Public Health Institute Journal (LJMU)
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A quantitative study to investigate the relationship between mental health and dietary intake in LGBT+ young adults (18-24) in the UK
No full textBackground: LGBT+ research has showed a concerning scale of poor mental health within young adult communities, which has possibly been a result of stigma, discrimination and current LGBT+ politics. Poorer mental health may increase the likelihood of eating disorder pathology, which is seen at a higher rate in LGBT+ individuals, alongside food insecurity when compared to cis-gendered heterosexual peers. Poor dietary intake can result in long-term chronic diseases, which can strain health care services. However, LGBT+ youth face barriers to accessing health care and therefore, it is imperative to explore the risk factors to inform interventions that prevent health inequalities.
Methods: A quantitative methodology was followed using an online anonymous questionnaire, which was advertised on the researcher’s social media and posters around the LJMU Student Life Campus.
Results: Of the 127 participants, 23 reported they were lesbian, 61 were gay, 31 were bisexual, seven were heterosexual and four reported other. Transgender individuals made up nine of the participants and non-binary individuals made up 12 of the participants. All sexual orientations and gender identities had a significant score for experiencing anxiety (fairly often). Lesbians and ‘other’ reported poorer mental health and had the worst dietary intakes, with statistically lower breakfast intake, higher intake of takeaway and a higher intake of confectionary compared to other groups. Gay and heterosexual individuals had the most beneficial dietary intake, with a higher consumption of breakfast, complex carbohydrates, fruits and vegetables and protein intake compared to other sexual orientations. Whilst gay individuals had better mental health, cis-gendered individuals had better mental health answers when compared to trans/non-binary individuals and these individuals also had a significantly poorer dietary intake.
Conclusion: All sexual orientations and gender identities had different mental health stressors and dietary intake patterns. Results suggest that gay individuals had the least mental health issues and gay and heterosexuals had the best dietary intake. Lesbians, ‘other’ and trans/non-binary individuals had the poorest dietary intake and mental health responses compared to other groups. Further research is needed to find conclusive results on dietary intake and its relationship to mental health so that public health professionals can create interventions and awareness programmes. 
What is the relationship between motives for drinking alcohol and coping with wellbeing?
No full textBackground: Alcohol use is a significant cause of health inequalities and weighs heavily on health services as one of the leading reasons for admission to hospital. Many people often use alcohol to relax, enjoy themselves and cope with day to day life. Studies have been conducted that focus on alcohol as a coping mechanism but many of those studies have related to mental health diagnosis. There are few studies conducted that concentrate on those who use alcohol to manage their wellbeing but do not have a mental health diagnosis. The focus of this study is to understand further the possible reasons people why people may consume alcohol to excess as way to help cope with wellbeing.
Methods: The data for this study was collected by means of JISC online surveys with a total of 21 participants, followed by four telephone interviews to allow for a mixed methods approach. The questions were focused on the objectives of the project and resulted in collection of quantitative and qualitative data.
Results: Results indicated that the participants in this study used alcohol to cope with their general wellbeing although only a few of them had a mental health diagnosis, and there did not appear to be a significant difference in alcohol use in those who had a mental health diagnosis with those who did not. Many participants used alcohol to allow them to cope as their mental wellbeing was poor.
Conclusion: The study provided insight into the link between poor physical and mental health and an association was apparent between these two aspects indicating those who used alcohol to cope with mental health were also likely to use alcohol to cope with physical pain. 
Exploring the impact of alcohol-related brain damage among homeless people in the UK: A scoping review
No full textBackground: Alcohol-Related Brain Damage (ARBD) amongst homeless populations in the United Kingdom is a pressing public health issue, typically characterized by severe neurological and psychosocial impairments. Despite its significance, there is limited comprehensive reviews of ARBD within this demographic.
Methods: A scoping review approach was adopted to map the existing evidence in relation to ARBD among the homeless in the UK. The Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) framework was used to develop search strategies and inclusion criteria for the review. A systematic search of the following databases was also carried out in July 2024: Google Scholar, PubMed, ProQuest, PsycINFO. These databases were selected since they are major health and social care databases. The search terms were designed to capture a broad range of relevant literature, including grey literature. Ten studies were selected for the review.
Results: The review highlighted significant themes related to ARBD prevalence, impacts and interventions. ARBD is strongly associated with homelessness and can be as high as 70%. Significant neurological and cognitive impairments were reported. Psychosocial impacts included severe stigma, isolation and deteriorating mental health. Barriers for accessing healthcare demonstrated the need for early diagnosis and comprehensive rehabilitation. Integrated care approaches, community-based and peer support interventions were shown to be effective for managing ARBD among the homeless.
Conclusion: ARBD in the UK homeless population is a multifaceted problem, requiring tailored interventions, with improved access to healthcare, integrated models of care and community-based support that meet the holistic needs of such vulnerable individuals. Future research endeavours should aim to fill the gaps identified in the literature to inform future interventions and policy frameworks. 
