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The influence of the sinonasal microbiome on the development and management of rhinosinusitis
Get PDFIntroduction and purpose: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a frequently diagnosed condition in patients seeking medical care. It encompasses a range of disorders that can be classified based on underlying causes, clinical symptoms, or inflammatory types. Although the precise cause of CRS remains unclear, the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020 (EPOS 2020) has recently offered updated insights, treatment strategies, and recommendations.
State of knowledge: Recent research has increasingly focused on the role of the microbiota in inflammatory diseases. The optimal bacterial environment in the sinonasal mucosa, where inhaled bacteria, viruses, fungal spores, and particles initially interact, is still not fully understood. The dysbiosis theory, which emphasizes the importance of the microbiome and its relationship with the host, is the predominant model explaining CRS pathogenesis. Disruptions in this balance can lead to a variety of clinical manifestations in CRS patients.
Conclusions: Given the impact of CRS treatment on the composition of sinus and nasopharyngeal microbiota, the dysbiosis theory highlights the importance of addressing this aspect in therapeutic strategies. Ongoing research is exploring the potential use of pre- and probiotics as novel treatment options. A more thorough understanding of the microbiological factors involved in CRS is crucial for developing personalized, targeted therapies for affected individuals
What should every doctor know about ocular melanoma? - review of literature
Get PDFThe following paper aims to discuss melanoma located in the eye. Melanoma is a malignant tumor arising from melanocytes, in which a mutation has occurred in the DNA and pathological cells have developed. In most cases, this tumor is located on the skin exposed to sunlight, but it is also rarely located in the structures of the eye, especially in the part called uvea. It consists of the anterior and posterior parts, and in each of them the process of carcinogenesis can occur. The disease can cause very non-specific symptoms, mainly pain, visual disturbances, floaters and photopsia, or exophthalmos, but almost half of the cases are asymptomatic. Treatment is complicated and depends on many factors, radiation therapy, laser therapy, local resection and enucleation are used. Most patients are diagnosed when the changes are already extensive, or metastases occur. In the case of liver metastases, the prognosis is unfavorable. For this reason, we want every doctor to pay attention to the eye symptoms reported by the patient in order to be able to recognize this disease as soon as possible and treat it effectively
Potential benefits of GLP-1 analogues and metformin in patients with osteoarthritis
Get PDFIntroduction and purpose
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent chronic joint disorder. It is the primary cause of chronic pain. Known risk factors for OA include obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). One of the challenges in managing OA is the absence of disease-modifying treatments. Since obesity is an independent risk factor of OA, the use of medications like GLP-1 analogs and metformin may benefit patients with OA. The purpose of our article was to provide an overview of the findings from studies on the use of the mentioned drugs in OA patients.
Materials and methods
To write this article, databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using the following terms: osteoarthritis, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), obesity, anti-obesity medications.
Description of the state of knowledge
Research on the effects of GLP-1 analogs in OA patients has yielded inconclusive results. Some studies showed that semaglutide provided benefits in reducing knee osteoarthritis symptoms in obese, nondiabetic patients. For those with knee OA and T2DM, GLP-1 receptor agonists lowered body weight and pain intensity. Furthermore, patients treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists have a reduced risk of knee surgery and lower cartilage loss velocity. Patients receiving semaglutide who underwent arthroplasty procedures experienced lower risks of prosthetic infections and hospital readmissions. The use of metformin was associated with reduced rates of joint replacement surgery.
