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Physical activity in the management of obesity in prader-willi syndrome
Get PDFIntroduction: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder whose most characteristic and dangerous symptom is massive obesity. It develops as a result of neurohormonal abnormalities, abnormal appetite regulation and reduced energy expenditure. Due to its multifactorial nature, the treatment of obesity in PWS presents particular clinical challenges.
Materials and methods: A review of selected literature in the PubMed database was conducted, using the following keywords: “Prader Willie Syndrom”, “Phisical excercise”, “Obesity”,”Treatment”
Summary: This paper discusses the main mechanisms leading to the development of obesity in PWS, such as hypothalamic dysfunction, endocrine disruption (ghrelin, leptin, GH) and changes in body composition. Current therapeutic strategies - nutritional therapy adapted to the developmental stage of the patient, growth hormone treatment and the potential use of anti-obesity drugs - were analysed. Special attention was given to the role of physical activity, which, despite its limited effect on body weight, significantly improves fitness, muscle strength, body composition and quality of life in patients.
Conclusions: The management of obesity in PWS requires an individualised, multidirectional approach based on collaboration between the specialist team and the family. Given the limited efficacy of available therapies, further research is needed into new treatments - both pharmacological and non-pharmacological - that are better adapted to the metabolic and behavioural specificities of this patient group
The Impact of Virtual Reality Training on Sport Injury Rehabilitation – a Literature Review
Get PDFIntroduction and Purpose:
Virtual reality (VR) technology is being studied more and more as an effective tool in sports injury rehabilitation. This review addresses current evidence concerning the application of VR in recovery from musculoskeletal and neurological injuries, control of pain, and psychological assistance, and potential roles in rehabilitation.
State of Knowledge:
Evidence indicates that rehabilitation with VR enhances patient engagement with immersive and interactive therapy, which can improve motor function, balance, and functional outcomes overall. VR is used in recovery rehabilitation of ligament injuries, orthopedic surgery, stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury. VR also proves effective as a non-pharmacological method of pain control, with a potential reduction in analgesic needs, such as opioids. Importantly, it was also shown that VR improves mental health by decreasing symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder, thereby convincing the audience about the overall benefits of VR-based rehabilitation.
Methods
The present paper searched the literature on electronic databases, including PubMed and ResearchGate, using the keywords "VR," "virtual reality injury," "virtual reality rehabilitation," "virtual reality pain," "virtual reality psychology," and "virtual reality cognitive function" Articles include randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews between 1999 to the present year, preferring the sources that were published from 2020 and onwards.
Conclusions
While VR offers a global, patient-centered approach that complements traditional rehabilitation methods, the scientific research in the field is meager. More studies are clearly warranted to establish VR's long-term effects and full potential in rehabilitation. This review highlights the current shortcomings and future promise of VR-based rehabilitation in sports injury rehabilitation
Dysbiosis and Schizophrenia: A Review of Current Evidence on the Gut–Brain Axis and Probiotic Interventions
Get PDFIntrodution:
Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has highlighted the potential role of the gut microbiota in mental health, including schizophrenia. Disruptions in gut microbiota composition, known as dysbiosis, may affect the central nervous system through immune modulation, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter imbalance, and increased intestinal permeability. Notably, studies have shown associations between dysbiosis and the severity of psychotic symptoms as well as treatment response. Some evidence also suggests that probiotics may help alleviate certain psychiatric symptoms, including those seen in schizophrenia. Although further research is needed, probiotics are being investigated as a promising adjunctive therapy.
Aim of the study:
A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, covering studies from 2018 to 2025. Keywords included: "gut", "microbiome", "microbiota", "gut-brain axis", "dysbiosis", "schizophrenia", "antipsychotic drugs", "prebiotics", and "psychobiotics".
Materials and Methods:
A literature review was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar from 2018 to 2025, was conducted using keyword such as "gut", "microbiome", "microbiota", "gut-brain axis", "dysbiosis", "schizophrenia", "antipsychotic drugs", "prebiotics", and "psychobiotics".