The impact of postpartum depression in women on mother-infant relationship in Asia: A systematic review
No full textBackground: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant public health concern affecting 15-20% of women globally, with higher rates in Asia. PPD negatively impacts the critical mother-infant bond, affecting child development and well-being. Cultural factors in Asia, such as traditional gender roles and stigma surrounding mental health, can further complicate PPD\u27s impact on the mother-infant relationship.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted using the PEO framework, searching PsycINFO, Embase, and PubMed databases for English studies published between 2019 and 2024. Included studies examined the relationship between PPD and mother- infant outcomes in Asian populations. Using a narrative synthesis approach, data extraction focused on research characteristics, methodological details, and outcome measures, with an eye towards the complex connection between PPD, mother-infant interactions, and cultural variables.
Results: Included were 19 quantitative studies with a notable PPD incidence in Asia connected with different risk variables. PPD severely interfered with mother-infant relationship, thereby causing long-term problems with child development. Among the protective elements lowering this influence were mother coping strategies, baby conduct, and social support. Emphasised were early intervention and culturally relevant approaches for PPD screening, treatment and prevention.
Conclusion: This review stresses the necessity for comprehensive, culturally specific treatments addressing mother\u27s mental health and child development and exposes the negative consequences of PPD on mother-infant bonding in Asia. 
The psychosocial impact of uterine fibroids on black women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review
No full textBackground: Uterine fibroids (UFs) are a prevalent reproductive health issue globally, disproportionately affecting black women, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). These women face unique cultural, social, and economic challenges that may worsen the psychosocial impact of UFs. This research aims to address this knowledge gap through a scoping review, synthesising existing literature on the psychological and social impacts of UFs on women in SSA, and identifying research gaps to inform culturally sensitive interventions tailored to the needs of black African women.
Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, APA, PsycInfo, Scopus, and the grey literature, focusing on English-language studies. Additionally, reference and citation lists were examined. Titles and abstracts were screened, followed by full text screening. Studies were chosen based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with a focus on the psychosocial aspects of UFs among black women in SSA.
Results: The initial search (n=772) yielded eight selected studies, including cross- sectional descriptive, mixed methods, and qualitative study designs. Thematic analysis revealed four key themes: psychological distress, social consequences (economic and cultural), effects on quality of life, and negative body image and sexuality, providing a nuanced understanding of UFs’ effects on black African women.
Conclusion: The four themes elucidate the profound implications of UFs on black African women, encompassing anxiety, financial hardship, social isolation, and strained sexual relationships. Integrating psychosocial support and patient-centred care, developing culturally sensitive interventions and support groups, and addressing financial barriers to healthcare are indications for future research. Culturally sensitive interventions should be developed with local stakeholders and women with lived experience, incorporating family, spirituality, and community considerations. Addressing these gaps is crucial to improve outcomes, reduce disparities, and promote equity for black women with UFs.
Unrelated caregivers and fatal child abuse in the United Kingdom: A scoping review
No full textBackground: Biological parents are the perpetrators of most child murders under the age of five years old, but evidence suggests that stepparents are an even greater risk.
Methods: The purpose of this scoping review was to gather the available literature from the United Kingdom in relation to unrelated caregivers and fatal child abuse. The scoping review followed the methodological framework provided by Arksey & O’Malley and utilised four electronic databases; Medline (EBSCO), CINAHL (Plus with Full Text), Criminal Justice Abstracts (with Full Text) and PsycINFO
Results: The search yielded 1415 articles, of which 11 were included in the scoping review. Only articles published from 2000-2024 and from the UK were considered. Due to the small yield of relevant articles that specifically addressed the study aims, any article that contained relevant information on unrelated caregivers (male and female) who have murdered children were included. Within the articles, evidence found that men with a history of violence, especially those living with an unrelated child, pose the highest risk. Physical assault by a stepfather was reported more frequently than any other method of abuse and non-accidental brain injuries were the most common cause of death. Most of the perpetrators suffered their own adverse childhood experiences (ACE’s).
