Akademicka Platforma Czasopism
Not a member yet
37874 research outputs found
Sort by
Rejoinder to Dominiak on Crime, Punishment, and Libertarianism
Get PDFMy learned colleague and I tangle with each other on the libertarian analysis of crime, punishment, property rights, and unjust enrichment. I maintain an objective four-part theory of punishment: two teeth for a tooth (first one tooth and then a second tooth), third, costs of capture, and then, finally, fourth, payment for scaring the victim. But no more. Once the miscreant has undergone his full, very draconian punishment, no more should be taken from him. If he wins a lottery for 1 million after paying for the ticket with a stolen 5, he may keep this money, pro vided he has fully paid his punishment debt. Dominiak maintains, in contrast, that the law-breaker may not benefit from his crime, and this would appear to be a para digm case of just that.My learned colleague and I tangle with each other on the libertarian analysis of crime, punishment, property rights, and unjust enrichment. I maintain an objective four-part theory of punishment: two teeth for a tooth (first one tooth and then a second tooth), third, costs of capture, and then, finally, fourth, payment for scaring the victim. But no more. Once the miscreant has undergone his full, very draconian punishment, no more should be taken from him. If he wins a lottery for 1 million after paying for the ticket with a stolen 5, he may keep this money, pro vided he has fully paid his punishment debt. Dominiak maintains, in contrast, that the law-breaker may not benefit from his crime, and this would appear to be a para digm case of just that.My learned colleague and I tangle with each other on the libertarian analysis of crime, punishment, property rights, and unjust enrichment. I maintain an objective four-part theory of punishment: two teeth for a tooth (first one tooth and then a second tooth), third, costs of capture, and then, finally, fourth, payment for scaring the victim. But no more. Once the miscreant has undergone his full, very draconian punishment, no more should be taken from him. If he wins a lottery for 1 million after paying for the ticket with a stolen 5, he may keep this money, pro vided he has fully paid his punishment debt. Dominiak maintains, in contrast, that the law-breaker may not benefit from his crime, and this would appear to be a para digm case of just that
Kościoły protestanckie w polityce bezpieczeństwa państwa polskiego w latach 1937–1939
No full textSicherheitsfragen hatten in den Jahren 1937–1939 einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Politik der staatlichen Behörden gegenüber den protestantischen Kirchen in Polen. Diese Kirchen stellten keine Bedrohung als religiöse Minderheiten dar, sondern als Institutionen, die verschiedene nationale Gemeinschaften einschlossen und beeinflussten. Der deutsche Einfluss auf die Kirchen wurde als Bedrohung der nationalen Sicherheit betrachtet, während die Haltung der Behörden gegenüber Protestanten polnischer Nationalität von Instrumentalismus geprägt war.Security issues had a significant impact on the state authorities’ policy towards Protestant Churches in Poland in the years 1937–1939. Those churches were not perceived as a threat in their capacity as religious minorities, but rather as institutions encompassing multiethnic communities and exerting influence over them. German influence in those Churches was perceived as a threat to national security, and the attitude of the authorities towards Protestants of Polish nationality was dominated by an instrumental approach.Kwestie bezpieczeństwa wywierały istotny wpływ na politykę władz państwowych wobec Kościołów protestanckich w Polsce w latach 1937–1939. Kościoły te nie stanowiły zagrożenia jako mniejszości religijne, lecz jako instytucje, które miały w swoim składzie różne społeczności narodowościowe i na nie oddziaływały. Wpływy niemieckie w Kościołach traktowane były jako zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa narodowego, natomiast w stosunku władz wobec protestantów narodowości polskiej dominował instrumentalizm
Exploring Essential Occurrence
Get PDFAn expression occurs essentially in a formula (or sentence) when it occurs in every formula equivalent to the given formula, taking equivalence as logical equivalence relative to the logic in play in the discussion. Setting aside various niceties, this amounts to provable equivalence if that logic is presented via some proof system, and to valid equivalence if the salient characterization is couched in semantic terms. This notion of essential occurrence, or an informal analog thereof, has found its way into numerous philosophical discussions over the past seventy or more years, and here we tease out some issues of specifically logical interest it presents, stretching that description somewhat so as to subsume under it the frequently mooted connection between the essential occurrence of a singular term in a sentence and that sentence’s being genuinely about what the term denotes. This connection, stressed originally by Nelson Goodman, is touched on in several sections in the main body of the paper, but especially in §4, where it is contrasted with an alternative suggestion due to R. Demolombe and L. Fariñas del Cerro. Some issues raised by this and other parts of the discussion are also treated in several longer notes (referred to by means of letters A, B, . . . , K) which are postponed to an Appendix (§5) of roughly the same length as the main body of the paper. This enables readers with a special interest in one or more topics to consult them selectively, while allowing those with no such interest to avoid involvement with the further details supplied in the associated longer note(s)
