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Exploring the Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Savings for the Future in Poland
No full textMotivation: The rapid pace of modern changes has profoundly impacted Polish society, with adverse demographic shifts posing a significant challenge to long-term financial sustainability. The possibility of obtaining an insufficient amount of financial resources resulting from the benefit poses the necessity of taking care of one's future on one's own after the end of one's professional career. In the face of current challenges, understanding the factors influencing the decision to save for the future becomes an important element.
Aim: The study aims to identify variables that significantly influence the probability of saving for the future.
Results: Using logit models, an analysis of data on 509 respondents from Poland was conducted. The results indicate that younger people are more likely to take the initiative to save for the future compared to a group of people who are at the end of their careers. In addition, factors such as a higher level of education, higher income, or salary satisfaction significantly increase the decision to save for the future. An analogous situation exists among those who have sustainable consumer spending, i.e., they do not allocate all of their current income growth to consumer spending. In addition, people who are convinced of their ability to accumulate funds for a higher pension on their own are more likely to undertake saving for the future. The results suggest that efforts should target younger generations with lower income levels and education. Raising financial awareness and encouraging sustainable financial management can contribute to having enough money for retirement in the face of current demographic challenges. The results obtained can form the basis for the development of optimal, effective educational strategies and financial incentives that would ensure the financial security and stability of citizens at the end of their working lives.
Keywords: pension system, saving, demographics, logit models
JEL: C01; E21; J2
Uwagi historyka i heraldyka po lekturze książki Radosława Grabowskiego o statusie prawnym polskich symboli narodowych i państwowych
Full text linkThe White Eagle is studied by researchers of various specialities. It is usually studied by heraldists, sphragists and vexillologists. In the Second Republic of Poland, the Polish state eagle (as a theme) inspired artists-artists. In 1919, the Law on the Emblems of the Republic was created, in which the heraldic custom concerning the emblems of Poland was included in a provision. From then on, the White Eagle began to interest lawyers in the creation of heraldic law and the enforcement of heraldic law. As part of the legal analysis of Polish heraldic law, a monograph on the legal status of Polish symbols was written. This work has a historical and heraldic knowledge component. This component has been evaluated and the critical conclusions of the evaluation have been written up in the remarks of the historian and heraldist.Orzeł Biały jest przedmiotem badań naukowców różnych specjalności. Zazwyczaj badają go heraldycy, sfragistycy i weksylolodzy. W międzywojniu polski orzeł państwowy (jako temat) inspirował artystów-plastyków. W 1919 r. powstała ustawa o godłach Rzeczypospolitej, w której zwyczaj heraldyczny dotyczący godeł Polski został ujęty w przepisy i - w konsekwencji - spowodowała, że Orzeł Biały zaczął interesować prawników w zakresie tworzenie prawa heraldycznego i egzekwowania przepisów prawa heraldycznego. W ramach prawniczych analiz polskiego prawa heraldycznego powstała monografia o statusie prawnym polskich symboli. Praca ta ma w sobie komponent wiedzy historycznej i heraldycznej i ten komponent został poddany ocenie, a krytyczne konkluzje z oceny zostały spisane w uwagach historyka i heraldyka
Sylwia Bykowska, Między migracją a integracją. Społeczeństwo Gdańska w latach 1945-1960, IH PAN, Warszawa 2024, ss.478.