SummaryThe gut microbiota significantly influences mental health, and its disturbances may contribute to schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia often exhibit reduced microbial diversity and specific changes in microbiota composition, which may correlate with symptom severity. Antipsychotic medications also impact the microbiota. Prebiotics and probiotics appear to offer promising support to standard treatment, opening new avenues for therapeutic strategies
The content of legally understood category of the rule of law as functioning in the political system of the European Union
Get PDFAt its current stage of development the European Union is not only an organization for economic cooperation but also a community built around clearly defined values. Due to their importance, part of these values take the form of categories enshrined in law, i.e. the legal rules of EU political system. Hence all the goals of the EU should be pursued in respect of these values and in compliance with their spirit. One of the crucial values in this group is the rule of law or the concept of legal state (Rechtstaat). Respect for it is a prerequisite for uniform compliance with all EU law, for uniform implementation of EU solutions, and thus for building the trust of all EU citizens and national bodies in the legal systems of other countries.
And though it may seem that the rule of law should not be in any way controversial, even its content as included in EU regulations still can stimulate a heated discussion in some member states, and sometimes (like in Poland) becomes the subject of a political dispute. Considering its significance, it is hard to deny that a sound interpretation of the legal category of the rule of law in the EU is necessary.
The above considerations motivated the author to posing a question: How has the definition of the rule of law in the EU been shaping, and in particular, is it homogenous as to the source type, or should it be reconstructed from a variety of sources? The research hypothesis states that the definition of the rule of law developed in several stages, so its reconstruction should be based on a set of sources created at different times and varying in terms of importance
Skin aging - the role of nutrition and sugar
Get PDFIntroduction. The skin is the largest organ of the human body, covering almost the entire surface. It performs numerous functions essential for life and normal functioning. Skin aging is a complex process involving both intrinsic and extrinsic changes. It can be classified into intrinsic and extrinsic aging. Among these, sun exposure is undoubtedly the most significant and primary exogenous factor, with its effects depending on intensity and duration. The accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) significantly affects skin aging.
Aim of the study. This review aims to present and summarize the roles of key factors influencing skin aging, emphasizing the importance of healthy nutrition as a method to slow down the aging process.
Materials and Methods. A literature review was conducted using the PubMed database to identify relevant studies from the past twenty years. The most significant findings were compiled in this review. The literature was selected using keywords such as "skin aging," "skin and effects of sugar," and "skin and glycation."
Results. Among extrinsic factors, sun exposure is the most significant. Diets high in fats delay skin healing, promote oxidative stress, and induce inflammatory reactions in the skin. Excess dietary fats can also lead to morphological changes and impaired matrix remodeling in the skin. Among the mechanisms underpinning skin aging, glycation is one of the most extensively studied. Glycation is a non-enzymatic process where proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids covalently bind with sugar molecules, typically glucose or fructose.
Conclusion. Various exogenous factors influence the skin’s condition, accelerating aging, contributing to skin diseases, and increasing carcinogenesis risk. Evidence supports the effectiveness of sunscreen use and limiting sun exposure to prevent skin aging. Furthermore, a balanced diet rich in antioxidants, with reduced free sugars and carbohydrates, can lower AGE production in the skin
The Role of Different Diets in Shaping the Gut Microbiome
Get PDFIntroduction and Objective
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in metabolism, immunity, and digestion, with diet being a key factor shaping its composition. Disruptions in microbiota balance contribute to chronic diseases like obesity and insulin resistance. This study examines the impact of various dietary patterns—Mediterranean, ketogenic, high-protein, gluten-free, and low FODMAP diets—on gut microbiota, highlighting their mechanisms, benefits, and risks to metabolic health.
Review Methods
A literature review of peer-reviewed studies on diet-microbiota interactions was conducted, focusing on microbiota composition, function, and metabolic effects.
Abbreviated Description of the State of Knowledge
The Mediterranean diet enhances beneficial bacteria, increases short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and reduces inflammation, improving gut barrier integrity. The ketogenic diet alters microbiota by decreasing carbohydrate-fermenting bacteria, with both positive and negative metabolic outcomes. The low FODMAP diet alleviates irritable bowel syndrome symptoms but may reduce beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium. A high-protein diet increases bacteria involved in amino acid metabolism, yielding mixed effects on metabolic health. The gluten-free diet, while essential for celiac patients, may reduce microbiota diversity and lead to nutrient deficiencies. Each diet uniquely influences gut microbiota, underscoring the need for tailored dietary strategies to support metabolic and overall health.
