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Citrulline: A Multifunctional Compound for Health, Performance, and Therapeutic Applications
Get PDFIntroduction:L-citrulline, a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is predominantly synthesized in the enterocytes of the small intestine, with smaller amounts produced in the kidneys, which plays a critical role in the detoxification of ammonia in the urea cycle, and serves as a precursor for nitric oxide (NO). Recent studies have highlighted citrulline's potential benefits in diverse physiological and pathological contexts, ranging from enhancing physical performance and muscle recovery to supporting cardiovascular health, mitigating endothelial dysfunction, and acting as a therapeutic agent in various health conditions.
Aim of study:The study aims to provide a comprehensive summary of current knowledge on the biochemical characteristics, physiological functions, and therapeutic potential of citrulline. Materials and methods:A comprehensive scientific literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, focusing on studies published up to 2024, reporting experimental, clinical, or in vivo data related to citrulline's synthesis, biological functions, and therapeutic applications.Conclusion:Emerging evidence highlights citrulline's potential in treating various health conditions, such as erectile dysfunction, neurodegenerative diseases, and intestinal barrier dysfunction, as well as its protective effects in hepatic failure, wound healing, and oxidative stress-related damage. These findings suggest that citrulline may serve as a multifaceted therapeutic agent, meriting further research to optimize its clinical use
Botulinum Toxin: An Innovative Approach to Treating Acne and Acne Scars: A systematic review
Get PDFIntroduction and Objective: Acne is one of the most common dermatological diseases. It mainly affects young people, but is more and more common in older people. There are reports on the effectiveness of treatment with botulinum toxin in acne vulgaris, acne rosacea and in the treatment of acne scars. The article takes into account research examining the effect of BTX as a method of treating acne. The results indicate that the use of BTX therapy as the method of treating acne may be effective. However, further research on its use in this therapy is necessary.
Methods: The article is a review on the effect of botulinum toxin on acne vulgaris, rosacea and on the treatment of scars. works from 1999-2024 were used to create the article. On their basis, conclusions were drawn.
Results: The results obtained based on the research review indicate a great potential for the use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of acne and acne scars. However, more research is needed on a larger population of patients to clearly assess the effectiveness of botulinum toxin therapy and adjust the appropriate doses of the preparation
Preventive influence of regular physical exercise on the incidence of common cold - a literature review
Get PDFIntroduction and purpose:
The common cold is a collection of illnesses caused by various pathogens. It has no definite treatment, therefore common cold prevention should be of utmost importance. Regular, moderate physical activity has been linked with lower incidence of common colds. The aim of this review is to summarize all available knowledge on the influence of regular exercise on the incidence of common cold in human adults.
State of knowledge:
Randomized controlled trials and epidemiological studies suggest that subjects adhering to WHO’s guidelines for physical activity (MVPA), show significantly reduced susceptibility to common cold infection, and possibly, lower number of sick days compared to sedentary counterparts. There is insufficient data to determine a cause of this phenomenon, however prevailing theories include: increased mucosal immunity, increased NK-cells activity, and hormonal adaptations. High intensity and frequency of the exercise may cause transient suppression of the immune system and leaving an “open window” for opportunistic pathogens. Recent studies suggest that for optimal reduction of common cold infections, low intensity activity for over 358 min/week or moderate intensity activity for over 120 min/ week are recommended. This finding however requires reproduction and validation on more diverse populations.
Conclusions:
Exercise following the WHO MVPA guidelines reduces incidence of common cold and may reduce the number of sick days. High intensity exercise regimes may lead to temporary suppression of the immune system and increase risk of infection. The relationship between exercise duration, intensity and frequency on occurrence of common cold in adults is significant but requires further study to establish clear recommendations
Case of Tetanus with Streptococcus Pyogenes Superinfection in a Thirteen-Year-Old Boy with Unknown Vaccination History: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Study
Get PDFIntroduction and Aim: Tetanus is a severe, potentially fatal disease caused by *Clostridium tetani*, a bacterium that produces a neurotoxin affecting the nervous system. This toxin impairs muscle contraction control, leading to characteristic symptoms such as trismus (lockjaw), muscle spasms, odynophagia, and high fever. Advanced cases may involve seizures and respiratory difficulties due to laryngeal muscle spasms. We aim to present a pediatric case of tetanus to highlight the clinical manifestations, treatment approach, and recovery process.