Organizacje młodzieżowe i społeczna inkluzja: dyskurs i praktyki partycypacyjne
Get PDFIn this article we analyse how youth organisations operating in Poland shape and implement inclusive activities in their discourse and participatory practices. Previous studies have shown that different levels of social inclusion can be found in the discourse of organizations, from formal access to equal opportunities to the full use of young people’s potential. We selected four youthorganizations for the study: AIESEC Polska, CI UNESCO, ATD Czwarty Świat and CIM Horyzonty, whose documents and online posts were subjected to qualitative content analysis. The findings indicate that the highest number of inclusion indicators appeared in the case of ATD Czwarty Świat, and the discourse was dominated by aspects related to access, participation and developmentof human potential. The results emphasize the need for conscious shaping of inclusive practices in order to avoid superficial symbolic inclusion and provide real support for marginalized groups of youth, which is key to effective social integration.W niniejszym artykule analizujemy, jak organizacje młodzieżowe działające w Polsce kształtują i realizują działania inkluzyjne w swoim dyskursie i praktykach partycypacyjnych. Wcześniejsze badania wykazały, że w dyskursie organizacji można odnaleźć różne stopnie inkluzji społecznej, od formalnego dostępu do równych szans po pełne wykorzystanie potencjału młodych ludzi. Do badania wybrałyśmy cztery organizacje młodzieżowe: AIESEC Polska, CI UNESCO, ATD Czwarty Świat oraz CIM Horyzonty, których dokumenty i wpisy internetowe poddano jakościowej analizie treści. Ustalenia wskazują, że najwięcej wskaźników inkluzji pojawiło się w przypadku organizacji ATD Czwarty Świat, a w dyskursie dominowały aspekty związane z dostępem, uczestnictwem i rozwojem potencjału ludzkiego. Wyniki podkreślają potrzebę świadomego kształtowania praktyk inkluzywnych, aby unikać powierzchownej symbolicznej inkluzji i zapewnić rzeczywiste wsparcie marginalizowanych grup młodzieży, co stanowi klucz do skutecznej integracji społecznej
Multi-criteria decision modelling for forest fire risk mapping in protected areas of Mayurbhanj District, Odisha: A Case study in a geomorphologically diverse touristic landscape
Get PDFForest fires are one of the most serious environmental disasters that endanger the natural forest ecosystem. Forest fire catastrophes have recently received a lot of attention because of their escalating numbers and the effects of global climate change. Recognizing fire occurrence and their patterns is important in identifying fire risks to mitigate the potential fire-prone areas surrounding human settlements and potential protected areas. Additionally, smoke emissions from fires endanger public health and natural systems, plus the added impact of natural triggers such as rainfall may cause debris floods or landslides initiated from the burnt areas. This study seeks to highlight burnt area mapping of the environmentally protected area of Mayurbhanj District, Odisha, India, which was devastated in the year 2021 due to a massive forest fire event. The main aim of this study was to create a map that would be a reliable risk indicator of forest fire zones in a defined region of interest, which is important and famous as a unique Geotourism and recreational destination. The study of the forest fire probability (risk zones) involved the investigation of an array of pertinent natural and geomorphological independent variables, such as vegetation type, climate, topography, road buffer, historical fire data, etc. Multi-criteria decision model (MCDM), i.e., analytic hierarchy processes (AHP) and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Processes (FAHP) were used to comparatively assign weightage as per their influence on the prevailing fire risk. Results indicate that 1,058 km² (30.79% of the study area) is highly susceptible to wildfires, posing a significant threat to biodiversity. Satellite-derived fire risk indices and historical MODIS fire data effectively delineate high-risk zones after the severe 2021 wildfire, highlighting the urgent need for mitigation. By leveraging modelling and geospatial analytics, this study presents a scalable wildfire risk management approach, offering valuable insights for policymakers and disaster mitigation authorities in fire-prone landscapes of touristic importance
Listy Bernarda Moranda do Jana Zamoyskiego (1592-1594). Przekład filologiczny z komentarzem
