European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences
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Dissipative Structures Emerging in an Abstract Representation of a Neural Network Satisfying Hebb’s Hypothesis
Get PDFThis study presents a mathematical model of the learning process satisfying Hebb's assumptions: i.e. given any external input, a system of interconnected elements must necessarily give rise to an appropriate pattern of stable spatiotemporal activity. The author, adopting this point of view, did not use the models that consider learning as a modification of specific interconnection coefficients; instead, he made use of the continuous mathematical models of morphogenesis, identifying learning with the process of the formation of a dissipative structure; i.e., of a stable non-equilibrium structure, which is formed from a state of homogeneous equilibrium, as soon as certain parameters exceed specific critical values. 
Valuation of the Effect of Herbicides on the Honey Bee Apis mellifera (Linnaeuos, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Middle Iraq
Get PDFThe study was conducted between February and April 2022 with the aim of knowing the effect of agricultural activities on the condition of the honey bee population in middle Iraq 30%, 17% and 11%, respectively. A survey of a set of data on traditional beekeepers, honey sellers and farmers were conducted. The survey was conducted in three selected areas of middle Iraq, namely Muqdadiyah, Dujail and Rashidiya, due to the prosperous of the beekeeping profession there. The methods of descriptive frequencies and chi-square (χ2) were used in the statistical analysis of the obtained data. The percentage of beekeepers in the study area was 100% male, 64% of them were in the age group 60-82 years, 50% of them had primary education and had a number of beehives, 32% and 28% of them had secondary and university education, and the highest percentage of participants in beekeeping for those aged 38-26 years, it amounted to 50%, while the lowest percentage was for those over 45 years old, which was 4%. The population groups of honey bees ranged between a decrease and a moderate, high and slight increase due to death or migration or both reasons, in addition to the improper use of herbicides, the removal of trees and palm groves, pollution of river water and burning of the herbaceous areas at a certain rate for each reason amounting to 47%, 34%, 19%, 42%, 30%, 17% and 11% respectively. Therefore, pesticides and herbicides should not be used during the flowering period of plants. Chemical pesticides should be replaced with biological pesticides to reduce the toxicity of chemicals on insect appendages. 
Olinto de Pretto a Citizen Scientist a Century Ago
Get PDFThe paper is an examination by the author of the contents of a publication written by the Italian scholar Olinto De Pretto in 1904. This work was virtually unknown until it was cited a few years ago by the Italian professor Umberto Bartocci. Bartocci, who teaches the history of mathematics at the University of Peru, confirmed that De Pretto had written the mass-energy equivalence formula of special relativity in his paper a year before Einstein's famous article. Bartocci affirmed that Einstein could have understood formula by a friend of his who was a friend of De Pretto too Bartocci idea was not taken seriously. The author has now examined De Pretto's paper. In this paper De Pretto presented his vision of the universe as composed of matter and luminiferous ether in interaction with each other and both having an atomic structure. In this paper there are similarities with aspects of contemporary physics, including a formula formally equivalent to the most famous formula of Einstein's theory of relativity. However, De Pretto's vision is entirely internal to classical physics and is therefore surpassed by the facts. The figure of De Pretto, on the other hand, is very interesting and has strong similarities with the current phenomenon of citizen science. 