Full text linkRecenzja książki Sylwi Bykowskiej pt. Między migracją a integracją. Społeczeństwo Gdańska w latach 1945-1960, IH PAN, Warszawa 2024, ss.478
Dopuszczalność odbywania posiedzeń oraz podejmowania uchwał na piśmie lub przy wykorzystaniu środków bezpośredniego porozumiewania się na odległość przez walne zgromadzenie spółdzielni mieszkaniowej
Full text linkactivities are shaped by the cooperation of their members. In implementing the cooperation process, it is important to provide members with the opportunity to actively participate in meetings of the cooperative’s bodies, including the general meeting, which performs decision-making functions. Granting the right to vote on resolutions being processed paves the way for members to exert real influence on shaping the directions of the cooperative’s activities. However, deprivation of this influence may result in the adoption of a resolution being considered absolutely invalid. The article discusses the methods of holding general meetings allowed by the legislator, as well as the related voting methods. In particular, the legality of using non-meeting forms during the epidemic and non-epidemic periods was considered.Spółdzielnie mieszkaniowe stanowią przykład korporacyjnych osób prawnych, których działalność kształtowana jest w drodze współdziałania ich członków. Istotne w realizacji procesu współdziałania jest zapewnienie członkom możliwości aktywnego uczestniczenia w posiedzeniach organów spółdzielni, w tym walnego zgromadzenia, pełniącego funkcje uchwałodawcze. Przyznanie prawa głosu nad procedowanymi uchwałami toruje członkom drogę do wywierania rzeczywistego wpływu na kształtowanie kierunków działalności spółdzielni. Pozbawienie natomiast owego wpływu może skutkować uznaniem podjętej uchwały za bezwzględnie nieważną. W artykule omówione zostały dopuszczone przez ustawodawcę sposoby odbywania posiedzeń walnego zgromadzenia, a nadto powiązane z nimi sposoby głosowania. W szczególności rozważono legalność posługiwania się formami pozaposiedzeniowymi w okresie epidemicznym oraz pozaepidemicznym
Wokół granic pomocy humanitarnej wobec migrantów o nieuregulowanym statusie z perspektywy prawa porównawczego
No full textThe criminalisation of migrant smuggling is part of migration management. It is intended to combat the activities of organised criminal groups in this area. However, it is possible that criminal provisions criminalising the smuggling of migrants are used against persons providing humanitarian assistance to migrants in life or health-threatening situations. The aim of the article is therefore to analyse international and European law regulations to the extent that they impose on states an obligation or the possibility to exclude criminal liability of the latter. The article analyses the provisions of the UN Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air and the Council Directive defining the facilitation of illegal entry, transit and residence. It also analyses Polish and Italian criminal law regulations in this area.Kryminalizacja przerzutu migrantów jest elementem zarządzania migracjami. Z założenia ma na celu zwalczanie działalności zorganizowanych grup przestępczych w tym obszarze. Bywa jednak tak, że przepisy karne penalizujące przerzut migrantów wykorzystywane są przeciwko osobom niosącym pomoc humanitarną migrantom znajdującym się w sytuacji zagrożenia życia lub zdrowia. Celem artykułu jest zatem analiza regulacji prawa międzynarodowego i europejskiego w zakresie, w jakim nakłada na państwa obowiązek lub możliwość wyłączenia odpowiedzialności karnej tych ostatnich. W artykule przeanalizowano zapisy Protokołu ONZ przeciwko przemytowi migrantów drogą lądową, morską i powietrzną oraz Dyrektywy Rady definiującej ułatwianie nielegalnego wjazdu, tranzytu i pobytu. Analizie poddano także regulacje prawa karnego polskiego oraz włoskiego w tym zakresie
Believing in Yourself Matters! The Impact of Classroom Gratitude Week Intervention on Self-Regulation: The Role of Self-Esteem and Self-Effectiveness: Believing in Yourself Matters! The Impact of Classroom Gratitude Week Intervention on Self-Regulation: The Role of Self-Esteem and Self-Effectiveness
No full textHintergrund: Auf Dankbarkeit basierende Interventionen wurden in der Vergangenheit in zahlreichen Studien untersucht und es wurde bestätigt, dass sie negative Auswirkungen auf die psychische Gesundheit, z. B. Stress, negative Emotionen, depressive Stimmung und Angst, signifikant reduzieren und positive Aspekte, z. B. Lebenszufriedenheit, positive Emotionen und Beziehungsqualität, steigern. Es gibt jedoch nur wenige Forschungsarbeiten, die sich mit dem Ausdruck von Dankbarkeit im Klassenzimmer befasst haben, und unseres Wissens nach hat keine dieser Arbeiten ihre Wirksamkeit auf die Selbstregulierungsprozesse von Jugendlichen getestet.
Zielsetzung: In der vorliegenden Studie haben wir daher die Auswirkungen der Dankbarkeitsintervention im Klassenzimmer auf Veränderungen in der Selbstregulation untersucht.
Methoden: Die befragten polnischen Jugendlichen nahmen an einer klassenraumspezifischen Intervention zum Ausdruck von Dankbarkeit in der Schule teil (N=149, 54 Mädchen) und wurden hinsichtlich des Niveaus zweier Indikatoren von Selbstkonstrukten in drei Untergruppen unterteilt.
