decreased by 2-fold with metoprolol. Combining antibiotics with lansoprazole or esomeprazole reduced MIC values significantly. For resistant A.baumannii, meropenem MIC values decreased by 32-64 and 2-64 fold, respectively. Ampicillin's MIC value for S.aureus decreased by 2-64 and 32-64 fold, imipenem MICs for K.pneumoniae by 2-64 fold, and ciprofloxacin MIC values for E.coli by 2-4 and 2-fold. For resistant P.aeruginosa isolates, the MIC of antibiotics decreased by 64-fold when combined with lansoprazole and by 2-64 fold when combined with esomeprazole. Additive effects were observed for S.aureus, P.aeruginosa, K.pneumoniae, A.baumannii, and E.faecalis resistant isolates when antibiotics were combined with these drugs. Notably, synergistic effects were observed in three resistant E.coli isolates. Propranolol concentrations that exhibited synergistic effects in the presence of 0.01 pg/mL ciprofloxacin ranged from 32 to 64 pg/mL. As a result, it was concluded that the synergistic or antagonistic effects of the drugs used in antimicrobial treatments for patients using long-term medications due to chronic diseases and the results of these effects on the inhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobial agents used in the treatment should be evaluated. In addition, it is thought that the drugs used in chronic diseases may play a potential role in the treatment of resistant bacterial infections and new approaches to treatment can be developed by investigating the susceptibility of these drugs, alone and in combination with antimicrobial agents
Can we trust academic AI detective? Accuracy and limitations of AI-output detectors
No full textObjective This study evaluates the reliability and accuracy of AI-generated text detection tools in distinguishing human-authored academic content from AI-generated texts, highlighting potential challenges and ethical considerations in their application within the scientific community. Methods This study analyzed the detectability of AI-generated academic content using abstracts and introductions created by ChatGPT versions 3.5, 4, and 4o, alongside human-written originals from the pre-ChatGPT era. Articles were sourced from four high impact neurosurgery journals and categorized into four categories: originals and generated by ChatGPT 3.5, ChatGPT 4, and ChatGPT 4o. AI-output detectors (GPTZero, ZeroGPT, Corrector App) were employed to classify 1,000 texts as human- or AI-generated. Additionally, plagiarism checks were performed on AI-generated content to evaluate uniqueness. Results A total of 250 human-authored articles and 750 ChatGPT-generated texts were analyzed using three AI-output detectors (Corrector, ZeroGPT, GPTZero). Human-authored texts consistently had the lowest AI likelihood scores, while AI-generated texts exhibited significantly higher scores across all versions of ChatGPT (p 0.05). ROC analysis demonstrated that AI-output detectors effectively distinguished AI-generated content from human-written texts, with areas under the curve (AUC) ranging from 0.75 to 1.00 for all models. However, none of the detectors achieved 100% reliability in distinguishing AI-generated content. Conclusions While models like ChatGPT enhance content creation and efficiency, they raise ethical concerns, particularly in fields demanding trust and precision. AI-output detectors exhibit moderate to high success in distinguishing AI-generated texts, but false positives pose risks to researchers. Improving detector reliability and establishing clear policies on AI usage are critical to mitigate misuse while fully leveraging AI's benefits
Odnos generalizovanog anksioznog poreme?aja i zavisnosti od društvenih medija: uloga rezilijentnosti, dumskrolinga i izra?enosti sajberhondrije
No full textThe recent increase in social media use has attracted attention towards its interaction with mental health. This study examined the relationships between generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social media addiction (SMA), psychological resilience, doomscrolling, and cyberchondria severity. A total of 553 adults (76.1% female, M = 23.25, SD = 6.26) participated in this research. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), Doomscrolling Scale (DS), The Short-Form Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS-12), Bergen Social Media Addiction (BSMA) were used as measurement tools in this study. The data were analysed using structural equation modeling. To test the null hypothesis regarding the direct and indirect relationships, bootstrapping with 10,000 resamples was performed. Findings indicated that GAD was positively associated with SMA while psychological resilience, doomscrolling, and cyberchondria partially explained the association between GAD and SMA. The bootstrapping procedure showed that both the direct and indirect relations between the variables were statistically significant. The findings suggest that doomscrolling, cyberchondria and psychological resilience may serve as mediators between GAD and SMA