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Gospodarka finansowa Polskiej Agencji Antydopingowej – wybrane aspekty
Full text linkThe Act of 21 April 2017 on combating doping in sport, abolished the - active since 1988 - Commission for Combating Doping in Sport. - Commission for Combating Doping in Sport, which was previously the main body for combating doping in sport, and was replaced by the Polish Anti-Doping Agency (abbreviated as POLADA). This article presents, on the basis of the aforementioned Act and other legal acts and literature, aspects of the financial management of this body, focusing on its revenues and own funds, and in particular on the issue of the public entity's business activities. In addition, reference will be made to the Agency's expenses and its financial plan and reporting activities, concluding with de lege ferenda considerations. This was also the aim of this article. A dogmatic-legal method is used in the study.Na podstawie ustawy z dnia 21 kwietnia 2017 r. o zwalczaniu dopingu w sporcie, zniesiono - działającą od 1988 r. - Komisję do spraw Zwalczania Dopingu w Sporcie, która była poprzednio głównym organem walki z dopingiem w sporcie, i zastąpiono ją Polską Agencją Antydopingową (w skrócie: POLADA). W artykule zostały przedstawione, na podstawie wspomnianej ustawy i innych aktów prawnych oraz literatury, aspekty gospodarki finansowej tego organu, skupiając się przy tym na jego przychodach i funduszach własnych, a w szczególności na kwestii prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej przez podmiot publiczny. Ponadto, będzie mowa o wydatkach Agencji oraz jej planie finansowym i działalności sprawozdawczej, kończąc na uwagach de lege ferenda. Stanowiło to jednocześnie cel niniejszej pracy. Zastosowano w opracowaniu metodę dogmatyczno-prawną
Language biographies of Suržyk speakers in the South of Ukraine: How do the language of education and a change of linguistic environment affect their linguistic repertoire?
Full text linkThe paper is devoted to the study of Ukrainian-Russian Mixed Speech, commonly called Suržyk. We explore connections between the Suržyk speakers’ biographies and their current linguistic repertoires, based on the analysis of 33 in-depth interviews recorded between late 2020 and early 2022 in three regions (Kherson, Mykolaiv, and Odesa) in the South of Ukraine. We analyse the development of linguistic repertoire since childhood to school to post-secondary education, and provide a case study of a 19-year-old Suržyk speaker as an illustration.Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie ukraińsko-rosyjskiej mowy mieszanej, potocznie zwanej surżykiem. Badamy związek między biografiami osób posługujących się surżykiem a ich obecnym repertuarem językowym, opierając się na analizie 33 wywiadów pogłębionych nagranych między końcem 2020 r. a początkiem 2022 r. w trzech regionach (Chersoń, Mikołajów i Odessa) na południu Ukrainy. Analizujemy rozwój repertuaru językowego od dzieciństwa przez szkołę po edukację policealną, dla zilustrowania problemu przedstawiamy studium przypadku 19-letniego użytkownika surżyka
Retoryka świadomości medialnej i mediatyzacji. Refleksje na temat postaw pokoleń young adults i silver
Full text linkThe analysis covers the ways of using media messages in teaching and the differences in media awareness of two generations. In the article, I analyze the specificity of the use of media and its perception by participants in the process of media education and mediatizated education, depending on their affiliation to generational groups. I draw on my own teaching experience in various age groups: University students, students of the University of the Third Age and the Open University.Analiza obejmuje sposoby wykorzystania przekazów medialnych w nauczaniu i różnic w świadomości medialnej dwóch pokoleń. W artykule przyglądam się specyfice korzystania z mediów i postrzegania ich przez uczestników procesu edukacji medialnej oraz edukacji zapośredniczonej medialnie w zależności od ich przynależności do grup pokoleniowych. Korzystam z własnych doświadczeń dydaktycznych w różnych grupach wiekowych: studentów, studentów uniwersytetu trzeciego wieku, uniwersytetu otwartego
Strategia i taktyka polityczna Komunistycznej Partii Jugosławii – od ataku Niemiec na ZSRS do wiosny 1943 roku
Full text linkThe article outlines the specific strategies and policies of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPY). Initially, the party functioned as a typical organisation that adhered to the directives of the Comintern, reflecting the interests and authority of the Kremlin. However, following the aggression of Germany and its allies against Yugoslavia and later against the USSR, KPY’s policies began to diverge increasingly from Moscow’s directives. This shift became evident during the talks with the Germans in March 1943, when Josip Broz Tito first demonstrated an independent and self-reliant stance that aligned with the interests of his party. This moment foreshadowed significant friction and tensions between the KPY and Moscow, ultimately leading to the conflict in 1948. As a result of this conflict, Yugoslavia found itself outside the Soviet bloc.W artykule została przedstawiona specyficzna strategia i polityka Komunistycznej Partii Jugosławii. W istocie była ona typową organizacją kierowaną przez naczelne instancje Kominternu zgodnie z interesami i wolą władców na Kremlu. Niemniej po agresji Niemiec i ich sojuszników na Jugosławię, a następnie na ZSRS polityka KPJ coraz wyraźniej zaczynała się rozmijać z moskiewskimi wytycznymi. Uwidoczniło się to m.in. w trakcie rozmów z Niemcami w marcu 1943 r., gdy Josip Broz-Tito zademonstrował samodzielną i niezależną postawę zgodną z interesami własnego ruchu. Zwiastowała ona późniejsze poważne tarcia i napięcia w stosunkach z Moskwą. Te zaś doprowadziły do konfliktu w 1948 r., w którego następstwie Jugosławia znalazła się poza blokiem sowieckim
Stanisław Lisowski and the Restitution of Incunabula of Monastic Provenance under the Treaty of Riga (1921)