Pema’s Quest in Shambhala (2024)
Get PDFShambhala is a mystical kingdom in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, a centre of spiritual and philosophical discourse. It focuses on Pema's quest in Nepal. It examines the symbolic and thematic features present in the film Shambhala, directed by Min Bahadur Bham. The film, which delves deeply into the protagonist's private and spiritual journey, projects the search for meaning and identity. A qualitative research methodology is employed in this paper, focusing on the investigation of narrative elements of the film Shambhala. The research looks at the filmmaking techniques, dialogues and visual treatments to analyse the thematic issues of the film. In addition, Stuart Hall's cultural theory and philosophical discourse will be used to contextualise the film within the Nepalese context. In addition, Erik Erikson's theory of psychological development, Henri Tajfel's theory of social identity and John Turner's theories of self-categorisation are used to analyse self-identity. For conflict, Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory and Carl Jung's Jungian shadow theory are used, while for spirituality, Abraham Maslow's self-actualisation, Ken Wilber and Stanislav Grov's transpersonal psychology are used. These perspectives help to examine how Pema's identity has been shaped, contested and reinterpreted over time. The paper uses narrative analysis, thematic interpretation and cultural theory to explore the deeper meanings behind the film's content and to illuminate its broader philosophical implications. It argues that Shambhala functions as a mythical exemplar of self-discovery, in which Pema's physical excursion is reflected as an inner transformation towards self-awareness, conflict resolution and spiritual enlightenment. 
Compound Materials in Optoelectronics: A Review of Their Prospects and Applications
Get PDFRecent advances in mechanics and material design have enabled the development of optoelectronic circuits, systems, and devices that are curved, flexible, stretchable, and biocompatible. This progress allows for the seamless integration of optoelectronic devices with biological systems, supporting applications ranging from high-speed communication to energy conversion. This in-depth review study critically explores the groundbreaking potential and cutting-edge applications of compound materials in revolutionizing optoelectronic devices. The research delves into a range of compound materials, such as organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, III-V and II-VI semiconductors, and two-dimensional (2D) materials, emphasizing their distinct optoelectronic attributes, such as adaptable bandgaps, elevated electron mobility, and exceptional light absorption and emission capabilities. A detailed discussion is held on the benefits of these materials, including increased efficiency, thermal stability, and variety in applications. The influence of compound materials on the environment and their integration and scalability are also discussed, along with the difficulties and constraints posed by these factors. This review is also given to recent developments in material science and engineering, such as the creation of unique material systems and inventive production methods. The results highlight compound materials' potential to transform optoelectronics and open the door for further technological advancements. 
The Theory and Practice of 5D BIM Model for Construction Project Management
Get PDFThis paper explores 5D BIM for construction project management from a theoretical and practical standpoint. Building information modeling (BIM), which enables designers, engineers, contractors, and other team members to more efficiently cooperate using a single digital model of the building, has changed the construction business. In 5D BIM, the two additional dimensions of time and money further improve the model's functionality by allowing for more precise cost estimating, cost control, and project scheduling. This research looks on the main advantages and difficulties of using 5D BIM in building project management. The research assesses how 5D BIM may boost project efficiency, lower risks, and improve project results through a detailed literature review and case studies. It looks on the main advantages and difficulties of using 5D BIM in building project management. The article discovers the various technologies and software tools available for 5D BIM modeling and reviews their capabilities, benefits, and drawbacks. The paper finishes with a list of suggestions, including training programs, communication protocols, and project management approaches, for successfully using 5D BIM in construction project management. Overall, this research offers insightful information about the theory and application of 5D BIM for construction project management, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize the sector and enhance project results. 
The Impact of Parasites on the Physiological Function of Animals and the Host-Parasite Relationship
Get PDFThe presence of parasites in host animals can lead to changes in various functions in the host animal, such as disorders of haematopoiesis, immunosuppression, changes in the digestive functions of the gastrointestinal tract, effects on food intake and enzymatic degradation related to digestion. The modification of the host animal's physiological functions and subsequent fractal behaviour becomes a complex system that plays an important role in this area. This work is based on the fractal model, which was mainly used to screen the main physiological modulations and their inherent intrinsic properties of space using histological criteria. Ultimately, the spatial conformation of gastrointestinal tissues is plastically adapted to maximise the efficient distribution of resources within an animal. The many attractive properties of fractal spatial statistics have facilitated many developments in the field. To characterise these properties more specifically, the shape of the model has generally been derived from the relationship of the hypervolume and surface of the fractal to a high-dimensional Euclidean space. This paper discusses two advanced biophysical models and offers an inductive relationship equation to characterise the spatial constraints between gastrointestinal samples and their amoebic infective amoebiasis with the spatial distribution within a mode. The results reflect the relationship between growth patterns and variations in the intrinsic properties of the series. 
