European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences
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A Comprehensive Review of Irrigation Practices and Challenges in Bangladesh: Pathways to Sustainable Agricultural Productivity
Get PDFCrop water is a critical input in any farming systems across the globe, especially in the developing countries in South Asia where appropriate water management in the farming systems remains a major challenge such as in the case of Bangladesh. This review also aimed at describing changes in the status and the perspective of the irrigation systems in Bangladesh. This shift in the water resource base from surface water irrigation to groundwater in the early 1980s paved way to ensure food self-sufficiency, a feat the country accomplished in the early 1990s. But with the increased use of groundwater sources there have been some questions on the sustainability of this source, this has seen a shift back to surface water and better irrigation techniques and practices like micro-irrigation, drips and auto irrigation. This paper aims to review the global practices of irrigation, practicing a contrast between gravity irrigators and pressurized irrigators, besides also focusing on the opportunities and risks of the drip irrigation especially in the arid zones. It also reviews the critical issues confronted by Bangladesh such as climate change, water sector problem, and water saving irrigation system. The discoveries advise that smart water irrigation technologies should be included for better efficiency for irrigation in Bangladesh so that productivity is not checked in the coming future. With regards to this, it is the hope of this review to pinpoint the areas to be enhanced so as to support policy and practice for the enhancement of the management of water resources as well as meeting the needs of the agricultural sector in the future. 
Advanced Computer Technologies in Enhancing New Energy Vehicles
Get PDFThe development of the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry is rapid, which has greatly promoted the progress of automotive technology through computer systems. In this paper, the potential nuclear effects of computer technology on NEVs are explored. This report analyses the development and comparative analysis of five key areas: Battery Management Systems (BMS), Charging Management Systems (CMS), autonomous driving technology, fault diagnosis systems, and intelligent control mechanisms. Utilising sophisticated algorithms, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and big data analytics allows these systems to reduce energy consumption, better vehicle performance, and prolong battery life. Finally, the paper considers those innovations as being crucial for advancements in NEV technology, such as Vehicles Diagnostics & Training using Virtual Reality (VR) and energy storage via Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology. Additionally, this paper highlights the importance of fault diagnosis systems to ensure vehicle reliability and minimise downtime. Key future suggestions pertain to a deeper AI use for intelligent decisions, the development of ultra-fast charging solutions and cybersecurity improvements to safeguard connected vehicles. This underscores the changing effect of computer technology on the NEV industry and suggests directions for future research to help it adapt and prosper. 
Study of the Effect of Anisotropic Metamaterials on Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Cylindrical Waveguides
Get PDFThis research is centered on investigating electromagnetic wave propagation in metamaterials with anisotropic features. These metamaterials are distinguished from isotropic materials in regard to their effects on waves. Unlike single-negative materials (SNG), all modes propagate in reverse, then transform into forward propagation with positive energy flow at a certain frequency. In inhomogeneous waveguides, some higher modes show a continuous energy flow, either positive or negative, without transitions. The contrast factor is an important element in controlling the propagation properties within waveguides, as its modification affects the propagation direction and other wave properties. 
Frequency Planning for Optimized Resource Allocation in High-Density Networks Using Machine Learning
Get PDFFrequency resource allocation in high-density networks generates significant challenges, particularly in environments with changing user demands in the midst of high congestion. Machine learning-based frequency scheduling offers dynamic resolution for optimizing network resources, such as bandwidth and frequency reuse, by using real-time data. The research work investigates the use of ML algorithms to enhance frequency reuse efficiency, focusing on maximizing network capacity while reducing interference. By integrating predictive models, adaptive frequency reuse strategies can be developed based on both historical and real-time user behavior, ensuring optimal performance during peak demand periods. This research work compares the performance of the Frequency Reuse 3 (FR3) and Frequency Reuse 7 (FR7) in high-density networks environment, emphasizing their percentage efficiency. FR3 displays a steady increase in users, peaking at 1538 users in the evening, with FR7 performing at 27.55% of FR3’s capacity during this period. In contrast, FR7 exhibits a significant evening spike to 2288 users, outperforming FR3 in handling peak traffic due to reduced interference. All through the day, FR7's shows higher percentage performance of 22.15% in the morning and a reduced rate of 10% in the afternoon, showing its relative efficiency at different times and thus better suited for peak demand, while FR3 manages steady traffic under moderate congestion. 
Development and Validation of an Interactive Learning Module in Grade 8 Earth Science
Get PDFThis study was a Research and Development (R&D) Design. It is concerned with the development and validation of an Interactive Learning Earth Science module based on the Kto12 curriculum of grade 8. Two groups were selected from the heterogeneous sections of Grade 8 in Atlu-Bola High School during the school year 2023 – 2024. They were used in this study as subjects. They were randomly arranged into experimental and control groups Traditional, or discussion methods were used in both the experimental group and the control group. The only difference was that the experimental group was exposed with the use of the developed module. The t – test was used to determine whether there would be a difference between the scores of the control and experimental groups in the pre-test and post-test. It was found that the students in the experimental group performed better than the traditional method. This implies that the interactive learning module was effective in teaching Earth Science. The results of this study clearly show that the developed module is a tool in increasing students’ academic performance. This study may be adopted by other teachers in the field to improve their teaching methodology. This module also suits the way of learning of the 21st century learners. This study would support interactive instructional material in teaching Science inside the classroom. 
