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Novel findings regarding treatment obesity and weight-related comorbidities – the systemic literature review
Full text linkObesity and overweight are a growing health problem worldwide and are recognized as risk factors for many health complications and increased mortality. Therefore, it is necessary to take decisive action to fight the obesity epidemic to avoid significant costs associated with the treatment of diseases related to excess body weight. Recent years have brought many new drugs that are very effective in obesity treatment and even more are in clinical trials. This review aims to synthesize the literature regarding new drugs and their effectiveness in treating obesity and their impact on related diseases. A systematic search was conducted across multiple sources, including PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, ClinicalTrials, FDA, and EMA databases. Currently, the most effective medications seem to be tirzepatide and retatrutide, which might provide more than 15% weight loss. However, other drugs show promising results in improving glycemic control, cardiovascular health (semaglutide and tirzepatide), lipid levels, the regression of fibrosis (survodutide), or alleviating OBS symptoms (tirzepatide). Tailored therapy combining both medication’s weight-reducing capacity and the patient’s comorbidities provides the most beneficial effects.
Differences between SSRI and SNRI in depression treatment
Full text linkIntroduction
Depressive disorders represent a significant health problem worldwide. With the development of pharmacotherapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) have become preferred therapeutic options. SSRIs are the most commonly used first-line medications, but there are controversies regarding their efficacy compared to SNRIs.
Aim of Study
The aim of this study is to analyze the differences between two groups of drugs – SSRIs and SNRIs – in the treatment of depression and to try to identify on this basis a group of drugs that should be used as first-line drugs in the treatment of depression.
Materials and Methods
This review was conducted by searching scientific publications on PubMed and Google Scholar. The analysis took into account a number of studies comparing individual drugs from both groups of drugs, and then concisely summarized their conclusions.
Conclusion
The review of the literature and clinical trial results shows that no single universal group of medications can be identified for depression therapy. The choice should be tailored individually to each patient, taking into account the symptoms of their illness and the side effects of previously used medications. At the same time, the review highlighted the need for further research into the types of treatment for depressive disorders
Locked-in Syndrome: Insights into Etiology, Diagnosis, Management, and Quality of Life
Full text linkLocked-in Syndrome (LIS) is a rare and severe neurological condition resulting from damage to the ventral pons, leading to complete paralysis of voluntary muscles while preserving consciousness and cognitive function. This review consolidates current knowledge on the etiology, diagnosis, management, and quality of life in LIS, emphasizing its complexity and the need for a multidisciplinary approach.The condition’s etiological spectrum includes vascular events, trauma, infections, and demyelinating disorders, necessitating a comprehensive diagnostic approach integrating advanced neuroimaging and electrophysiological tools.
Therapeutic strategies emphasize multidisciplinary care to address acute stabilization and long-term rehabilitation. Early interventions, such as thrombolysis and respiratory support, combined with advanced neurorehabilitation techniques, have shown promise in improving outcomes. Notably, patients with LIS often report a higher-than-expected quality of life, attributed to strong social support, emotional resilience, and access to assistive technologies, highlighting the resilience of patients in adapting to extreme physical limitations.
