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Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in Athletes – A Review of Methods and Treatment Outcomes
Get PDFBackground: ACL injuries are common in sports requiring sudden deceleration, pivoting, and directional changes. Optimizing reconstruction and rehabilitation is crucial for knee stability, reinjury prevention, and successful return to sport.
Objective: This systematic review evaluates ACL reconstruction techniques, rehabilitation protocols, and return-to-sport outcomes, focusing on graft selection, surgical advancements, rehabilitation strategies, and reinjury risk factors.
Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (2000–2025). Key factors analyzed included graft type, surgical methods, rehabilitation phases, return-to-sport timelines, and long-term complications.
Results: Autografts, particularly bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) and quadriceps tendon grafts, provide superior biomechanical strength and lower failure rates compared to allografts and synthetic grafts. Allografts, while suitable for lower-demand patients, have higher failure rates in young athletes. Rehabilitation plays a crucial role in recovery, with neuromuscular training and psychological readiness significantly influencing return-to-sport outcomes. Despite surgical advancements, only 55–65% of athletes regain pre-injury performance within two years. Psychological factors, including fear of reinjury, delay return and increase the risk of secondary injuries.
Conclusions: While surgical and rehabilitation advancements have improved ACL reconstruction outcomes, challenges remain in optimizing return-to-sport success and reducing reinjury risks. Future research should focus on optimizing rehabilitation protocols, incorporating psychological interventions, and exploring regenerative therapies and AI-driven rehabilitation tools to enhance long-term athletic outcomes
Mondor’s Disease: A Rare Condition Revisited – Insights from Literature
Get PDFIntroduction: This review paper aims to systematize the current knowledge about Mondor's disease, its etiology and epidemiology, diagnostic methods, differential diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, it examines the prognosis and potential complications based on a comprehensive review of the available literature.
Materials and methods: A review of selected literature in the PubMed database was conducted, using the following keywords: ,,Mondor’s disease”, ,,vein thrombosis”, ,,superficial thrombophlebitis”.
Summary: Mondor’s disease is a rare, self-limiting superficial thrombophlebitis, primarily affecting the anterior chest wall but also documented in the abdomen, axilla, groin, and penis. Its etiology remains unclear, though mechanical stress, inflammation, and hypercoagulability are implicated. It predominantly affects middle-aged women. Though benign, its clinical presentation may mimic malignancies, causing significant distress.Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on a palpable, tender, cord-like structure without systemic symptoms. Imaging, particularly ultrasonography, is warranted when malignancy is suspected. Mammography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging may be used to exclude neoplastic conditions.Management is conservative, focusing on NSAIDs, topical therapies, and activity modification. Anticoagulation is generally unnecessary but may be considered in extensive thrombosis. Surgical intervention is rare. Prognosis is favorable, with spontaneous resolution within weeks, though secondary cases require treatment of the underlying condition.
Conclusions: Healthcare providers must recognize Mondor’s disease to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective management. While conservative treatment remains the standard, further research into its pathophysiology may refine diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In recurrent or secondary cases, vigilance for thrombotic disorders or malignancies is essential for comprehensive patient care
The Low FODMAP Diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Current State of Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives
Get PDFIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder that significantly reduces patients’ quality of life. One of the primary therapeutic approaches is the low FODMAP diet, which involves the restriction of fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the effectiveness of this diet in alleviating IBS symptoms, its impact on the gut microbiota, and its long-term health consequences. Research findings confirm that the low FODMAP diet effectively reduces symptoms, particularly in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D), although long-term adherence may lead to a reduction in beneficial gut bacteria. Adherence challenges and the lack of clear guidelines on FODMAP reintroduction represent significant clinical issues. Alternative strategies, such as the Mediterranean diet, may help mitigate the negative effects of FODMAP elimination. The low FODMAP diet also shows potential in children and patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), although further studies are needed. In the future, it will be essential to develop support strategies for patients and to personalize dietary recommendations, which may contribute to sustained improvements in the quality of life for individuals with IBS
Gastroesophageal Reflux in Athletes: Impact on Performance and Non-Surgical Management Strategies
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Introduction:Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder that can negatively impact athletic performance. Symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and chronic cough may limit exercise capacity and reduce training comfort. This study aims to present the effects of GERD on athletic performance and effective management strategies for athletes.