Ergebnisse: Es gab eine signifikante Abnahme der kognitiven Selbstregulation von vor bis nach der Intervention. Wir beobachteten jedoch eine Zunahme der Selbstregulierung bei Schülern mit geringem Selbstwertgefühl, eine Abnahme der Selbstregulierung bei Schülern mit mittlerem Selbstwertgefühl und keine signifikanten Veränderungen bei Jugendlichen mit hohem Selbstwertgefühl. Außerdem dokumentierten wir eine Zunahme der verhaltensbezogenen Selbstregulierung bei Schülern mit geringer Selbstwirksamkeit und eine Abnahme der emotionalen Regulierung bei Schülern mit hoher Selbstwirksamkeit. Dankbarkeit sagte Veränderungen in der emotionalen und Verhaltensregulation positiv voraus, während sie sich negativ auf die kognitive Regulation auswirkte.
Schlussfolgerungen: Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Wirksamkeit einer klassenstufenspezifischen Dankbarkeitsintervention zur Verbesserung der Selbstregulierung direkt von der Selbstkonstruktion abhängt und für Jugendliche mit geringem Selbstwertgefühl vorteilhafter ist.Background: Gratitude-based interventions have been examined by numerous past studies and were confirmed to significantly reduce adverse mental health outcomes, e.g., distress, negative emotions, depressive mood, and anxiety and to increase positive aspects, e.g., life satisfaction, positive emotions, and quality of relationships. Yet, minimal research has examined classroom-specific gratitude expression interventions, and to our knowledge, none of them have tested their effectiveness on adolescents self-regulation processes. Objective: Thus, in the current study, we assessed the impact of Classroom Gratitude Intervention on changes in self-regulation. Methods: Surveyed Polish adolescents participated in classroom-specific gratitude expression intervention at school (N = 149, 54 girls), and divided into three subgroups regarding the level of two indicators of self-constructs. Results: There was a significant decrease in cognitive self-regulation from pre- to post-intervention. However, we observed an increase in self-regulation among low self-esteem students, a decrease in self-regulation among those with medium self-esteem, and no significant changes among youths with high self-esteem. We also documented an increase in behavioral self-regulation among low self-efficiency students, and a decrease in emotional regulation among high self-efficiency students. Gratitude positively predicted changes in emotional and behavioral regulation, and negatively in cognitive regulation.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the effectiveness of a classroom-specific gratitude intervention in enhancing self-regulation directly depends on self-constructs, and is more beneficial for adolescents with low self-esteem.Background: Gratitude-based interventions have been examined by numerous past studies and were confirmed to significantly reduce adverse mental health outcomes, e.g., distress, negative emotions, depressive mood, and anxiety and to increase positive aspects, e.g., life satisfaction, positive emotions, and quality of relationships. Yet, minimal research has examined classroom-specific gratitude expression interventions, and to our knowledge, none of them have tested their effectiveness on adolescents self-regulation processes. Objective: Thus, in the current study, we assessed the impact of Classroom Gratitude Intervention on changes in self-regulation. Methods: Surveyed Polish adolescents participated in classroom-specific gratitude expression intervention at school (N = 149, 54 girls), and divided into three subgroups regarding the level of two indicators of self-constructs. Results: There was a significant decrease in cognitive self-regulation from pre- to post-intervention. However, we observed an increase in self-regulation among low self-esteem students, a decrease in self-regulation among those with medium self-esteem, and no significant changes among youths with high self-esteem. We also documented an increase in behavioral self-regulation among low self-efficiency students, and a decrease in emotional regulation among high self-efficiency students. Gratitude positively predicted changes in emotional and behavioral regulation, and negatively in cognitive regulation.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the effectiveness of a classroom-specific gratitude intervention in enhancing self-regulation directly depends on self-constructs, and is more beneficial for adolescents with low self-esteem
The Quality of Late Adolescents’ Online Dating Relationships: A Peri-Pandemic Perspective
Full text linkThe study delves into late adolescents’ relationships peri-pandemic, examining online communication’s impact. It explores relationships’ structure, tying the quality of dating relationships to sociodemographic traits and relationship ambivalence. These facets, previously discussed individually in the literature, are consolidated into a unique model for the first time consisted of 16 independent and 10 dependent variables. The study expected a complex interplay involving gender, education, religious commitment, and cultural influences across the chosen Central and Southern European countries as Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. A sample of 691 European late adolescents, both female (55%) and male, with an average age of 22 and who were currently or previously engaged in close relationships, was analysed. Canonical analysis was used as a main method of data process. Findings highlight the role of partnership, relationship satisfaction, ambivalence, gender, and nationality in determining the quality of online dating, love dynamics, and partner identification.The study delves into late adolescents’ relationships peri-pandemic, examining online communication’s