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A comparative evaluation of machine learning ensemble approaches for disease prediction using multiple datasets
No full textPurpose Machine learning models are used to develop and improve various disease prediction systems. Ensemble learning is a machine learning technique that combines many classifiers to increase performance by making more accurate predictions than a single classifier. Although several researchers have employed ensemble techniques for disease prediction, a comprehensive comparative study of these techniques still needs to be provided. Methods Using 16 disease datasets from Kaggle and the UCI Machine Learning Repository, this study compares the performance of 15 variants of ensemble techniques for disease prediction. The comparison was performed using six performance measures: accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, AUC (Area Under the receiver operating characteristics Curve) and AUPRC (Area Under the Precision-Recall Curve). Results Stacking variant of Multi-level stacking showed superior disease prediction performance compared with other bagging and boosting variants, followed by another stacking variant (Classical stacking). Overall, stacking outperformed bagging and boosting for disease prediction. Logit Boost showed the worst performance. Conclusion The findings of this study can help researchers select an appropriate ensemble approach for future studies focusing on accurate disease prediction
Negligent Omissions As a Basis for Holding Internet Intermediaries Liable for Infringements of Trade Mark Rights: Approaches Under the English Common Law
No full textTrade mark rights committed by third-party users of the internet, on the basis of English common law principles applicable to cases involving negligent omissions. First, the article argues that loss suffered by a trade mark owner as a result of trade mark infringement is distinguishable from pure economic loss. Making this distinction is crucial, in view of the general reluctance on the part of the English courts to award damages in actions alleging negligence giving rise to pure economic loss. Secondly, the article considers the relevance of English common law principles applicable in cases of negligent omissions to three hypothetical, yet realistic, scenarios that are set out in the article—the first concerning intermediaries that provide access to the internet (i.e. ISPs), the second concerning intermediaries that link content (i.e. search engines) and the third concerning intermediaries that store content at the request of third-party internet users (i.e. hosts). This analysis is carried out in light of the three stage test set out by the House of Lords in Caparo v Dickman that considers three factors—i.e. foreseeability, proximity and policy—before it could be determined that a duty of care should be imposed in any given situation. Accordingly, the article concludes that the first and second limbs of the test will be easily met where online hosts, although not ISPs and search engines, are subject to a duty of care in circumstances where they have been specifically made aware of content residing on their platforms giving rise to trade mark infringements—the failure or omission on their part to remove the infringing content giving rise to a breach of this duty. However, satisfying the third limb of the Caparo v Dickman test, under which policy is considered, could be somewhat difficult. This is because, the imposition of a duty of care, as envisaged in this article, on online hosts would inevitably lead to the practice of notice and takedown, a practice that has been widely criticised as being susceptible to abuse, unless proper safeguards are put in place. The lack of proper safeguards under the laws currently applicable in England, therefore, may be regarded as a sound policy argument against the imposition of a duty of care on online hosts even in the limited circumstances set out in this article
An Emperor on the Move: Charles V
No full textIn 2014 the celebrated historian of early modern Europe, and expert on early modern Spain, Geoffrey Parker published a widely acclaimed biography of King Philip II (1527–1598) entitled Imprudent King. A New Life of Philip II with Yale University Press. Five years later, the same author and press offer readers a detailed examination of the life of Philip’s father, the Holy Roman Emperor and Spanish king Charles V (1500–1558). The result is a fascinating portrait of a man who was as pious as his son but very different in many other respects
Australian not by blood, but by character: Soldiers and refugees in Australian children's picture books
No full textIn recent years, Australian children’s picture books dealing with the First World War have balanced the increasingly sentimentalized construct of the Australian soldier as a victim of trauma and the traditional use of Australian war literature as a means of exploring national identity. It is an approach that has proved quite malleable, for variations of it have been used in children’s picture books dealing with the far more polemic issue of refugees. By drawing on this framework, authors and illustrators position refugees as victims of trauma who have displayed qualities that are entirely consistent with a construct of national identity grounded in martial achievement. Readers of these texts are encouraged to welcome these arrivals at a literal level as new citizens and symbolically as new inductees into a pervasive construct of national identity
Treatment of Hoarding Disorder in a Patient with Heart Failure: A Case Report
No full textHoarding disorder (HD) is characterized by an accumulation of possessions owing to acquisition behaviors or absence of discarding, resulting in clutter severe enough to cause emotional distress, impair functioning, and preclude the use of living spaces for their intended purposes. HD is associated with significant psychiatric and physical health comorbidities. Evidence demonstrates an increased cardiovascular response, high prevalence of heart disease, and sudden cardiac death in patients with HD and yet treatment outcomes for patients with comorbid cardiovascular diseases remain unreported. A psychology referral was made for a patient with heart failure (HF) who underwent a structured clinical interview within their domicile and met criteria for adolescent‑onset HD (27‑year history). Treatment outcomes for this case are described, as well as the cognitive‑behavioral therapy (CBT) modifications required for the patient, living in squalor and facing eviction. Results demonstrated modest improvements in HD symptoms from pretreatment to posttreatment. To ensure HF patients are involved in sorting/discarding tasks during CBT, modifications are necessary to compensate for high fatigability and dizziness to reduce the risk for serious adverse events including syncope and falls