Description of the Case: A thirteen-year-old Ukrainian boy with an unknown vaccination history was admitted to the pediatric infectious diseases unit with suspected tetanus. The disease presented with trismus, pain in the masticatory muscles, and discomfort in the tongue. Treatment involved the administration of human tetanus immunoglobulin, metronidazole, and penicillin. Over several days, the symptoms gradually subsided, and the patient experienced significant improvement.
Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of timely diagnosis and comprehensive treatment in managing tetanus, particularly in patients with unknown vaccination histories. Early intervention, including immunoglobulin administration and appropriate antibiotics, can lead to a favorable outcome. The patient was discharged with medical recommendations and a follow-up plan, emphasizing the importance of vaccination in preventing this potentially life-threatening disease.  
Systematic Review of Pertussis: Trends, Challenges, and Advances in Care and Prevention
Get PDFPertussis, or whooping cough, persists as a significant public health issue despite widespread vaccination. This review examines the disease’s epidemiology, clinical challenges, diagnostic advancements, treatment, and prevention. Increasing incidence among adolescents and adults highlights the impact of waning immunity and gaps in vaccine coverage. Early diagnosis remains difficult due to nonspecific symptoms, though tools like PCR have improved detection.
Macrolide antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment, but delayed diagnosis reduces their effectiveness. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Bordetella pertussis strains is concerning. Preventive measures, such as maternal immunization and booster doses, have shown effectiveness but require optimization. Acellular vaccines, while safer than whole-cell vaccines, exhibit waning immunity, prompting research into next-generation vaccines.
This review underscores the need for improved vaccination strategies, public health initiatives to combat vaccine hesitancy, and enhanced global surveillance. Addressing these challenges is vital to reducing pertussis’s burden and improving outcomes, providing critical insights for policy and future research
The Use of stem cells in burns treatment
Get PDFIntroduction and purpose: Burns are a real problem that can result in long hospitalization and scarring. Stem cells (SCs) have been shown to have a number of actions that accelerate and improve the healing process. The aim of this review is to explore the stem cell mechanisms that can be used to improve burn healing
Materials and methods: A comprehensive analysis of articles available on PubMed and Google Scholar was undertaken by entering keywords in appropriate configuration: Stem cells/ burn wound/ wound healing/ mesenchymal stem cells.
Description of the state of knowledge: In the physiological process of wound healing, migration and proliferation of stem cells initiate epithelialization. The therapeutic use of stem cells has many beneficial effects. Their regenerative potential is superior to conventional treatments. Stem cells due to their ability to differentiate, autocrine and paracrine activity and immunomodulatory activity - accelerate the wound healing process, promote cell proliferation, collagen production, regulate inflammation, prevent hypertrophic scarring, stimulate re-epithelialization, angiogenesis and granulation.
Conclusion: The mechanisms of action of stem cells appears to be promising in the context of treating burn wounds, but in order for them to fully replace current treatments, a deeper understanding of the complex biological mechanisms and further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of different types of stem cells and to identify the most suitable ones
Current Trends and Future Directions in Pancreatic Cancer Management: Review
Get PDFIntroduction:Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most aggressive and lethal malignancies, characterized by late diagnosis, limited treatment options, and a poor overall prognosis. Advances in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this disease have opened pathways for innovative therapeutic approaches.
Purpose:This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of pancreatic cancer, focusing on its pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges, and emerging therapeutic strategies, including targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and novel drug delivery systems.
Material and methods:
The literature review was performed by searching the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the keywords "pancreatic cancer," "immunotherapy," "chemotherapy," and "diagnosis." Only articles published from 2012 onward were included in the analysis.
Results:The review highlights significant progress in identifying genetic mutations, such as KRAS, TP53, and SMAD4, which drive pancreatic tumorigenesis. Diagnostic advancements, including liquid biopsies and molecular imaging, offer potential for earlier detection. Therapeutic innovations discussed include precision medicine approaches, such as inhibitors targeting KRAS mutations, immune checkpoint blockade therapies, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. Early clinical trials show promise in improving response rates and survival outcomes, but challenges in resistance mechanisms and delivery efficiency persist.
