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What Do Gases in the Large Intestine Have to Do with Health?
Full text linkA healthy human gastrointestinal tract contains approximately 200 ml of gas, with an average daily elimination of 600 ml. Sources of intestinal gases include swallowing air and products of intestinal fermentation, primarily in the large intestine. The gases consist of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane, with carbon dioxide and hydrogen being the most abundant. The gut-brain axis, regulated by the nervous system and gut microbiota, influences intestinal motility, hormone secretion, and metabolic processes. Gut microorganisms produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which play a significant role in regulating energy homeostasis and enteroendocrine hormone secretion.
Disruptions in gut microbiota, such as in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), lead to changes in gas production, discomfort, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Diagnosis of these conditions relies on breath tests and ruling out other pathologies. Additionally, carbohydrate intolerances, such as fructose or lactose intolerance, result in excessive gas production and malabsorption issues. Celiac disease, an autoimmune condition, causes damage to intestinal villi, impairing digestion and absorption. A comprehensive approach to diagnosing and treating these conditions, including dietary modifications and microbiological interventions, plays a crucial role in improving patients' quality of life
Advancements in the Treatment of Mucopolysaccharidoses: From Established Therapies to Gene Therapy
Full text linkIntroduction and purpose Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), a subset of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), are genetic disorders requiring pediatricians to recognize non-specific symptoms and carefully monitor newborns. Early diagnosis is essential for optimizing therapeutic outcomes. In recent years, significant progress has been made not only in the diagnostic process but also in the development of therapies. Established treatments, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), have been improved, while advancements in gene therapy have opened new possibilities.
State of knowledgeNumerous studies and clinical trials suggest that novel therapies could be game-changers in managing MPS. Among the promising new treatments are: blood-brain barrier (BBB)-penetrable enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), substrate reduction therapy, nonsense suppression therapy, and mRNA engineering. However, the most advanced treatments, that are currently under investigation are in-vivo and ex-vivo gene therapy.
ConclusionsThis article aims to review treatment options for MPS I (Hurler syndrome), highlighting the evolution from established therapies to innovative approaches
Immunodeficiency, Centromeric Instability, and Facial Dysmorphism (ICF) Syndrome: How HSCT alters the impairment of the DNA methylation process
Full text linkIntroduction and purposeIn 2024, the EBMT Inborn Errors Working Party published a study that confirmed the beneficial role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with immunodeficiency, centromeric instability, and facial dysmorphism (ICF) syndrome. In this article, we aim to present the characteristics of ICF in an accessible way, including its genetic background, clinical presentation, immunological alterations, and treatment options. A brief description of the state of knowledgeIn recent years, published reviews and series of cases have expanded the range of known symptoms and complications occurring in patients with ICF. Our understanding of immunological alterations in ICF evolved from isolated defects of immunoglobulin production to a comprehensive model, which involves impairment of cellular immunity. Advances in molecular biology and genetics enabled insights into the DNA methylation machinery, which allowed us to gain a more precise understanding of the pathogenesis of ICF and also opened up opportunities for the development of new therapeutic options.
Summary Inborn errors of immunity (IEI), such as ICF, are diagnosed at an early stage of life. It enables effective treatment with longer survival of the patients. It means that healthcare professionals are increasingly likely to encounter such patients in their clinical practice. Thus, it is crucial to inform about the usage of the HSCT in ICF syndrome and spread awareness of potential new treatment options, that may emerge in the near future
Oral Contraceptives and Thyroid Results: Navigating the Complex Interactions and Clinical Implications
Full text linkThis review explores the complex interactions between birth control pills and thyroid function, emphasizing the potential for misinterpreted thyroid test results and the risks associated with inappropriate treatment. Birth control pills, widely used for contraception, influence thyroid hormone binding proteins, leading to altered thyroid function test results that may mimic thyroid dysfunction. This can result in unnecessary levothyroxine prescriptions, with significant health implications. Additionally, the paper examines historical and recent perspectives on the relationship between hormonal contraceptives and hypothyroidism, highlighting a shift from a perceived risk to evidence of protective effects. Practical recommendations for healthcare providers, including the prioritization of TSH and FT3 measurements, aim to improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. This synthesis of evidence underscores the importance of informed clinical decision-making in managing thyroid health for individuals using oral contraceptives
The Role of Physical Activity in Successful Aging and Its Impact on Health and Life Satisfaction in Seniors
Full text linkDemographic aging of populations is a phenomenon observed in most countries worldwide. As a result, extending healthy life has become one of the key objectives of health policies in many nations. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a definition of healthy aging, describing it as the process of developing and maintaining functional abilities that ensure well-being in older age. In addition to systemic solutions supporting seniors, physical activity plays a critical role in the process of healthy aging. It is fundamental for maintaining physical fitness and independence in older adults. This paper aims to discuss the role of physical activity in the process of successful aging, reducing the risks associated with comorbidities, and its positive impact on overall life satisfaction
Clinical presentation and treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - analysis of recent diagnostic and therapeutic methods
Full text linkIntroduction Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare hematologic disease caused by reduced ADAMTS13 (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13) activity. This disease can lead to a variety of symptoms and be difficult to diagnose. Correct diagnosis is very important to reduce mortality and initiate appropriate treatment. New treatment methods may offer better chances of survival from this potentially fatal disease.