This review underscores the importance of individualized care that aligns with patient values and emphasizes the necessity of further research. Future studies should focus on refining diagnostic methods, advancing communication technologies, and exploring the psychological dynamics affecting both patients and caregivers. By fostering a collaborative, patient-centered approach, the quality of life and care for individuals with LIS can be significantly improved
The role of Artificial Intelligence in detecting breast lesions using ultrasound
Full text linkIntroduction and objective: Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women globally, with rising cases and mortality. Early detection via mammography, ultrasound, or MRI is vital, with ultrasound excelling in dense breast tissue due to its safety and accuracy.Review methods: A literature review utilizing databases like Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed, with keywords such as "AI use in radiology" and "BI-RADS scale" underscores the need for advancements in understanding and managing graft rejection.Brief knowledge status: AI develops systems that simulate human intelligence, excelling in breast imaging by detecting patterns and providing accurate results. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) drive advances, with DL's CNNs leading in image analysis. AI aids BI-RADS lesion classification, ultrasound lesion detection, lymph node analysis, and treatment response prediction, often surpassing radiologists. Its future relies on real-world validation, improved outcomes, and clinical integration.Discussion: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into breast imaging marks a transformative leap in diagnostic radiology, enhancing precision, efficiency, and scalability. Driven by advancements in machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), AI excels in analyzing complex datasets. However, its clinical adoption requires addressing key considerations with a nuanced approach.Summary: In conclusion, AI holds immense promise in breast imaging, poised to redefine the field through enhanced diagnostic capabilities and clinical utility. Continued advancements and validation efforts will ensure its broader acceptance and sustained impact in medical imaging
Kidney Function and Extreme Endurance Races: Risks, Mechanisms, and Preventing Strategies
Full text linkBackground: The increasing popularity of ultra-endurance sports emphasizes the need for a deeper understanding of their health implications, particularly the impact on kidney function. Given the kidneys’ crucial role in waste filtration, fluid and electrolyte balance, and their close connection to the physiological demands of intense physical activity, it requires detailed investigation from this perspective.
Purpose: The objective of this study is to present the current state of knowledge on the topic of kidney function in the context of ultra-endurance sports. It examines the risk factors, underlying mechanisms, and potential strategies for preventing renal injuries associated with these specific types of physical activities.
Findings: Ultra-endurance sports present significant risks to kidney health, including acute kidney injury (AKI) estimated to affect approximately 40% of participants, rhabdomyolysis and dehydration, which are often compounded by additional factors such as gastrointestinal distress and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). There is a need for improved diagnostic criteria to detect acute renal injury in this population, with novel biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and cystatin C showing promise. A multifaceted preventive approach including strategies such as mandatory pre-event screening, the use of personal monitoring devices, proper hydration and nutrition, adequate race preparation, and the avoidance of NSAIDs is crucial to mitigate these risks and maintain renal health in ultra-endurance athletes.  
Insulinomas: Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment Options
Full text linkPancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are rare endocrine tumors originating from pancreatic cells, constituting 1-2% of pancreatic tumors. The incidence of PNETs has risen from 0.32 to 0.48 per 100,000 people between 2004 and 2021. Among PNETs, insulinomas are the most common type, characterized by excessive insulin production, with an occurrence rate of 1-4 per million people. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of insulinomas, focusing on their epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies. Insulinomas can be sporadic or associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN-1) syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene. MEN-1-associated insulinomas are often diagnosed earlier and may present as multicentric lesions, whereas sporadic insulinomas are typically solitary and benign. Diagnostic approaches include biochemical tests, such as the 72-hour fasting test, and imaging techniques like CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine scans for tumor localization. Surgical resection remains the primary treatment modality, with high success rates for benign tumors, although emerging techniques like endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA) offer promising alternatives for small, solitary tumors. Medical management, including medications like diazoxide and somatostatin analogs, is crucial for controlling symptoms in patients not amenable to surgery. Prognosis is generally favorable with surgical intervention, but careful monitoring is required for malignant or metastatic disease. Ongoing research is essential to enhance treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes
The Innovative Approaches to Treating Apnea of Prematurity: From Sensory Stimulation to Aromatherapy
Full text linkApnea of prematurity (AOP) is a significant health issue affecting neonates born before the 37th week of gestation. It results from the immaturity of respiratory control mechanisms and is often exacerbated by various coexisting factors, which can intensify symptoms and lead to severe health consequences. Despite extensive research on the underlying mechanisms of AOP, a single effective treatment has yet to be identified. Current therapies, such as caffeine administration, are associated with potential adverse effects. Emerging interventions, including sensory stimulation, carbon dioxide inhalation, positional changes, and aromatherapy, offer promising alternatives. These approaches have the potential to complement standard treatments while being less invasive
The Use of Yoga in the Treatment of PCOS
Full text linkPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex and common endocrine disorder, and affects women of reproductive age. Symptoms include multiple ovarian cysts, hyperandrogenism (high levels of male hormones), and irregular menstrual cycles. PCOS is associated with a variety of health problems, including insulin resistance, obesity, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), and fertility problems. Lifestyle interventions and weight loss, if appropriate, remain the first-line treatment for women with PCOS. Regular physical activity is recommended for women with PCOS to maintain a healthy weight and cardiovascular fitness. Yoga is a system of exercises, called asanas, that originates from ancient India. Asana means “comfortable posture,” so any yoga posture is considered optimal for human well-being and balance. There are also more complicated asanas, especially for beginners, that can feel like they are taking away from one’s balance. In addition to asanas, breathing techniques known as pranayama are also very important in yoga. Practicing yoga is an excellent tool in improving the functioning of our entire body, both on the level of psyche and physis, which is why it is especially valuable for patients with PCOS.