Examining the Awareness of Mobile Money Users on Security Risks in Tanzania to Enhance Cybersecurity Literacy: A Case Study of Airtel Money
Get PDFThe proliferation of mobile money services in Tanzania has revolutionized financial inclusion, but it has also exposed users to increasing cyber threats. This study examines the level of cybersecurity awareness among mobile money users, focusing on Airtel as a case study, to identify gaps and opportunities for enhancing cybersecurity literacy. The research explores users’ exposure to formal training, the impact of Airtel’s educational materials, and users’ confidence in securing their accounts. Findings reveal a significant lack of formal training, with most users relying on Airtel’s security tips to develop cybersecurity knowledge. While these resources have improved user confidence, there is a demonstrated demand for structured workshops and comprehensive training programs. The study underscores the need for collaborative efforts between service providers, policymakers, and educational institutions to address these gaps. Enhancing cybersecurity literacy through accessible, interactive, and user-centred approaches is essential to fostering a secure mobile money ecosystem in Tanzania. 
Study to Assess the Structured Teaching Program Regarding Importance of Organ Donation
Get PDFOrgan donation is a critical public health issue, and increasing awareness is essential to meet the growing demand for organ transplants. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme on improving knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to participate in organ donation among a selected population. A pre-experimental, one-group pre-test and post-test design was adopted, with participants chosen from [population or institution, e.g., "college students" or "community health workers"]. Data was collected using a validated questionnaire administered before and after the intervention. The structured teaching programme covered key aspects of organ donation, including its importance, eligibility criteria, myths and misconceptions, and the registration process. Findings demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in participants' knowledge and positive attitudes towards organ donation post-intervention. This study highlights that a structured teaching programme can effectively increase awareness and foster favorable attitudes towards organ donation, suggesting its utility in public health promotion efforts to improve organ donation rates. Further research with larger and diverse populations is recommended to generalize these findings. 
Estimation of Mixed (Burr type XII and Exponential) Distribution Parameters
Get PDFMany mixed distributions with various number of parameters can be generated from current distributions using the blending parameter
Assessing the Environmental Impact of Plastic Waste Incineration: A Case Study of Freetown, Sierra Leone
Get PDFThe environmental impact of plastic waste incineration, particularly its detrimental effects on public health and local ecosystems, is explored within the context of Freetown, Sierra Leone. The amount of plastic waste has increased significantly due to rapid urbanization and poor waste management infrastructure, with city authorities adopting incineration as a major means of disposal. Although this technique minimizes waste volume, it emits harmful gases such as airborne particles (PM2.5), carbon monoxide, dioxins, and volatile organic compounds which greatly reduce air quality and are severely harmful to residents' health; respiratory diseases; etc. It adopts a mixed-methods approach, involving both extensive literature reviews and on-field pollution testing to examine the effects of pollution on personal health.
Results show alarming levels of (PM2.5) above World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, as well as elevated dioxin concentrations, demonstrate significant health hazards for the local population. Furthermore, the research emphasizes the contamination of soil and water with heavy metals resulting from incineration processes, which pose additional threats to agricultural productivity and human well-being.
The findings highlight an immediate need for sustainable waste management approaches at the local, regional, or national levels focusing on better recycling, public health interventions, and strong policy measures frameworks. This is why such measures are needed to reduce the impact of burning plastic on people and the environment in Freetown. In conclusion, this study further dissects the intricate balance between waste handling methods and environmental well-being in urban areas, calling for urgent measures to tackle these critical issues. 
Shotberry Phenomenon in Olive Trees (Olea europaea L.): A Review
Get PDFShotberry olive fruits are those of small, usually seedless which express quantitative parthenocarpy. They either fall before harvest or when harvested, they will be of a low commercial value. Consequently, the increased occurrence of shotberries has a negative effect on fruit and oil contents and can extremely affect the commercial yield of olive orchards. Researchers have proposed that temperature, low pollen viability, self-pollination, or deprived pollination in general promote shotberry formation in olive trees. It is observed that the onset of parthenocarpic (shotberry) phenomenon is a growth occurred in olive which is accompanied by the expansion of all four ovules, in contrast to the selection and growth of a single functional ovule in normal fertilized ovaries. However, abnormal ovule development, such as incomplete embryo sac formation, is not appeared to be a cause of shotberry formation. Furthermore, low or high temperatures, depending on the growing region, may play a role in shotberry formation. Besides, self- and cross-pollination alter the ratio of seedless fruit bearing in most varieties, and cross-pollination is known to improve seeded fruit set and reduce the incidence of worthless shotberries. The olive yield produced from shotberries is caused by self-incompatibility and/or inter-incompatibility, which indicates that pollination is insufficient in the olive orchard. Some varieties show different fruit sizes that produced from fertilized flowers and shotberries. It is also clearly observed that the sole spray application of Boron (B) or its combination with nitrogen (N) significantly decrease shotberry fruits and the level of fruit abscission; however, zinc (Zn) may also play a role in decreasing shotberry at a certain concentration. Furthermore, when polyamines (PAs) such as putrescine (Put) were applied at full bloom, they were very effective in decreasing the percentage of olive shotberries and increasing the percentage of normal fruits. This review describes some olive shotberry aspects and reasons.