Full text linkThe Treaty of Riga is considered one of the most important documents of the first half of the twentieth century for Eastern Europe. Few studies, however, address the question of the restitution of library and archive collections. The restitution of Polish cultural heritage was included in the Riga peace negotiations as one of the most important issues to be settled. The reconstruction of the restitution processes is important for the history of the collections of Polish libraries and archives as well as their contemporary holdings. Official documentation on the process of restitution burned down in 1944 during the Warsaw Rising. Therefore, unpublished archival material is an important source for reconstructing restitution processes. The papers of those who participated in the works of the Mixed Special Commission are an example of this type of material. The article draws on the papers of Stanisław Lisowski and his notes on the restitution of incunabula of monastic provenance (above all the libraries of Sieciechów and Czerwińsk)
Armii Czerwonej w województwie poznańskim portret niekompletny. Uwagi dotyczące książki Macieja Kościuszki
Full text linkThe study being reviewed is one of the few regional monographs that addresses the presence of the Red Army in Poland after the Second World War. This article aims to evaluate the book and challenge the author’s findings, as the depiction of Soviet soldiers stationed in the Poznań Voivodeship during 1945–1946 remains incomplete.Opracowanie jest jedną z nielicznych monografii regionalnych podejmujących kwestię obecności Armii Czerwonej na ziemiach polskich po zakończeniu II wojny światowej. W artykule podjęto próbę oceny książki oraz polemiki z ustaleniami Autora, ponieważ kreślony przez niego obraz stacjonowania żołnierzy radzieckich w województwie poznańskim w latach 1945–1946 pozostaje niepełny
Endometriosis - Treatment Methods and the Impact of Physical Activity on Symptoms
Full text linkEndometriosis is a leading cause of chronic pelvic pain in women of reproductive age, significantly impacting the quality of life. Numerous hypotheses regarding the etiology of endometriosis and its diverse clinical presentation limit the effectiveness of treatment to symptom management, as there is no targeted cure. This review presents the current understanding of how physical activity may contribute to the management of symptoms associated with endometriosis and summarizes the therapeutic strategies employed. 
Frozen Shoulder - Evaluating the Effectiveness of Physical Therapy against Other Interventions Like Corticosteroid Injections, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), and Surgical Options – A Literature Review
Full text linkFrozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition characterized by pain and progressive restriction of shoulder joint movement, significantly affecting quality of life. This literature review evaluates the comparative efficacy of physical therapy against other therapeutic interventions, including corticosteroid injections, NSAIDs, and surgical options such as manipulation under anesthesia and arthroscopic capsular release. The study highlights the need for individualized treatment strategies and further research to refine clinical guidelines.
The management of frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) requires a tailored approach, considering the stage of the condition and patient-specific factors. Physical therapy remains a cornerstone of treatment, particularly in the frozen and thawing stages, and is most effective when combined with other interventions. While corticosteroid injections demonstrate significant short-term benefits in pain relief and functional improvement, their efficacy diminishes over time unless supported by a structured rehabilitation program. NSAIDs are primarily beneficial for managing inflammation and pain in the early stages but do not significantly alter the course of the condition when used in isolation. Surgical interventions such as manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) and arthroscopic capsular release are reserved for cases resistant to conservative management. Though both surgical options yield comparable outcomes, arthroscopic capsular release is increasingly favored due to its precision and reduced risk of complications compared to MUA. Overall, early intervention with a multimodal strategy incorporating corticosteroid injections, targeted physical therapy, and patient education optimizes outcomes. Future research should focus on identifying patient subgroups that benefit most from specific interventions and on standardizing treatment protocols
Bacteriological threats in water sports: Challenges and Health Risks in the Lead - Up to Major Sporting Events
Full text linkIntroduction: Water quality is a critical issue affecting human health, with contamination by pathogens leading to various diseases. Pathogens in water, often transmitted through the fecal-oral route, pose significant risks, causing gastrointestinal diseases and bacterial diarrhea. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set water quality standards for recreational use, and sports events like triathlons and the Olympics may involve waterborne infection risks. Additionally, athletes in water sports face health risks from physical exertion and environmental conditions, including exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, hypothermia, hyperthermia and swimming-induced pulmonary edema. Understanding these risks and implementing preventive measures are crucial for ensuring the safety and health of athletes and participants in water-based sports events.
Purpose of the work: The purpose of this study is to review the impact and risks of pathogenic microorganisms found in water on the health and physical performance of athletes. Special attention is given to the organization of water sports competitions in the context of microbiological threats.
Materials and methods: A comprehensive analysis of research articles available on PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus was conducted using search terms related to: "water sports", "microbiological hazards", "water pathogens", "water quality", "athletes" and "prevention."
Results: Microbiological threats included in water expose participants in major sporting events to potential infection that can cause various health issues. To reduce these risks, water quality standards must be monitored, and actions should be taken when limits are exceeded. Event organizers must prioritize athlete safety, considering factors like weather and water quality, and involve public health authorities in decision-making. If health risks are identified, rescheduling or changing the event location should be considered