impact. It explores relationships’ structure, tying the quality of dating relationships to sociodemographic traits and relationship ambivalence. These facets, previously discussed individually in the literature, are consolidated into a unique model for the first time consisted of 16 independent and 10 dependent variables. The study expected a complex interplay involving gender, education, religious commitment, and cultural influences across the chosen Central and Southern European countries as Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. A sample of 691 European late adolescents, both female (55%) and male, with an average age of 22 and who were currently or previously engaged in close relationships, was analysed. Canonical analysis was used as a main method of data process. Findings highlight the role of partnership, relationship satisfaction, ambivalence, gender, and nationality in determining the quality of online dating, love dynamics, and partner identification
On What There Is Not : Extensible markup language and rules for making inferences
Full text linkThis paper investigates how the use of different rules for making inferences affects our understanding of what certain Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents do not represent. The aim is to show that we can infer different, contrasting things from the same XML documents, thereby weakening the communication that XML is supposed to support. There are three main reasons why the paper focuses on XML. First, XML, as a metalanguage, has no inherent rules for making inferences, but it also has no constraints on the technologies, systems, or theories that support or define the rules that can be used in conjunction with it. Second, XML is still widely used, and there are many other markup languages based on XML. This means that the critical analysis of these pages is, in principle, extendable to contexts where XML is involved and/or the rules for making inferences are not inherently supported. Third, since XML is explicitly intended to support communication between people, between software applications, and between people and software applications, this analysis may also shed new light on some of the theoretical assumptions behind such communication
Nauczyciel prowadzący w przedszkolu australijskim – refleks je nie tylko pedagogiczne
Full text linkAn increasing number of immigrants from all over the world coming to Australia, makes the continent a multicultural environment where diversity can be seen everywhere, including educational institutions. The Australian preschools are becoming a place where different cultures, languages and traditions meet and require sensitivity and openness to diversity from all members of the community. The article aims to present the experience of a teacher working in a multicultural kindergarten in Australia. The author shares the reflections of the everyday reality at work, focusing on presenting issues related to the functioning of a teacher and a child in such a culturally diverse environment. It also describes the path one must follow to become a teacher in the local kindergarten. It explains the importance of the methodological support the teacher receives in working with such a culturally diverse group.The article contains thoughts on the difficulties that may arise in everyday practice, but also on the opportunities for development offered by working in a multicultural group in Australia.Do Australii napływa coraz większa grupa imigrantów z całego świata, co sprawia, że kontynent ten staje się środowiskiem wielokulturowym, w którym różnorodność dostrzegamy na każdym kroku, również w placówkach edukacyjnych. Przybierają one postać miejsca, w którym spotykają się różne kultury, języki i tradycje, oraz wymagają od wszystkich członków społecznościniezwykłej wrażliwości i otwartości na różnorodność. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie doświadczeń nauczyciela pracującego w międzynarodowej grupie przedszkolnej w Australii. Autorka opisuje refleksje dotyczące codziennej rzeczywistości w pracy, skupiając się na przedstawieniu zagadnień związanych z funkcjonowaniem nauczyciela i dziecka w tak zróżnicowanym kulturowo środowisku.Opisuje również ścieżkę, jaką trzeba przejść, by zostać nauczycielem w tutejszym przedszkolu, oraz wyjaśnia znaczenie wsparcia metodycznego, jakie otrzymuje w zakresie pracy z tak zróżnicowaną kulturowo grupą. Artykuł zawiera refleksje nad trudnościami, jakie mogą pojawić się w codziennej praktyce, ale również nad możliwościami rozwoju, oferowanymi przez pracę w grupie międzykulturowej w Australii
Artificial Intelligence, Neurodiversity, and Trust: An Exploratory Overview
Full text linkThe paper examines the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI), neurodiversity, and trust. It aims to address the gap in understanding the impact AI has on neurodivergent individuals. First, it provides a general introduction to neurodiversity, highlighting its variations and societal significance. Second, the paper introduces AI, focusing on its potential to support neurodivergent individuals in overcoming challenges related to communication, executive functioning, sensory processing, education and socialization. The paper proceeds by exploring the complexities of trust from a philosophical perspective. It stresses that trust in AI could be seen as "delegated trust," which is directed towards the developers, regulators, and institutions behind AI systems rather than the AI itself. However, main focus on trust regarding AI is from the end-user perspective. Ultimately, the paper advocates for carefully crafted regulations that balance the benefits of AI for neurodivergent individuals with the risks of over-reliance and the need for strong privacy protections