Conclusion:While pancreatic cancer remains a formidable challenge, recent advancements provide hope for improved management and outcomes. Continued multidisciplinary research and clinical trials are essential to translate these findings into effective standard-of-care treatments. This review underscores the importance of integrating novel therapies with conventional approaches to optimize patient outcomes
Comprehensive biochemical determination of the therapeutic and preventive effectiveness of herbal remedies for periodontal damage in rats that consumed fried sunflower oil
Get PDFBackground. Periodontitis is one of the most common human diseases (more than 80% of the adult population of highly developed countries). In the pathogenesis of periodontitis, osteoporosis of the periodontal bone tissue plays a decisive role, which occurs as a result of a significant decrease in mechanical load on the jaws, a deficiency of osteostimulating factors (vitamin D, calcium, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, sex hormones), as well as as a result of the development of oral dysbiosis. To investigate the therapeutic and prophylactic effectiveness of multifunctional phytomedicines using a complex biochemical method based on the total determination of the degree of changes in the level of several biochemical markers of pathology and protection.
Methods. Fried sunflower oil (FSO) was obtained by thermal peroxidation of ordinary unrefined sunflower oil at a temperature of 180℃ in the presence of a catalyst. Biological studies were conducted on white Wistar rats, which consumed a mixed feed containing 2 g/kg of FSO for 75 days. As phytopreparations, we used multifunctional products developed by us containing bioflavonoids, lysozyme, mint and amaranth seed extracts, as well as prebiotics and calcium citrate. Comparison phytopreparations («Kvertuline» and «Lysozyme-forte») were administered with feed at a dose of 300 mg/kg, starting from the 31st day of the experiment. One group of rats that consumed FSO received oral irrigation of the oral cavity with 2 ml of the «Mint + Amaranth Extract» dental elixir. Rats were euthanized, gums and alveolar process of the mandible were isolated. In the gum homogenates, biochemical markers of pathology were determined, namely the activity of elastase, urease and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the level of biochemical markers of defense systems, namely the activity of lysozyme, catalase and the antioxidant-prooxidant index API was calculated. In the homogenate of bone tissue, the activity of acid (AP) and alkaline (ALP) phosphatases was determined, the calcium content was determined, and the mineralization index (MI) was calculated based on the AP/ALP ratio. The degree (in %) of the decrease in the level of pathology indicators (elastase, urease, MDA, acid phosphatase) and the increase in the level of protection markers (lysozyme, catalase, API, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, MI) was calculated, and based on these data, the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy (TPE) of each herbal preparation was calculated.
Results. It was found that the consumption of FSO increases the activity of elastase in the gums by 55.2 %, urease by 26 % and MDA content by 72.8 %, but reduces the activity of lysozyme by 27.7 %, catalase activity by 15.8 % and the antioxidant-prooxidant index API by 51.3 %. In the periodontal bone tissue, the consumption of FSO increases the activity of AP by 206.5 %, but reduces the activity of ALP by 23.6 %, the mineralizing index MI by 61.5 % and the calcium content by 20.3 %. In rats that consumed FSO on the background of herbal preparations, the activity of elastase, urease and MDA content increases significantly less and the activity of lysozyme, catalase and API index decreases significantly less. In periodontal bone tissue, when consuming FSO against the background of herbal remedies, the activity of AP increases significantly less (by 4 – 10 times), the activity of ALP decreases by 3 – 10 times less, and the MI index decreases by 1.5 – 3 times less. Consumption of FSO against the background of herbal remedies reduces the calcium content by 2 times less.
Conclusion. The therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy (TPE) calculated according to these indicators in the gums was the highest (76.5 %) in the dental elixir. In the bone tissue, TPE was also the highest in the dental elixir
Historia historii filozofii i wykluczenie myśli nieeuropejskiej z kanonu
Get PDFExclusivism is the view that philosophy is a practice specific to Euro pean culture and does not exist outside of it. In this article, I will attempt to explain the origins of exclusivism. I will try to demonstrate that – despite its popularity – it is a relatively recent view. The exclusion of non-European thought from the concept of philosophy was unknown to ancient, medieval, and early modern authors. Follow ing Peter Park, I will argue that the roots of this exclusionary view should be sought in the methodological reform of the history of philosophy as a discipline, which was accompanied by the emergence of the concept of a philosophical canon. I will con clude the historical overview of the approaches to the history of philosophy and its permissible scope with an analysis of the three most popular academic textbooks in Poland. By reviewing the views of Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Frederick Copleston, and Giovanni Reale on the existence of non-European philosophy, I will aim to show how exclusivism reproduces