Conclusions
GLP-1-based therapies and metformin, due to their pleiotropic effects, may provide advantages by alleviating joint inflammation and facilitating weight loss in OA patients. Additional research is required to validate these outcomes and identify the most effective treatment approaches for managing OA
Archiwum Koła Polskiego w parlamencie wiedeńskim (losy i stan zachowania materiałów)
Get PDFThe Polish Club was among the largest in the Vienna Parliament, and hence, it had a real influence on the policy of the Habsburg monarchy. It ran an archive that, for many years, was considered to have been lost or destroyed during the last war. This article attempts to reconstruct the vicissitudes of the Polish Club's archive and describe the state of the sources gathered in it.Koło Polskie w parlamencie wiedeńskim było jednym z większych klubów poselskich, stąd miało realny wpływ na politykę monarchii habsburskiej. Posiadało ono archiwum, które przez wiele lat uważano za zaginione lub zniszczone w trakcie ostatniej wojny. W artykule podjęto próbę zrekonstruowania losów archiwum Koła Polskiego w Wiedniu i przedstawienie stanu zachowania pochodzących z niego materiałów
Odkrycia archeologiczne w Gdańsku i ich recepcja w środowisku naukowym Prus XVII i XVIII wieku
Get PDFThe paper deals with the reception of an archaeological find made in Gdańsk in 1656 in the scholarly community of the 16th–17th Centuries. While conducting fortification works during the Polish-Swedish war, a grave was discovered containing eight urns. The Gdańsk-based historian Joachim Pastorius was the first scholar to publicize the discovery. In 1656 he wrote a poem wherein he described the find. A breakthrough for the development of archaeology in Prussia was brought about by Christian Friedrich Reusch, whose De tumulis et urnis sepulcralibus in Prussia was published in 1724. Reusch found out about the urns uncovered in Gdańsk from the theologian and historian Michael Lilienthal, who had in his possession a sketch of the tomb and a written account of the discovery.Przedmiotem artykułu jest recepcja odkrycia archeologicznego z Gdańska z 1656 r. w środowisku naukowym XVII i XVIII w. W trakcie prac fortyfikacyjnych w czasie wojny polsko-szwedzkiej odkryto grób, w którym znajdowało się osiem urn. Pierwszym uczonym, który rozpowszechnił wiedzę o znalezisku, był gdański historyk Joachim Pastorius. W 1656 r. z tej okazji napisał wiersz, w którym w poetyckiej formie opisał gdańskie znalezisko. Przełomem dla rozwoju archeologii w Prusach była działalność Christiana Friedricha Reuscha, który w 1724 r. opublikował pracę De tumulis et urnis sepulcralibus in Prussia. Informacje na temat urn wykopanych w Gdańsku uzyskał od teologa i historyka Michaela Lilienthala. Dysponował on rysunkiem grobowca, a także pisemną relacją dotyczącą odkrycia
Tekst o Spitsbergenie z 1782 roku jako przykład zainteresowania terenami polarnymi w końcu XVIII wieku
Get PDFDuring the Enlightenment, the press began popularizing science – including geographical discoveries. One example is an article published in a Gdańsk magazine in 1782, dealing with the 1773 expedition of Constantine John Phipps to Spitsbergen. The paper presents a critical reading of the text, one of the oldest dealing with Spitsbergen in any Polish magazine. This article, as well as others published in Polish periodicals, prove that people living in 18th Century Poland took a keen interest in polar exploration.W okresie oświecenia również w prasie zaczęto popularyzować naukę, w tym odkrycia geograficzne. Przykładem jednego z takich artykułów jest tekst, który ukazał się w gdańskim periodyku w 1782 r. Dotyczył on wyprawy Constantine’a Johna Phippsa w okolice Spitsbergenu. Odbyła się ona w 1773 r. Celem pracy jest krytyczne przedstawienie tego tekstu. To jeden z najstarszych tekstów opisujących Spitsbergen w polskich czasopismach. Zarówno ten artykuł, jak i inne z polskich wydawnictw periodycznych dowodzą, że mieszkańcy osiemnastowiecznej Polski byli żywo zainteresowani tematyką polarną
Gdańsk na nowo? Garść uwag o tym, jak można pisać o powojennej historii miasta
Get PDFIn this essay the author, drawing on select histories of German cities, considers what needs to be included in the research on the post-war history of Gdansk. The city’s history, after all, is not limited to its territory, but extends well beyond its limits. In the case of Gdansk, the geographic area of “Gdansk-ness” is very large, since, because of their roots, professions, or personal fascination, there are many people connected to it who are located outside of its specific territory. The history of the city, according to the author, should include these various areas as well. The new history of the city would also include elements such as the history of the natural environment, the languages used, the appellations, gender roles and the place of the city’s former inhabitants in the narrative of its history. The second part of the essay focuses on the history of the imaginings of Gdansk – a city which warranted reflection not only from those within it but also in many other regions of Europe.W swoim eseju autor na podstawie wybranych historii niemieckich miast zastanawia się, co należałoby uwzględniać w badaniach nad powojenną historią Gdańska. Historia miasta nie ogranicza się bowiem wyłącznie do jego terenu, lecz sięga daleko poza miejskie granice. W przypadku Gdańska geograficzny obszar „gdańskości” jest bardzo duży, ponieważ ze względu na pochodzenie, miejsce pracy lub osobistą fascynację jest z nim związanych wiele osób przebywających poza ścisłym obrębem miasta. Historia miasta, zdaniem autora, powinna uwzględniać też i te różnorodne obszary. Innymi elementami nowej historii miasta byłyby historie środowiska naturalnego, używanych języków, nazewnictwa, roli płci lub jego dawni mieszkańcy. Tematem drugiej części artykułu jest historia wyobrażeń o Gdańsku – mieście, o którym zastanawiano się nie tylko przebywając w nim samym, lecz również w wielu innych regionach Europy
The Role of Gut Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Get PDFIntroduction: The gut microbiota is a key component of the gut-brain axis, and its dysbiosis promotes neuroinflammation. The microbiome plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. This article focuses on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
Materials and methods: PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using the keywords: "gut microbiota," "neurodegenerative diseases," "probiotics," and "fecal microbiota transplantation." A selection of relevant materials was then analyzed.
Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the gut microbiota on the development of neurodegenerative diseases, with a particular focus on Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, and to explore the possibility of slowing their progression or improving their treatment by subjecting the microbiota to change.
Description of the state of knowledge: Targeting the gut microbiota represents a novel avenue for managing NDDs. Therapeutic strategies focusing on microbiota modulation, including probiotics and FMT, show significant potential. Further research is essential to validate these approaches and optimize personalized treatments for AD and PD.
Results: Gut microbiota dysbiosis was found to significantly contribute to the progression of AD and PD diseases by promoting neuroinflammation, disrupting the blood-brain barrier, and altering neurotransmitter levels. Probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains and FMT showed potential in restoring microbial balance and reducing inflammation and improved cognitive and motor functions. Despite these promising findings, clinical evidence remains limited, and further research is necessary
Ovarian Reserve: A Critical Indicator of Female Reproductive Health
Get PDFIntroduction: Ovarian reserve, defined as the quantity and quality of a woman’s remaining oocytes, is a critical determinant of fertility potential. The finite pool of oocytes established in utero declines progressively throughout life, which is a natural process but may result in diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) in some women. DOR can affect personal and demographic outcomes, as it is closely tied to reduced fertility potential. The global trend of delayed motherhood has further highlighted the need for accurate assessment tools and interventions to manage fertility challenges. This review aims to provide a concise overview of current knowledge on ovarian reserve, Moreover, it explores the factors affecting it to contextualize these insights within the broader challenges faced by women with diminished ovarian reserve. It also explores emerging potential interventions as well as innovative assessment tools that could enhance diagnostic accuracy.
Materials and Methods: This narrative review was conducted using PubMed and Scholar database with following search terms: “ovarian reserve”, “diminished ovarian reserve”, “ovarian aging”, "ovarian insufficiency". Relevant publications were analyzed. Only articles in english were considered.
State of Knowledge: Key markers for assessing ovarian reserve include anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), antral follicle count (AFC), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and inhibin B, each providing unique insights into ovarian function. AMH has emerged as a reliable marker due to its stability across the menstrual cycle, but the lack of standardization in assays limits its clinical utility. Factors such as obesity, thyroid dysfunction and endometriosis significantly impact ovarian reserve. Newly approaches, like machine learning models and AMH-based screening programs in countries like Portugal emerge. Additionally hormonal oral contraceptives affect the ovarian reserve marker values. DOR serves as an early marker for cardiovascular risk. Appropriate supplementation with folate and vitamin D may support ovarian reserve.
Conclusions: Assessing ovarian reserve is crucial for predicting pregnancy outcomes, optimizing ART protocols, and guiding reproductive decisions. The diverse influence of discussed factors on ovarian function underscores the need for individualized evaluation. Emerging interventions, such as electro-acupuncture and autologous platelet-rich plasma injections, show promise for improving fertility outcomes. Further research and widespread screening programs are essential for advancing fertility management and understanding ovarian reserve globally
Role of ketogenic and low-carbohydrate diets in the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity and diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 - A Literature Review
Get PDFIntroduction: Ketogenic and low-carbohydrate diets are characterized by a significant reduction in daily carbohydrate intake, resulting in ketone bodies becoming an alternative energy source to glucose. Studies over the past decade have confirmed the therapeutic potential of the ketogenic diet in such disease entities as diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, acne, cancer, neurological diseases. In recent years, there has been a marked increase in patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2, which has increased the number of studies on the impact of a carbohydrate-restricted diet on the pathogenesis and therapeutic process in this disease. This paper comprehensively analyzes the pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2, and the effect of carbohydrate-restricted diet on these disease.
Aim of the Study: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets on the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity, type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.
Materials and Methods: An analysis of papers available in PubMed was performed.
The following keywords were used : non-carbohydrate diet, ketogenic diet, obesity, diabeletes mellutis type 1, diabetes mellutis type 2
Basic results: The ketogenic diet has a proven effective effect in reducing body weight, and thus shows a preventive effect on the development of type 2 diabetes. Low-carbohydrate diets improve glucose control and lower HbA1c levels. In addition, such a dietary pattern can help reduce the dose of hypoglycemic medications.
Conclusion: According to the recommendations, there is no single optimal nutritional model in patients with diabetes, while the use of low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets can lead to the desired results and achieve therapeutic goals in patients with diabetes