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Tax-Free System at Polish-Belarusian Border Crossings between 2012 and 2020: Selected Aspects
Get PDFThe study presents the functioning of the Tax-Free system at Polish-Belarusian border crossings in 2012–20 in the context of changes in the export of Poland and border provinces (Podlaskie and Lubelskie) to Belarus. Due to the availability of data, research on travellers’ exports and trade relations was possible for selected years of the procedure’s operation, i.e. between 2012 and 2020. This period covers the time between two major crises – the global financial crisis of 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic. With the post-crisis economic recovery in Poland and Belarus, there was a dynamic increase in mutual goods exchange and travellers’ export conducted under the Tax-Free regime at Poland’s eastern border. A descriptive and analytical method was used to verify the research hypothesis related to the impact of the Tax-Free system on trade and export growth in this region.Tekst prezentuje funkcjonowanie systemu Tax-Free na polsko-białoruskich przejściach granicznych w latach 2012–2020 w kontekście zmian w eksporcie Polski oraz województw granicznych (podlaskiego i lubelskiego) na Białoruś. Ze względu na dostępność danych, badania nad eksportem podróżnych oraz relacjami handlowymi były możliwe dla lat 2012–2020. Okres ten obejmuje czas pomiędzy dwoma istotnymi cezurami – globalnym kryzysem finansowym z 2008 r. oraz pandemią COVID-19. Zastosowano metodę opisową i analityczną, weryfikując postawioną hipotezę badawczą związaną z wpływem systemu Tax Free na handel oraz wzrost eksportu w tym regionie
Three Ballots and the War. Russian Policy of Accomplished Facts in Ukraine
Get PDFThe goal of this research paper is to discuss how the actions carried out by the USSR during the Second World War on the territories of the Second Polish Republic, seized after the aggression of 17 September 1939, intertwined with the policy of accomplished facts conducted today by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, as illustrated by ballots and referendums organised to provide the Kremlin with “legal grounds” for the annexation of occupied territories of a sovereign state.Celem artykułu jest pokazanie, jak historyczne działania ZSRR z czasów II wojny światowej na terenach II RP zajętych po 17 września 1939 r. przeplatają się z polityką faktów dokonanych realizowaną obecnie przez Federację Rosyjską wobec Ukrainy na przykładzie głosowań i referendów, które mają dać Kremlowi „prawne podstawy” aneksji okupowanych ziem suwerennego państwa
Realistic challenges and path options for the high-quality development of smart stadiums in China
Get PDFThe high-quality development of smart stadiums has become a key concern for the industry and academia. This study uses literature, fieldwork methods and logical analysis to sort out the reality of the development of intelligent stadiums in China and make corresponding recommendations. The study finds that the problems of high-quality construction of smart stadiums in China include: information technology treats the masses as a tame object and a test object for the safety valve, there is a paradox between algorithmic "de-deviation" and "personalised" sports services, and there is a lack of product standards and construction standards for smart stadium facilities. The following recommendations were made: strengthen the functional construction of venues to promote the "penetration" of sports lifestyle awareness; strengthen the low-carbon construction of venues to improve sustainable development; and implement the new concept of "two developments" to promote the high-quality development of venues
Approaches to the diagnosis of Cutaneous Diseases Among Swimmers: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, Treatment
Get PDFIntroduction
The environment in which the sports enthusiast participates may influence the dermatoses that develop. Skin dermatoses are a significant health problem among athletes, especially swimmers, exposed to long-term contact with water and chemicals used in swimming pools. The use of appropriate diagnostic and preventive strategies, such as functional sports clothing, prevention before the occurrence or rapid diagnosis, can significantly reduce the risk of these diseases.
Aim
The aim of this article is to discuss the main approaches to the diagnosis of dermatoses in swimmers, their prevention and treatment.
Materials and methods
The review was based on the analysis of materials collected in the Google Scholar and,, PubMed’’. The following keywords were entered during the search for scholarly articles: dermatoses, swimmers, skin infections, xerosis, sport. A total of 48 articles were considered for the study and verified for their relevance to the topic.
State of knowledge
Dermatoses in swimmers are the result of a combination of several factors, including impaired skin barrier, bacterial, viral and fungal infections, contact dermatitis, sun-related conditions or acne mechanica. Chemical agents such as chlorine used to disinfect swimming pool water may irritate the skin, causing contact dermatitis. Moreover, mechanical factors, such as skin friction against swimming equipment, and a humid environment leads to fungal and bacterial infections, combined with contact with allergens, e.g. latex, may lead to irritation, hives or other allergic reactions.
Summary (Conclusions)
Swimmers require a comprehensive approach that combines precise diagnostics with effective preventive measures. Proper skin care is crucial, including the use of emollients, protective creams and quick removal of chlorine residues from the body surface after training
The Association Between Physical Activity and The Development of Degenerative Spine Disease: A Review
Get PDFIntroduction: Degenerative spine disease (DSD) encompasses conditions such as intervertebral disc degeneration, spinal stenosis, and spondylosis, often linked to aging and lifestyle factors. Physical activity is frequently proposed as a modifiable factor influencing the onset and progression of DSD. This review explores the relationship between physical activity and DSD development, highlighting its potential role in prevention and management.
Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2024. Keywords included "degenerative spine disease," "physical activity," "exercise," and "spinal health." Inclusion criteria comprised observational studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses that examined physical activity's effects on DSD risk or progression.
