European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences
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Investigation of Microbial Contamination in Local Chicken Slaughtered in Babylon
No full textLocal chicken slaughtering sites are considered the most common places for the growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria that have a direct relationship with humans and their health, which raises the concern of many authors due to the health implications that may cause harm to consumers. Six local chicken slaughtering sites were identified in different parts of Babylon Governorate and samples were taken from them during four months (January, February, March and April). Samples were taken using transport media tubes containing peptone water for preserving the samples. The examination was general for each site and specific by tests (slaughter site, chicken plucker machine, tools, water and carcass). The results showed bacterial contamination with total bacteria (TB), E. coli (EC), Salmonella (SA), Pseudomonas (PS) and Shigella (SH). TB increased significantly in the slaughtering site and total E. coli bacteria increased significantly in the chicken plucker machine, while the logarithmic number of Pseudomonas bacteria increased significantly in the slaughtering site and chicken plucker machine, as for Salmonella, It increased in the place of skinning and water and the morale of the Shigella increased in the slaughter place
Group Therapy and Psychological Well-Being Among Male Survivors of Gender Based Violence (GBV) in Nakuru County, Kenya
Get PDFPsychological well-being is a desired state, but stressors like GBV often lead to challenges such as stress, anxiety, and depression. Male survivors of GBV face significant psychological difficulties, yet interventions for this group remain underexplored. This study examined the impact of group therapy on the psychological well-being of male GBV survivors in Nakuru, Kenya. Key objectives were to analyze GBV patterns, assess survivors' psychological well-being, and evaluate the effects of group therapy on self-acceptance, purpose in life, and interpersonal relations. Guided by Cognitive Behavioral Theory, the study employed a Quasi-Experimental Research Design with "Group Therapy" as the independent variable and "Psychological Well-being" as the dependent variable.
A census approach was used to sample 119 participants, split into a control group from Nairobi Women’s Hospital GVRC (56) and a treatment group from Love and Hope Centre (63). Data was collected using a structured questionnaire adapted from Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scales. Instrument reliability was tested via test-retest at a threshold of 0.7, and analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Volume 27 (SPSS v27), incorporating descriptive (frequencies, means, standard deviations) and inferential statistics (t-tests, ANCOVA).
Findings revealed a positive significant relationship between group therapy and psychological well-being. GBV predominantly occurred at home, with wives and concubines as primary perpetrators. Psychological abuse, threats, denial of sex, and verbal abuse were the most common forms of violence. The study recommends survivors form therapy groups for peer support, comprehensive assessments at treatment facilities including emotional and mental evaluations, and the integration of counseling into treatment protocols. Empathy, unconditional positive regard, and professional congruence are essential in managing GBV cases. Survivors are encouraged to champion awareness creation to reduce stigma and foster support within their communities. 
The Pragmatic Functions of Code-Switching in Teacher-Student Conflict: A Study of EFL Classroom Exchanges in Cameroon
Get PDFIn the context of EFL teaching, teachers often make it a principle to avoid the first language of the learners as much as possible. However, it is generally remarked that, in situations of teacher-student conflicts, a good number of EFL teachers in Cameroon use French systematically to perform a myriad of acts: trans language turns into a powerful resource. This therefore means that code switching, which is the usual bone of contention between EFL teachers and students, becomes a weapon. The present article focuses on the use of code switching in EFL classes. It seeks to find out how EFL teachers and students code-switch in the context of conflicts; it equally aims at discovering their pragmatic functions as well as their perlocutionary effects. The data collection method was classroom observation in 35 classes. A total of 73 hours of English were observed and recorded in 20 secondary schools located in 6 regions of Cameroon. Upon transcription of the recorded lessons, 70 teacher-student classroom exchanges were selected for the purpose of analysis in accordance with Austin & Searle’s theory of speech acts and Leech‘s theory of politeness. The findings revealed that though code-switching is generally avoided during English classes but it is frequently used by EFL teachers and students in classroom conflict situations in Cameroon. It was equally found out that there exists a correlation between language use and teacher-student conflict in the EFL class in Cameroon 
Detection of Contamination in Certain Types of Nuts by Aspergillus niger Isolates Producing Mycotoxins in Karbala Governorate