Methods:A literature review was conducted, analyzing 31 scientific articles retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar. The study examined GERD epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, symptoms, and available treatment and lifestyle modification strategies.
Results:GERD is more prevalent among athletes involved in endurance and strength sports, where intense exertion increases intra-abdominal pressure and weakens lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function. Symptoms can lead to reduced performance and exercise-related discomfort. Management strategies include dietary modifications, adjustments in exercise type and intensity, pharmacotherapy (proton pump inhibitors, prokinetic agents), and behavioral techniques such as stress control and sleep hygiene improvement.
Conclusions:GERD poses a significant challenge for athletes, affecting their comfort and exercise capacity. Individualized management strategies, including dietary adjustments, tailored training modifications, and pharmacotherapy, can improve quality of life and sports performance. Further research is needed to better understand the impact of different physical activities on GERD and the efficacy of current treatment options
The Effect between Low-Intensity Resistance Training and Maximum Fat Oxidation Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition of Young Obese Women
Get PDFObjectives: Through comparative study on the effect between low-intensity resistance training (RT) and maximum fat oxidation intensity aerobic exercise（FATmax AE）on body composition of young obese women to explore the effect of RT on fat loss. Methods: Thirty-four young obese women with body fat percentages (BF %) of 30% or more were randomly assigned to FATmax AE group (AEG, control group) and low-intensity resistance training group (RTG, experimental group). The subjects in two groups completed 3*45 min/wk of FATmax AE or RT of 15 maximum repetitions (RM) respectively for 12 weeks. Height, weight, waist and hip circumference (then BMI and WHR were calculated), body fat percentage (BF %), fat mass (FM), muscle mass (MM) were measured at pre-, mid- and post- intervention.
Results: Body weight, BMI, WHR, BF% and FM decreased, and MM increased significantly (all p<0.05) in both groups after 12 week of intervention. A greater decrease of body weight and BMI and more MM growth in RTG than those in AEG was found (all p<0.05).
Conclusions: Low-intensity RT has the same effect as FATmax AE in reducing BF% and FM in young obese women in 12 weeks of exercise training (3*45 min/wk). Take into account its longer term effects of fat loss due to more MM growth, low-intensity RT should be recommended as one of the fat-loss activities
The Ketogenic Diet and Its Effects on Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus – A Review Of Literature
Get PDFPurpose of the Study:This paper aims to analyze the impact of the keto diet on glycemic control, weight loss, medication use, and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), as well as to assess its long-term safety and side effects.
Research: This article is based on review of clinical trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews found on Pubmed, Google Scholar and other databases. After the evaluation of the articles, observational studies, experimental studies and meta-analyses, the key benefits and limitations of the keto diet in the T2DM were selected.
Results:The keto diet improves glycemic control by lowering HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and insulin resistance in T2DM patients. It also showed positive effects on lipid metabolism. In addition keto diet has been found to lead to greater weight reduction than other diets. This weight loss, along with improved metabolic parameters, often results in a reduced need for diabetes medications. However, there is limited data on the long-term safety and effectiveness of the keto diet for managing diabetes, and it may be difficult to maintain due to its strict carbohydrate restrictions. The diet’s strict limitations may also cause challenges for certain individuals, such as pregnant women, making it less sustainable for everyone. Furthermore, concerns include potential increases in LDL cholesterol and hypoglycemia, particularly during the initial stages of the diet. Additionally, the keto diet may lead to deficiencies in vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants, which are usually obtained from carbohydrates, making supplementation necessary to mitigate these deficiencies.