Mass Media Contribution in Resilience Capacity Building Before, During and After Disaster in The Niger Delta Region, Nigeria
Get PDFThe paper examines the contribution of mass media in resilience capacity building before, during, and after disasters in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. It explores the concept of mass media, objectives and impacts of risk communication, the cost of oil spills, and capacity building required to achieve community resilience to Oil spills-related disasters in the study area. Quantitative data collection methods were used to elicit information from respondents selected for the study, while descriptive and inferential statistics like the ANOVA and Multiple Regression analysis were employed for data presentation and analysis. Findings revealed that only 32.7% of the sampled respondents agreed that mass media adequately informs them about the available resources and support system for affected communities and that it effectively communicates environmental risk and hazards associated with oil spills with 38.8% agreed, while 84.6% agreed that media informs better after a disaster had occurred, 62.5% during, and just 26.7% before it occurs. It stressed the need for media communicators to acquire increased capacity in terms of risk knowledge (84%) and existing local adaptation and coping measures 68.1%. It recommends improved knowledge capacity by the media to enable them to inform the community at risk promptly and correctly, invest in and utilize modern ICT platforms for their reportage, improved response in line with global best practice of media role in disaster management, while government should organize workshops to create more awareness on mass media usage towards enhanced community participation for resilience capacity building of oil spilled communities in the Niger Delta. 
Antimicrobial Resistance in Meat-Producing Animals: Implications for Food Safety and Public Health
Get PDF"Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most significant public health challenges of the 21st century. This review examines the complex issue of antimicroЬial resistance in meat-producing animals and its implications for food safety and public health. The widespread use of antimicroЬials in food animal production for disease treatment, prevention, and growth promotion has contributed substantially to the emergence and spread of antimicroЬial-resistant bacteria. These resistant organisms can Ье transmitted to humans through the food chain, direct animal contact, and environmental routes. This review analyzes the current evidence regarding antimicroЬial use patterns in livestock production, resistance development and transmission mechanisms, surveillance systems, and the economic burden associated with antimicroЬial resistance. Additionally, it evaluates mitigation strategies, including regulatory approaches, alternative production practices, and novel interventions to reduce antimicroЬial use while maintaining animal health and productivity. The review concludes with recommendations for integrated One Health approaches that bring together agricultural, veterinary, environmental, and humanhealth sectors to address this complex challenge.
Stability in the Shadows: Somaliland's Innovative Governance and Its Quest for International Recognition
Get PDFSomaliland, a self-declared independent state in the Horn of Africa, presents a unique case study of post-conflict governance and state-building. Since its emergence following the collapse of the Siad Barre regime in 1991, Somaliland has embarked on an ambitious journey to establish a functional state, offering valuable insights into resilience and alternative pathways for reconstruction in regions where traditional state-centric models have failed. This study examines Somaliland's innovative governance model, which is characterized by a hybrid system that integrates traditional clan-based authority with modern democratic principles. This research highlights the role of local agencies, community participation, and indigenous solutions in fostering sustainable peace and development. Somaliland's experience challenges conventional approaches to state-building and peacemaking in fragile regions, emphasizing the importance of understanding and leveraging traditional conflict-resolution mechanisms, clan-based politics, and local power dynamics. This study also explores the challenges Somaliland faces in its quest for international recognition, as its de facto independence raises critical questions about the criteria for statehood and legitimacy within the global political sphere. The implications of Somaliland's governance model extend beyond its borders, sparking broader discussions on sovereignty, self-determination, and the potential for stability in post-conflict environments. By analyzing Somaliland's resilience strategies, socioeconomic development initiatives, and engagement with regional dynamics, this research contributes to the discourse on alternative forms of political organization and governance in contemporary international relations.