Results: Findings suggest a dual role of physical activity in DSD development. Moderate, consistent exercise, particularly low-impact activities like swimming, yoga, and walking, appears protective, enhancing spinal muscle strength, flexibility, and disc nutrition. Conversely, high-intensity or repetitive loading activities, such as heavy lifting or contact sports, are associated with an elevated risk of accelerated degeneration. Evidence highlights a dose-dependent relationship, where activity type, intensity, and duration critically modulate outcomes. Limited studies suggest potential genetic and biomechanical factors influencing individual responses to physical activity.
Conclusions: Physical activity exerts a complex influence on DSD development, with moderate exercise showing potential benefits while excessive strain may increase risks. Tailored exercise regimens could mitigate DSD progression, emphasizing the importance of personalized physical activity guidelines. Further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify mechanisms and optimize prevention strategies
Diagnostic Challenges and Innovations in Thoracic Endometriosis (TE): Exploring the Role of Imaging and Biomarkers. A narrative review
Get PDFEndometriosis is a condition characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue in ectopic locations outside the gynecological organs. Thoracic endometriosis (TE) is a rare and underdiagnosed condition characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue in the thoracic cavity, leading to cyclical respiratory symptoms. TE is often misdiagnosed or overlooked, primarily due to its nonspecific symptoms. Advancements in imaging techniques and biomarkers research are promising in improving the diagnosis of TE. High-resolution imaging modalities, such as high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), provide detailed visualization of pleural and pulmonary lesions and leverage hormonal responsiveness for dynamic imaging during the menstrual cycle. The identification of novel biomarkers, such as cystatin C and circulating microRNAs, highlights the potential for non-invasive diagnostic tools that can stratify patients based on disease severity and guide personalized treatment strategies. Early diagnosis and treatment of thoracic endometriosis are crucial to prevent severe complications such as recurrent pneumothorax, pleural adhesions, and progressive lung damage. Timely intervention also reduces the burden of chronic pain and improves quality of life, enabling more effective management of this underdiagnosed condition. The aim of this paper is to explore current diagnostic possibilities for TE, particularly through the lens of advanced diagnostic innovations, and assess their potential to improve outcomes for patients with this complex condition
A review of the types of diets used in Crohn’s disease: the support system for pharmacological treatment
Get PDFCrohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic and progressive disease, that requires a multilateral approach. Its incidence is rising globally, particularly in industrializing regions, correlating with increased consumption of ultra-processed foods. Besides pharmacological and surgical treatment, the diet component plays a crucial role in alleviating symptoms of the disease and preventing its progression. This review highlights the evolving role of dietary interventions as supportive treatments in CD management, complementing pharmacological and surgical approaches. This review represents the analysis of some of the most commonly used diets: the low FODMAP diet, Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD), Mediterranean diet, Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED), and exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in Crohn's disease based on studies from PubMed’s articles published within the last five years. The aim of this systematic review is to highlight the importance of dietary element in the management of CD and a wide range of new methods of supporting treatment. Dietary interventions provide significant potential to modulate inflammation, support remission, and improve the quality of life in CD patients. Further research in personalized dietary protocols will help incorporate into multidisciplinary approaches for the treatment
Diagnosing and Managing LADA: A Review of the Overlooked Diabetes Subtype
Get PDFLADA (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults) is a dual form of diabetes, combining the autoimmune features typical of type 1 diabetes and the clinical and metabolic aspects of type 2 diabetes. Due to the slow development of symptoms and often late age of onset, LADA is frequently misdiagnosed as type 2 diabetes, which can lead to a delay in appropriate treatment. It is estimated that LADA affects between 4% and 12% of adults initially diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, making it a more common disease entity than previously thought. This paper examines current data on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetic factors and diagnostic criteria of LADA. Particular attention was given to the immunological and genetic aspects of the disease, which allow a more accurate differentiation of LADA from type 2 diabetes. The review also discusses the significance of early insulin therapy aimed at beta-cell preservation and the role of alternative treatments, such as DPP-4 inhibitors, which may influence disease progression. Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges stemming from the phenotypic similarities between LADA and type 2 diabetes are highlighted, along with potential benefits of early detection
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) association in serological studies
Get PDFOver the past 50 years, a substantial body of research revealed an association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and various aspects of EBV infection, with multiple autoimmune diseases. Growing evidence points to EBV as a potential co-factor in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this relationship, however there is as yet no conclusive proof of causality. This literature review constitutes an introduction into the subject and attempts to outline the findings on the EBV-SLE connection, focusing mostly on the evidence provided by serological studies
Consequences of Repetitive Head-Impact Exposure in Sports - literature review
Get PDFRepetitive head impacts (RHIs), common in contact sports, have raised concerns about their long-term effects on brain health, potentially leading to conditions like concussions, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), and other neurodegenerative diseases. CTE, a progressive tauopathy, is associated with cognitive and psychological symptoms, including memory loss and depression. While RHIs have been linked to brain changes such as white matter thinning, the mechanisms behind these changes remain unclear. This article reviews the biophysical mechanisms of concussions, the risks of CTE and chronic neurocognitive impairment (CNI), and the challenges in diagnosing and managing these conditions. It also explores gender differences in concussion incidence and recovery. The review emphasizes the need for better diagnostic tools, injury prevention strategies, and patient-centered decision-making to protect athletes