Get PDFThe purpose of the presented study was to evaluate the contamination of nuts with fungi producing toxins, especially ochratoxins causing serious negative impact on human health. It was found out that Aspergillus spp had contaminated all droplets from different locations of Karbala Governorate. Aspergillus niger was the most frequently isolated species of the fungal isolates at a rate of 100%, due to its significance as a prominent producer of mycotoxins within the Aspergillus genus. Sorghum was used as growing medium for the fungus and the mycotoxins produced were subsequently extracted .The results of detecting the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A using HPLC technology indicated that all fungal isolates produced Ochratoxin. The most productive isolate was identified as KH3AN. Subsequently, the molecular identification of this fungal isolate was performed, and it was registered in the Gene Bank. Significant differences between plant extracts in inhibition of the fungal isolate under laboratory conditions were shown, some extracts showing high activity. Moringa and coriander extracts showed the highest % inhibition of fungal growth, which were 93.32% and 90.54%, respectively, when compared with untreated fungal control (0.00% inhibition). These were followed by sage and clove extracts, which exhibited moderate inhibition percentages of 64.12% and 52.54%, respectively, compared to the control treatment at 0.00%. Accordingly, Moringa and coriander extracts were selected as the most effective plant extracts for use in this study. The results of calculating the percentage of fungal contamination in nut seeds after 21 days of the storage experiment indicated that the combination of Moringa and coriander extracts was highly effective, reducing the contamination rate to 22% compared to the pathogen-only treatment, which reached 100%. This corresponds to an average fungal inhibition rate of 78%. The Moringa extract alone followed in effectiveness, reducing the contamination rate to an average of 35% with an inhibition rate of 65%. The coriander extract treatment achieved a 38% reduction in infection rate, with an inhibition rate of 62% compared to the control. Additionally, the results of ochratoxin production analysis showed that the combination of sage and coriander extracts significantly reduced mycotoxin production to 1.67 μg/kg, compared to the pathogen-only treatment, which recorded 72.54 μg/kg. This was followed by the Moringa extract, which reduced toxin production to 3.30 μg/kg, while the coriander extract alone ranked last, reducing production to 3.87 μg/kg
Effects of Turkey Bone Particulate on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Aluminium Brass
Get PDFThis work focuses on the influence of the addition of Turkey bone particulate (TBp) on the mechanical properties and microstructure of aluminium brass composite. Five different specimens of the Aluminium Brass with different percentages of TBp were considered. Hardness, impact, tensile and microstructural tests were carried out in order to determine the hardness, impact strength, tensile strength and microstructure of the composite respectively. The results of the tests show that the hardness increase from 104.8 VHN at 0% to 117.7 VHN at 4% as the percentage TBp is increased while the impact strength increases from 23.94 kJ/m2 to 47.19 kJ/m2. However, the ultimate tensile strength increase from 310.51 MPa to 401.81 MPa as the percentage TBp is increased from 0 to 4%. The microstructure analysis reveals a microstructure when 4% of TBp was added where both the ∝ and β phases are uniformly distributed. It contains fine and packed grained structure which results to improved strength of the composite. This study provides useful information on specific areas of application where TBp-reinforced aluminium brass can be utilised. 
Detection of Some Hazardous Pathogens Affecting Nutritional and Health Attributes in Fresh Dairy Products
Get PDFThe present study was conducted to examine the quality and safety of dairy products available at local markets in Karbala, Iraq by isolating and characterizing contaminating fungi. Different samples of dairy products such as Yogurt, Cheese, Cream, Fermented milk, and Qaymar were collected from local markets and were cultured in PDA medium. After fungal colonies appeared, they were purified using the hyphal tip technique. Morphological, microscopic and molecular identification of the isolated fungi was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplified DNA products were sequenced, and nucleotide sequences were aligned to the nucleotide sequences of the same genetic region of recorded isolates in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. This comparison was performed to determine the similitudes and differences between both the fungal isolates described here and that have already been identified in the NCBI database. A few fungal genera belonging to Aspergillus and Penicillium species were detected in the data. They were Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium oxalicum, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium chrysogenum. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) shows that penicillium oxalicum, penicillium citrinum, aspergillus flavs and Aspergillus niger performed genetic changes from global characterized isolates of a similar fungal species, with similarity through 93% to 99%. In contrast, P. digitatum and P. chrysogenum isolated in this study showed a 100% genetic similarity to previously registered strains in the NCBI database. These fungi can also produce toxic compounds (mycotoxins), which are damaging to kidneys (nephrotoxic), liver (carcinogenic effects), heart (cardiotoxic), nervous system (neurotoxic), and immune function (immunotoxic). The results emphasize the importance of regular monitoring on the quality and safety of dairy foods and they risk assessment of fungal contaminations and their toxins. These findings underscore the need for strict prophylactic measures, increased public awareness, and sustained research into the effects of these toxins and how to mitigate exposure. 