Aim of the study
The aim of the article was to evaluation of different diagnostic pathways and the effectiveness of treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Drawing the attention of the medical community to the discussed issue. Highlighting the importance of the issue due to the high mortality rate in the absence of treatment.
Materials and methods
The article was prepared by analyzing multiple databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Elsevier covering the period from 2018 to 2024.
Conclusion
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare but serious disease, especially if appropriate treatment is not initiated. There is need a special attention to TTP, as treatment needs to begin even before a definitive diagnosis is established, due to the lengthy wait for laboratory results. Although modern biological drugs are available, further research is needed to streamline treatment methods and provide new therapeutic opportunities.
The Impact of Environmental Factors on Skin and Tissue Ageing: Mechanisms, Effects, and Preventive Strategies
Full text linkIntroduction: Ageing is a natural biological process that affects every living being. With the passing of years, due to both internal and external factors, the skin's functions gradually weaken, and its regenerative processes slow down. This manifests as a decrease in elasticity, discoloration, and other visible signs of ageing. Factors such as sunlight, air pollution, smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, and physical activity play a crucial role in determining the rate of the ageing process.
The aim of the study: The aim of this article is to review the ageing process of the skin and other tissues, along with the impact of environmental factors. The paper focuses on mechanisms like oxidative stress, inflammation, and the decline in collagen and elastin production.
Material and Methods of Research: The literature was collected through searches in the PubMed, Google Scholar databases, and references from the initially retrieved articles with keywords including “skin aging” “environmental factors” and “oxidative stress”.
Conclusion:The ageing process encompasses structural and functional changes in the skin and other tissues, as well as alterations at the cellular and molecular levels. With advancing age, collagen and elastin production decreases, resulting in reduced elasticity, firmness, and resilience. Additionally, diminished bone and fat volume weakens structural support, leading to sagging skin and the development of fine wrinkles. The facial contour changes, and the wound-healing process becomes slower. Both genetic and environmental factors influence the ageing process. Environmental contributors such as UV radiation, air pollution, smoking, alcohol consumption, and an unhealthy diet exacerbate oxidative stress, thereby accelerating skin ageing. Conversely, adopting a healthy lifestyle—including regular physical activity, a diet rich in antioxidants, and avoiding excessive sun exposure—can help mitigate these effects and slow the ageing process.
 
Gut Microbiota in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases - Literature Review
Full text linkIntroduction
The gut microbiota, a complex community of microorganisms residing in the human gastrointestinal tract, is integral to various bodily functions.
Understanding the role of gut microbiota is essential due to its significant influence on human health and disease. Current research indicates that gut microbiota can modulate immune responses and maintain homeostasis.
Despite extensive studies, the specific mechanisms by which gut microbiota influences chronic inflammatory diseases remain unclear.
Investigating the interaction between gut microbiota and the immune system can provide new insights into potential therapeutic strategies for chronic inflammatory diseases.
Aim of the study
This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which gut microbiota affects immune responses, particularly in chronic inflammatory conditions. We hypothesize that alterations in gut microbiota composition can significantly modulate immune responses, thereby influencing the progression of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Conclusions
We discuss potential therapeutic interventions targeting the gut microbiota for chronic inflammatory diseases that encompass several approaches. These include the administration of probiotics and prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), diverse dietary modifications. Personalized microbiome-based therapies offer tailored interventions that combine various methodologies. Further scientific investigation is necessary to comprehensively elucidate and optimize these therapeutic strategies
Risks of using psilocybin in treatment of treatment-resistant depression
Full text linkIntroductionAs depression rates continue to rise globally, the need for more effective and innovative treatments has become increasingly urgent, highlighting the potential impact of psilocybin as a promising therapeutic option. However, to ensure its safe and effective integration into clinical practice, it is essential to establish robust safety parameters for its administration. This paper focuses on addressing the risks associated with psilocybin therapy. We believe this paper can help understand risks as a platform for safety based treatment.
Material and Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, supplemented by references cited in the initially identified articles. The search focused on studies and reviews addressing the challenges and risks associated with psilocybin use in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD)
Stress-Coping Strategies in Healthy Individuals and Patients with Atopic Dermatitis – Literature Review
Full text linkA chronic disease often disrupts the achievement of developmental tasks in a person's life. It can also lead to a major decrease in self-esteem and interrupt the formation of identity. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that significantly impacts the quality of life of affected individuals, both physically and psychologically. Stress is not only a common consequence of AD but also a potential exacerbating factor for its symptoms. This review explores the stress-coping strategies employed by individuals with AD and compares them with those used by healthy individuals. By analyzing relevant studies, the aim is to identify psychological and behavioral patterns associated with AD and propose recommendations for improving stress management in this population. The findings highlight the importance of integrating psychological interventions into dermatological care to address both the emotional and physical challenges of AD