Conclusion: Through this process the review has highlighted that more research needs to be undertaken with a specific focus on unrelated caregivers (male and female) who have murdered children. There is a dire need to thoroughly understand the risk factors leading to the murder and thus to better understand what support could be provided to reduce risk. This might not help those perpetrators already incarcerated but it could potentially help develop pathways specifically aimed at unrelated caregivers to help them develop strategies to cope and build resilience when they are charged with the care of a child. A better understanding could break the cycle of fatal child abuse for children who are currently living in a violent household, moreover, it will ensure the safeguarding of children who are not yet born
Navigating the journey: A literature review of the personal and familial impact of dementia
No full textDementia is a huge health issue, affecting families, individuals and caregivers all over the world. The population of old people has increased due to improved living conditions and lifestyles resulting in a higher demand for and on dementia carers. For this reason, the health and wellbeing of family caregivers or professionals involved with dementia care should be prioritised and supported to ensure the best quality of care is being provided. As the number of dementia diagnosis increase globally, the government have been encouraged to make it a health priority. To do so, more knowledge, understanding and awareness needs to be shared at a universal level; this approach will minimise potential factors such as poor knowledge and stigma. Being aware of any signs or symptoms that could indicate dementia can help an individual gain an early diagnosis reducing the risk of the disease progressing and also provides time for the patient and families to prepare. Through careful research, it was clear that being aware of any coping strategies, support systems and other caring methods can help to improve the quality of life for the patient as well as any other individual involved. Effective standards of care can help improve the lifestyle of the patient encouraging a person-centred approach and an increased sense of empowermen
The awareness of energy drinks in the United Kingdom and the associated health implications
No full textEnergy drinks are becoming a growing public health issue. Due to their popularity, there are growing concerns about the impacts of young people and children overconsuming them. This includes effects on people’s mental health especially increased risked of anxiety, stress, depression and suicidal thoughts. Energy drinks are full of caffeine, sugar and other stimulators that can also have a negative effect on your physical health such as high blood pressure, an increased heart rate, dehydration and insomnia. This literature-based study aims to critically analyse relevant available literature about energy drinks and the effects on health to measure how big the problem is in the UK. A study from the Association for the Study of Obesity highlights that the UK government ran a consultation on ending the sale of energy drinks to children under 16 in a 2019 green paper but has still been no further action
An online survey to examine knowledge, perceptions and effectiveness of calorie labelling on menus
No full textCalorie labelling on menus has been introduced as a public health measure to encourage healthier eating habits and address rising obesity rates. The United Kingdom (UK) government implemented mandatory calorie labelling for large food businesses to promote informed decision making among consumers. However, the effectiveness of this policy remains uncertain and despite extensive research on calorie labelling’s influence on food choices, there is limited evidence on public awareness of the legislation and how perceptions vary across different body types. Due to this, this study aims to explore public knowledge of calorie labelling with focus on awareness of the policy, its influence on consumer food choices, and to assess whether individuals with different body types interpret and respond to calorie labelling differently. By addressing these aspects, the study aims to contribute to existing literature and identify areas that may require further research or policy adjustments. An anonymous, structured, online questionnaire was conducted with 80 participants, that collected both quantitative and qualitative data through open and closed ended questions. The questionnaire was distributed through social media platforms using voluntary response sampling and snowball sampling to reach a wider range of participants, with a target population of individuals over the age of 18. The findings revealed that 43% of participants were aware of the calorie labelling legislation but only 20% had a clear understanding of what it actually entails. Additionally, 71% of participants reported noticing calories on menus, with women being more likely to do so than men. However, despite this high level of awareness, only 11% actively consider the labels when selecting their food choice. Among those who do use calorie information on menus, the majority expressed a desire for a smaller body type than they currently have, suggesting a potential link between calorie awareness and body image concerns. Qualitative responses further emphasised this, as several participants shared that calorie labelling made them feel guilty about their food choices and expressed concerns about the potential impact on individuals with eating disorders. This study contributes to existing literature by addressing key gaps, particularly regarding public awareness of the calorie labelling policy. The key implication of the study is for businesses to offer optional calorie menus, allowing customers to choose whether they want to see calorie information. This approach would be beneficial for those who find calorie labels helpful, while also supporting individuals struggling with disordered eating habits by reducing potential triggers associated with food guilt and anxiety
Tackling stigma in people with Post-traumatic stress disorder: the barriers to seeking help
No full textThis research evaluates the stigma-related obstacles that hinder individuals with Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from seeking professional help, with a specific focus on gender and age differences. Gender norms notably affect help-seeking behaviour, due to stigma related to traditional masculinity. Age also plays a pivotal role, as young individuals struggle with peer pressure and limited access, while older individuals may neglect symptoms and lack of awareness. Middle-aged individuals, through more inclined to seek support, are often burdened by life responsibilities. Mitigating these aspects requires targeted, inclusive and trauma-informed approaches. Tailored interventions that significantly consider gender and age-specific factors are significant for breaking the stigma and increasing accessibility to efficient PTSD care and support throughout the world. Research in this area has focused on the stigma associated with PTSD individuals, emphasising on theoretical understanding of the perceptions and beliefs that dwell in different communities regarding PTSD. The stigma and fear delay the treatment process of individuals suffering from PTSD. The external barriers that have been explored include the cultural beliefs and prevalence of lack of healthcare infrastructure associated with the poor socio-economic status of individuals living in the rural areas. Strategies that have been found to be significant have been the “Psychoeducation” and “Trauma-Informed Care”, which considerably help PTSD individuals to overcome stigma and improve mental health
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