Get PDFThe present article is dedicated to the analysis of the correspondence of Bernardo Morando, the Venetian architect and builder of Zamość, preserved in the Zamoyski Archives and addressed to Jan Zamoyski between 1592 and 1594. Although these letters have long been known to scholars and mentioned in the relevant literature, they have not yet been fully translated into Polish. Their character is strictly practical and informational rather than artistic; nevertheless, they constitute an important factual source for researchers of the history of Renaissance Poland and a valuable linguistic material documenting the contemporary state of the vernacular variety of Italian from the former Venetian region as preserved in manuscript collections in Poland. The authors outline the historical context in which the correspondence was produced, discuss its substantive content, and conduct a philological analysis of the Italian original text from a diachronic perspective, employing an appropriate linguistic research methodology (qualitative assessment of linguistic data, description of phonological, morphological, syntactic, and orthographic phenomena) while taking into account the regional features of Morando’s language. The publication includes a complete translation of the letters into Polish, the content of which has been transcribed on the basis of manuscript scans obtained from microfilms held in the Central Archives of Historical Records (Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych – AGAD).Przedkładany artykuł poświęcony jest analizie zachowanej w Archiwum Zamoyskich korespondencji Bernarda Moranda, weneckiego architekta i budowniczego Zamościa, kierowanej do Jana Zamoyskiego z lat 1592–1594. Listy te, znane uczonym od dawna i wzmiankowane w literaturze przedmiotu, nie doczekały się dotąd całościowego przekładu na język polski. Ich charakter jest stricte użytkowy i informacyjny, a nie artystyczny, tym niemniej stanowią ważne źródło faktograficzne dla badaczy dziejów Polski doby renesansu oraz cenny materiał językowy dokumentujący ówczesny stan wernakularnej odmiany włoskiego z obszaru dawnej Wenecji w zbiorach rękopiśmiennictwa na ziemiach polskich. Autorzy nakreślają kontekst historyczny powstania korespondencji, omawiają jej treść merytoryczną i przeprowadzają analizę filologiczną tekstu włoskiego oryginału w ujęciu diachronicznym z wykorzystaniem właściwej do tego metodologii badań językoznawczych (ocena jakościowa materiału językowego, opis zjawisk fonomorfologicznych, morfoskładniowych i ortograficznych) z uwzględnieniem regionalnych aspektów języka używanego przez Moranda. Publikacja zawiera pełne tłumaczenie listów na język polski (ich treść została poddana transkrypcji na podstawie skanów rękopisów pozyskanych z mikrofilmów znajdujących się w Archiwum Głównym Akt Dawnych – AGAD)
Staunch Transubstantiation and the Metaphysics of Middle-Sized Things: A Reply to Howard Robinson
Get PDFAn Aristotelian natural philosophy, with its account of substantial form as the organizing and unifying principle of all substances, including living human beings, is essential to a coherent and theologically accurate formulation of the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation. I demonstrate this fact by considering a recent proposal by Howard Robinson, which attempts to re-formulate the doctrine within a Cartesian or substance dualist framework. Robinson’s proposal cannot explain the presence of the sensible qualities of the bread and wine, nor the presence of Christ’s body, blood, soul, and divinity, as requird by the Council of Trent
Glosa krytyczna do wyroku Wojewódzkiego Sądu Administracyjnego we Wrocławiu z dnia 25 czerwca 2024 r. Sygn. akt: I SA/Wr 104/24
No full textThis commentary analyzes a judgment of the Provincial Administrative Court in Wrocław concerning the tax consequences of a emission-free merger between sister companies. The author argues that the court’s position, which recognizes taxable income, contradicts the linguistic, systemic, and purposive interpretation of Article 12(1)(8d) of the Corporate Income Tax Act. The critique highlights the court’s failure to consider the statutory definition of "issue value of shares" and its violation of the constitutional principle of equality. The author proposes de lege ferenda conclusions, advocating for explicit tax neutrality of such mergers in Polish and EU legislation.Przedmiotem glosy jest wyrok WSA we Wrocławiu dotyczący podatkowych skutków bezemisyjnego połączenia spółek-sióstr. Zdaniem autora stanowisko sądu, uznające powstanie przychodu, jest sprzeczne z wykładnią językową, systemową i celowościową art. 12 ust. 1 pkt 8d UPDOP. Krytycznie oceniony zostaje brak uwzględnienia definicji legalnej „wartości emisyjnej udziałów” oraz naruszenie konstytucyjnej zasady równości. Autor formułuje wnioski de lege ferenda dotyczące wyraźnego określenia neutralności podatkowej połączeń bezemisyjnych w przepisach polskich i unijnych
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and Climate Harm: Rethinking the ECtHR's Approach in Duarte Agostinho
Get PDFThis article analyses the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Duarte Agostinho and Others v. Portugal and Others, which addressed the question of whether States can be held accountable under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) for extraterritorial climate-related harm caused by their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Court rejected the applicants’ call to expand jurisdiction beyond Portugal, reaffirming a traditional, control-based interpretation of Article 1 that ties jurisdiction to effective authority over individuals or territory. Through a close reading of the Court’s reasoning and the applicants’ arguments, the article highlights the structural limitations of the ECtHR’s current jurisdictional framework when applied to the transboundary and systemic nature of climate change. It argues that while the Court’s cautious approach preserves doctrinal consistency, it risks rendering the Convention ineffective in addressing one of the most pressing human rights challenges of our time. The article proposes a narrowly scoped recalibration of jurisdiction that remains within the Convention’s legal framework while allowing for meaningful accountability in exceptional climate harm cases