Aim of study: The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the beneficial effects of yoga on the body of women with PCOS.
Materials and methods: This review was conducted by searching for scientific publications in PubMed and Google Scholar. The analysis included searching using the words: pcos, yoga pcos, yoga physical activity and then briefly summarizing their findings.
Conclusions: The literature review and the presented results of clinical studies show that a holistic approach to PCOS treatment, including physical exercise in the form of yoga exercises, has a positive effect on the quality of life of patients
Vegetarian diet - how does it affect our body?
Full text linkIntroduction and Purpose of Research:
Vegetarianism, characterized by the exclusion of meat, poultry, fish, seafood, and their derivatives, has gained popularity as studies continue to highlight its positive impact on health. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the health and lifestyle impacts of vegetarian diets by examining both the benefits and potential risks.
Review Methods:
The review is grounded in findings from 40 recent studies sourced through a systematic search of open-access databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on literature published between 2000 and 2024.
Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge:
Vegetarian diets are associated with significant health benefits, including reduced risks of chronic diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, largely due to their high content of fiber, antioxidants, and healthy fats. Additionally, vegetarians tend to have lower BMI and improved cholesterol and blood pressure levels. However, unbalanced vegetarian diets may lead to deficiencies in essential nutrients such as protein, vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids, which can impact overall health.
Conclusion:
Properly planned vegetarian diets are healthy, nutritionally correct and can be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. Careful selection of meal ingredients and adequate supplementation are key to maximising the benefits and counteracting the potential risks associated with such diets
Research on the Challenges and Approaches to Family Inheritance of Ethnic Traditional Sports Culture
Full text linkThrough the comprehensive use of literature, fieldwork, interviews, questionnaires, data analysis, logical reasoning and other methods, the study takes Shizhu County, Chongqing Municipality, one of the Tujia settlements in China, as an example to sort out the dilemmas that families currently face in the transmission of ethnic traditional sports culture, and to analyze the factors that lead to the dilemmas in the transmission of ethnic traditional sports culture. The results of the study show that there are the following dilemmas in the family inheritance of ethnic traditional sports culture in Shizhu County: alienation of children's ethnic traditional sports culture capital acquisition; lack of family integration of ethnic traditional sports culture; misunderstanding of the family's joint participation in ethnic traditional sports activities; lack of the main body of cultural inheritance, intergenerational inheritance stagnation; and lack of self-awareness of ethnic traditional sports culture. Based on the results of research on the relationship between the family environment and the inheritance of traditional ethnic sports culture, several experiences and insights have been presented: Strengthen the national cultural identity and establish the correct beliefs of parents; pay attention to the transformation of family capital and optimize the structure of capital distribution; create a supportive behavioral environment in the family to enhance the interaction between parents and children; promote the creation of the physical environment of traditional national sports and the precise implementation of the ground; integrate into classroom teaching and promote the "feeding" inheritance; strengthen social guidance to enhance the awareness of national sports; strengthen the platform construction to enhance the cultural atmosphere of traditional national sports. Integrate into classroom teaching to promote "feeding" inheritance; strengthen social guidance to enhance the awareness of national sports; and strengthen platform construction to enhance the cultural atmosphere of national traditional sports