Conclusions:The keto diet appears to be valuable for glycemic control, weight loss, and reducing medication use in T2DM patients. However, long-term data is lacking, and there are concerns about its sustainability and potential side effects, particularly regarding cardiovascular health and micronutrient deficiencies
Effects of different exercise modalities on oxygenation stress, inflammatory factors, and drug craving in drug users during the audit period
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To explore the effects of different exercise modalities on drug craving and the oxidative stress-inflammatory mechanisms in female addicts during rehabilitation. Methods: Forty female drug users were randomly assigned to yoga, meditation, physical fitness, or control groups (n=10 each). A 12-week intervention (3 sessions/week, 1 h/session) was conducted. Serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), homocysteine (HCY), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were measured pre- and post-intervention. Drug craving was assessed via a visual analog scale (VAS). Results: (1) Female addicts exhibited elevated oxidative stress (MDA, HCY) and inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, ICAM-1) compared to healthy individuals; (2) Post-intervention, these biomarkers significantly decreased in the yoga, meditation, and physical fitness groups (p<0.05); (3) VAS scores in all exercise groups showed marked reduction (p<0.01). Conclusion: Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses are present in female addicts during rehabilitation. Twelve weeks of exercise (yoga, meditation, or fitness training) effectively reduces these biomarkers, promotes inflammatory homeostasis, and alleviates drug craving, with comparable efficacy across modalities. 
Environmental Risk Factors of Psychosis: A Review
Get PDFPsychosis is a severe mental health condition that can be debilitating for a person's well-being. It is characterized by disturbances in perception, emotional regulation and thought processes, including symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, leading to a disconnection from reality. Patients often suffer when trying to meet the demands of ordinary life. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in development of psychosis. Besides these, there are also environmental influences, which contribute as a trigger and later progression of psychotic disorders. These external determinants could possibly be managed in attempts to contain the problem of increased mental health conditions with the main psychotic component. This article reviews the literature reports of current environmental risk factors of psychosis. The keyword used was “psychosis” searched alone or in combination with “risk factors”, “environmental factors” or “external factors”
Additional Benefits of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Muscle Strength, Muscle Mass Gain and Training Performance - A Systematic Review
Get PDFIntroduction: Creatine monohydrate is one of the most researched and tested supplements in sport known for its benefits on muscle strength, muscle mass gain and training performance. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from various studies to evaluate the impact of creatine monohydrate supplementation on the following outcomes.
Aim of the study: To assess the effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on muscle strength, muscle mass gain and training performance by summarizing evidence from case studies, clinical trials and long term research.
State of knowledge: Studies confirm that creatine monohydrate supplementation effectively enhances athletic performance, accelerates recovery, increases muscle strength and muscle mass gain. Additionally, it offers therapeutic advantages for neurodegenerative diseases, type 2 diabetes, aging and various chronic conditions.
Material and methods: A review and analysis of randomized clinical trials and clinical studies from 2017 to 2025 available in PubMed.
Conclusions: Research findings indicate that long term creatine monohydrate supplementation demonstrates a positive impact on muscle strength, muscle mass gain and training performance. The evidence suggests that creatine enhances strength and hypertrophy of the muscle fibers, improves recovery, exercise capacity and high-intensity performance. These benefits make creatine monohydrate a valuable, safe and well-researched supplement for professional and amateur athletes, regardless of age and gender
Risk factors of status epilepticus in children - A literature review
Get PDFIntroduction: Status epilepticus is one of the most common and severe neurological emergencies in children. It is defined by prolonged or recurrent seizures without full recovery in between and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This study aims to identify predictors of SE development and poor prognosis in children.
Material and Methods: A focused literature search was conducted in PubMed for studies published between 2015 and 2025, targeting human research related to pediatric status epilepticus. Search terms included “status epilepticus”, “children” and “risk factors”. Relevant meta-analyses, observational studies, and clinical trials were reviewed and evaluated for methodological quality and clinical significance.
State of Knowledge: SE is a neurological emergency, where ongoing seizures lead to drug resistance and brain injury. Classification by seizure duration informs treatment urgency. Benzodiazepines, especially intramuscular midazolam, remain first-line, with levetiracetam as a common second-line option. While mortality is declining, outcomes depend on seizure length, cause, and care setting, underscoring the need for rapid intervention.
Discussion: This study identifies key clinical and laboratory factors influencing the development and outcomes of SE in children. Younger age, perinatal complications, neurodevelopmental delays, and prolonged or biphasic seizures were significantly linked to higher risk and poorer outcomes. Laboratory markers were also associated with worse prognosis. Infectious, autoimmune, and genetic etiologies emerged as important underlying causes of SE, underscoring the need for early identification and targeted interventions.
Conclusion: Early age, early-life complications, seizure duration, and metabolic imbalances are major indicators of poor prognosis in pediatric status epilepticus. Recognizing infectious, autoimmune, and genetic triggers is essential for timely and effective intervention