itself in its naive, unreflective form.Exclusivism is the view that philosophy is a practice specific to Euro pean culture and does not exist outside of it. In this article, I will attempt to explain the origins of exclusivism. I will try to demonstrate that – despite its popularity – it is a relatively recent view. The exclusion of non-European thought from the concept of philosophy was unknown to ancient, medieval, and early modern authors. Follow ing Peter Park, I will argue that the roots of this exclusionary view should be sought in the methodological reform of the history of philosophy as a discipline, which was accompanied by the emergence of the concept of a philosophical canon. I will con clude the historical overview of the approaches to the history of philosophy and its permissible scope with an analysis of the three most popular academic textbooks in Poland. By reviewing the views of Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Frederick Copleston, and Giovanni Reale on the existence of non-European philosophy, I will aim to show how exclusivism reproduces itself in its naive, unreflective form.Ekskluzywizm to pogląd, zgodnie z którym filozofia jest praktyką specyficzną dla kultury europejskiej i nie występuje nigdzie poza nią. W niniejszym artykule podejmę próbę wyjaśnienia pochodzenia ekskluzywizmu. Postaram się wykazać, że – wbrew jego popularności – jest on poglądem stosunkowo młodym. Wykluczenie myśli nieeuropejskiej z zakresu pojęcia filozofii było obce autorom starożytnym, średniowiecznym i wczesnonowożytnym. Za Peterem Parkiem uznam, że korzeni poglądu wykluczającego należy upatrywać w metodologicznej reformie historii filozofii jako dyscypliny, której z kolei towarzyszyło powstanie pojęcia kanonu filozoficznego. Historyczny przegląd poglądów na historię filozofii oraz na dopuszczalny zakres jej treści zakończę analizą trzech najpopularniejszych w Polsce podręczników akademickich. Poprzez rekapitulację poglądów Władysława Tatarkiewicza, Frederica Coplestone’a i Giovanniego Reale w sprawie istnienia filozofii nieeuropejskiej postaram się pokazać, jak ekskluzywizm reprodukuje się w swojej naiwnej, bezrefleksyjnej formie. 
Pierwotna siła bierna i prawo serii: materia pierwsza w metafizyce Leibniza
Get PDFThis article reconsiders the metaphysical status of materia prima in Leibniz’s philosophy by analyzing its identification with vis passiva primitiva – the primitive passive force. Contrary to prevalent negative interpretations that reduce materia prima to mere privation or metaphysical deficiency, the paper argues that Leibniz attributes to it a real, though non-self-sufficient, function within the inter nal structure of substance. Drawing on key texts such as Specimen Dynamicum, De ipsa natura, and the correspondence with De Volder, the analysis shows that materia prima serves not only as a source of resistance, inertia, and impenetrability, but also as a principle of differentiation within the dynamics of substance. The paper further demonstrates that materia prima is implicitly connected to the law of series (lex se riei), and thus plays a crucial role in shaping the rhythm, order, and internal articula tion of perceptual development. As a result, vis passiva primitiva appears not as a pas sive remainder, but as a structural condition for the realization of monadic activity in the phenomenal world.This article reconsiders the metaphysical status of materia prima in Leibniz’s philosophy by analyzing its identification with vis passiva primitiva – the primitive passive force. Contrary to prevalent negative interpretations that reduce materia prima to mere privation or metaphysical deficiency, the paper argues that Leibniz attributes to it a real, though non-self-sufficient, function within the inter nal structure of substance. Drawing on key texts such as Specimen Dynamicum, De ipsa natura, and the correspondence with De Volder, the analysis shows that materia prima serves not only as a source of resistance, inertia, and impenetrability, but also as a principle of differentiation within the dynamics of substance. The paper further demonstrates that materia prima is implicitly connected to the law of series (lex se riei), and thus plays a crucial role in shaping the rhythm, order, and internal articula tion of perceptual development. As a result, vis passiva primitiva appears not as a pas sive remainder, but as a structural condition for the realization of monadic activity in the phenomenal world.This article reconsiders the metaphysical status of materia prima in Leibniz’s philosophy by analyzing its identification with vis passiva primitiva – the primitive passive force. Contrary to prevalent negative interpretations that reduce materia prima to mere privation or metaphysical deficiency, the paper argues that Leibniz attributes to it a real, though non-self-sufficient, function within the inter nal structure of substance. Drawing on key texts such as Specimen Dynamicum, De ipsa natura, and the correspondence with De Volder, the analysis shows that materia prima serves not only as a source of resistance, inertia, and impenetrability, but also as a principle of differentiation within the dynamics of substance. The paper further demonstrates that materia prima is implicitly connected to the law of series (lex se riei), and thus plays a crucial role in shaping the rhythm, order, and internal articula tion of perceptual development. As a result, vis passiva primitiva appears not as a pas sive remainder, but as a structural condition for the realization of monadic activity in the phenomenal world