Summary
Diet significantly impacts gut microbiota composition and function, affecting metabolic and immune health. Maintaining microbiota balance is crucial for homeostasis, as dysbiosis can contribute to disease. Understanding diet-microbiome interactions is essential for developing evidence-based nutritional strategies to optimize health
Irritable bowel syndrome: An Underestimated Consequence of Post-Acute COVID-19. A Literature Review
Get PDFIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a significant health issue affecting many individuals globally. The precise mechanisms underlying its development are still being researched, as various factors contribute to its onset, including stress, dysfunction of the gut-brain axis, intestinal hypersensitivity, prior infections, and medications that disrupt gut homeostasis. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a notable increase in IBS cases, prompting investigations into the link between coronavirus infection and the risk of developing post-infectious IBS. Research suggests that stressors such as isolation, fear of mortality, bereavement, financial insecurity, uncertainty about the future, changes in routine, and remote work stress significantly influence this condition’s development. Additionally, the virus can disrupt gut microbiota and trigger the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, potentially resulting in the death of intestinal cells. Medications used during the pandemic, including antibiotics, steroids, and antiviral agents, may also impair gut function, leading to long-term consequences. This complexity presents challenges for modern medicine, highlighting the need for further research to aid those affected by this condition. This paper reviews current insights into the development of post-inflammatory IBS in COVID-19 patients, integrating established knowledge with novel findings from the pandemic
Assessment of patients hospitalized in the Clinical Toxicology and Cardiology Department in Lublin due to poisoning with Cannabis derivatives as a voice in the discussion on the legalization of marijuana
Get PDFThe article aims to discuss the justification for the legalization of cannabinoids based on the analysis of data from countries where marijuana has been legalized for both medical and recreational use, as well as a retrospective analysis of the medical documentation of patients from the Clinical Toxicology and Cardiology Department and Internal Diseases of the Provincial Specialist Hospital named after Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński in Lublin (years 2020-2024).
During the analysis of hospital documentation, a slight upward trend in the number of hospitalizations due to cannabinoid poisoning was observed over the years 2020-2024. In 2024, 54 cases of hospitalization due to poisoning with Cannabis derivatives were recorded, with an average length of hospitalization of 3 days. The vast majority of patients were men (83%) under the age of 26. In 78% of patients, co-occurrence of poisoning with other psychoactive substances was noted, with the most common being alcohol (29 cases), LSD (12 cases), and benzodiazepines (11 cases).
44 patients required consultation with a psychologist or psychiatrist. Suspected suicide attempts were noted in 12 patients. In 38 patients, psychomotor agitation occurred, with pharmacological sedation required in 34 patients. In 22 cases, there was a significant increase in creatine levels, which may indicate an increased risk of rhabdomyolysis.
Press analysis showed that the legalization of marijuana does not lead to immediate and significant changes in public health indicators, except for issues related to road safety. Shortly after the legalization of recreational marijuana in some U.S. states and Canada, an increase in consultations with doctors was observed, caused by both acute and chronic effects of cannabinoid poisoning. Due to the short time since marijuana was legalized, research and statistical analyses are still incomplete and often lead to various, contradictory conclusions
Intestinal microflora on physical performance in athletes - a comprehensive review
Get PDFIntroduction: The intestinal microflora is a crucial component of the human body, developing in parallel with the host and playing a pivotal role in maintaining health throughout life. The composition of the microbiota is dynamic, influenced by factors such as genotype, diet, and initial colonization at birth, resulting in a unique microbiotic profile for each individual. The gut microbiota supports a variety of physiological functions, including immune modulation, nutrient metabolism, and the synthesis of essential vitamins and neurotransmitters. Importantly, it maintains homeostasis, through the bidirectional communication system between intestines and central nervous system, which is necessary for all forms of physical performance.
Purpose of the work: The purpose of this study is to review the effects of intestinal microflora on physical performance and endurance in athletes. Special attention is given to the influence of dietary supplements, which can have an impact on composition of the microflora.
Materials and methods: A comprehensive analysis of research articles available on PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus was conducted using search terms related to: "intestinal microflora," "physical performance," "gut-brain axis," "athletes" and "physical training."
Results: The intestinal microflora is linked to the increased performance during physical exercise in athletes. Understanding this influence on the health and physical ability of athletes will allow better results in competitions and endurance
Hypopituarism - Not such an obvious symptom
Get PDFThis paper presents the case of a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge of a young 33-year-old man from Poland, who initially reported few symptoms and eventually turned out to be an interesting endocrine case
The pituitary gland is the central endocrine gland that controls the entire human endocrine system. Despite its small size, it dominates over the other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland is located inside the skull, in the so-called Turkish saddle. It secretes a number of hormones: growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyrotropic hormone (TSH), folliculotropic hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), melanotropin (MSH), oxytocin, vasopressin