Microgrids for Industrial Implementation an Overview of Benefits, Challenges, and Optimization Techniques
Get PDFThis paper provides a comprehensive review of microgrids and their applications in industrial settings, focusing on their benefits, challenges, and optimization techniques. Microgrids are localized energy systems that integrate renewable energy sources, energy storage, and advanced control technologies to provide reliable, cost-effective, and sustainable energy solutions. The paper explores the numerous advantages of microgrids, including improved energy security, reduced operational costs, and enhanced sustainability. It also discusses the challenges associated with their implementation, such as high initial investment, technical complexity, and regulatory barriers, which can hinder their widespread adoption in industrial environments. In addition, the paper delves into various optimization techniques that enhance microgrid performance, including demand response, energy storage management, predictive forecasting, and the use of artificial intelligence for real-time energy management. The integration of microgrids with smart grid technologies and the development of hybrid systems are also highlighted as key strategies to improve the efficiency and resilience of industrial microgrids. Finally, the paper identifies future research directions aimed at overcoming existing limitations and unlocking the full potential of microgrids, such as advancements in energy storage technologies, blockchain for energy trading, and AI-powered optimization. Overall, the paper emphasizes the role of microgrids in advancing industrial sustainability and energy resilience in the future. 
Assessing Groundwater Potential Using Aquifer Transmissivity: A Case Study of the Odudunka Erosion Site, Nanka Gully, Anambra State, Nigeria
Get PDFThe study area is situated within Nigeria’s humid tropical rainforest zone, specifically on a cuesta landscape in the Awka-Orlu uplands, underlain by the Nanka Formation (Early Eocene) and the Imo Shale Formation (Palaeocene). The geological, hydrogeological, geotechnical, and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the region—combined with human activities—have significantly contributed to the initiation and expansion of gully erosion. Numerous springs, streams, and lakes have been observed to drain the gully floodplains. The research revealed that an increase in hydraulic head during the rainy season accelerates subsurface flow, thereby enhancing gullying processes. Exposed lithologies were found to host perched aquifers and fully saturated zones, especially within the Nanka Formation, which are susceptible to erosion, landslides, and flooding. This paper evaluates the groundwater potential of selected gully sites within the Nanka region of Anambra State, Nigeria. 
Acute and Chronic Complications in Partially Treated Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome in Resource-Limited Settings: An Evidence-Based Case Report
Get PDFIntroduction. Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is a major cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children and later in adolescents. The proper management involves pediatrician, nephrologist, nurses, family, health insurance, and family. Every region in Indonesia has a specific challenges in managing SRNS. The present case is a portrait of some difficulties in treating SRNS in some province referral hospital in Indonesia. Case report. We report the children with SRNS, accompanied by some difficulties that are harmful for his present, and also future. Comprehensive approach is absolutely needed in achieving better prognosis. We provide some evidence-based approach in managing the patient. Conclusion. Proper SRNS treatment from the clinician, collaborative support from the family, government, and health-insurance is very essential. 
Histochemical Investigation of Pancreas Gland in Copra Gees (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in Iraq
Get PDFBackground: The Copra gees (Greek: Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) are a necessary species of waterfowl in Iraqi wetland habitats. When studying and evaluating avian morphology of the pancreatic and physiological mechanisms of digestion, in addition to metabolic adaptations it is mandatory to study and understand histochemical properties.
Objective: The objective of this study was to obtain the histochemical properties of the exocrine and endocrine properties of the glandular pancreatic gland in the copra gees. Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson’s Trichrome, and Gomori’s staining methods were used to understand architectural properties and arrangements of connective tissue fibers and reticular fibers.
Methods: Glandular pancreatic samples were taken from 15 copra gees (8 males, 7 females) from within the marshes of Iraq. Pancreatic tissue samples were processed by standard histological techniques and subjected to three histochemical staining techniques, Hematoxylin and Eosin for morphology, Masson’s Trichrome for histological colorations of connective tissues, and Gomori’s silver stain for reticular fibers.
Results: The architecture of the glandular pancreatic tissue showed well formed supportive connective tissue framework that contained exocrine pancreatic glandular structures and organized endocrine structures of the pancreas. The acinar structures and basophilic cytoplasm representing typical endocrine pancreatic structures showed distinctive nuclei. Staining with Masson’s trichrome stain shows extensive collagenous supporting structure throughout the pancreatic parenchyma. The Gomori silver stain showed reticular fiber present in a morphologically demonstrated distribution which surrounded both acinar structures and also islet structures of the pancreas. Densely arranged reticular fibers were located within the connecting or juxtaposed structure surrounding blood vessels and also duct minute structures.
Conclusion: The histochemical evaluation and analyses indicated a species representative organization of the pancreas with a connective tissue supportive architecture which reflects structural adaptation to functional compartmentation. The organization of extensive reticular fibers and also the collagenous framework surrounding the pancreatic parenchyma suggests structural adaptations for functional pancreatic activity specific to an aquatic habitat. The results of this study supply data on the architectural studies of the glandular pancreatic glands of the copra gees and give the basis for studies involving comparative values