Concluding Comments
No full textBig Data arose from the growing use of interconnected computational systems. As the Internet exploded during the 1990s, so, too, did the amounts of data generated, and with these massive new data sets, supported by increasing computation and storage power, came new problems and opportunities. Confronted with so much data, traditional methods for data analysis were no longer sufficiently effective or efficient, and new techniques began to develop to deal with this new, often unstructured data. Because Big Data is relatively new, so, too, is its study. In this new field, there is a wide range of issues to be studied, and many disparate views and divergent approaches. Researchers are just beginning to scratch the surface of the vast areas for research and examination, and each step forward offers many new questions to be answered. The research in this book offers a view into many different questions about Big Data, and how and why it can be used in education and educational research
Patterns of educational performance among Indigenous students in Australia, 2010–2019: Within-cohort, peer matching analysis for data-led decision-making
No full textData reporting in the Australian education system produces deficit-based comparisons of academic achievement between Indigenous and non-Indigenous students. Since 2009, data from the National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) have been used by the Australian government to allow it to report on ‘Closing the Gap’ policy. These data are used to justify government-funded initiatives designed to improve educational outcomes for Indigenous students. While the logic of this approach has political cachet, the ‘gaps’ have persisted. Instead, we propose using ‘within-cohort, peer matching’ quantitative methods to achieve such aspirational goals. Using publicly available NAPLAN data, we examined patterns of relative performance within the cohort of Indigenous students. We assessed trends in Indigenous students’ performance in NAPLAN relative to their Indigenous peers across grades (3, 5, 7, and 9), states and territories, remoteness categories, and calendar years from 2010 to 2019 inclusive. Key insights available through this approach include detailed patterns of higher and lower relative performance for Indigenous students within matched remoteness categories, across states and territories, and over time, laying the groundwork for further analyses of the local, systemic, and school-level factors associated with these differing outcomes. Our methods provide novel findings that justify changing the deficit assumption, supporting the use of within-cohort peer matching instead
Lewis Strength Determines Specific-Ion Effects in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solvents
No full textAn analysis of specific-ion effects in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents using energy decomposition analysis is presented. Specific-ion effects induce or influence physicochemical phenomena in a way that is determined by the identity of the ions present, and not merely by their charge or concentration. Such effects have been known since the seminal work of Hofmeister and are often categorized according to the well-known Hofmeister series. Examples of specific-ion effects are ubiquitous throughout chemistry and biology and are traditionally explained in terms of the influence ions have on the structure of water. However, this explanation is unsatisfactory because it is unable to adequately explain and predict frequently observed series reversals and anomalies. Further, recent experiments have shown that specific-ion effects are observed in nonaqueous solvents. By modeling solvated ion−N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) complexes, we show here that specific-ion effects on ion−NIPAM interaction free energies are observed not only in water, but also in several nonaqueous solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, DMSO) in correspondence with the ions’ Lewis Strengths. Interestingly, the same trends are observed in the absence of a solvent environment altogether. Counterion effects on ion−NIPAM interaction free energies are negligible for dissociated ion pairs but are evident in associated ion pairs because of the modulation of repulsive ion−NIPAM interactions. We propose a mechanism for explaining reversals in specific-ion effects, based on the competing strengths of the ion−solvent and ion−NIPAM interaction and their relative Lewis strengths. This extends existing theories regarding specific-ion effect reversals in aqueous solutions, as we show that solvent properties must also be taken in to account for specific-ion effects to be predicted in arbitrary solvent environments
How Can ChatGPT Assist With Coding for Grounded Theory Research?
No full textThe purpose of this guide is to provide a basic understanding of how ChatGPT can be employed for coding and analysis when using the Grounded Theory Method. Since the Grounded Theory Method is a complex and nonlinear data analysis method, I have used simple language targeting novice qualitative researchers. To demonstrate GenAI-assisted coding, I generated fictitious interviews with the help of ChatGPT. This guide provides a practical demonstration of how qualitative researchers can apply ChatGPT for coding and generating theory. The guide also provides strategies for writing effective GenAI prompts for coding, critically evaluating GenAI-generated code, and memo writing. While ChatGPT can facilitate rapid coding and analysis of qualitative data, authors are encouraged to critically review the AI outputs and, whenever possible, triangulate AI coding with human coding to enhance reliability and validity
2.5D Face Recognition Using Gabor Discrete Cosine Transform
No full textIn this paper, we present a novel 2.5D face recognition method based on Gabor Discrete Cosine Transform (GDCT). In the proposed method, the Gabor filter is applied to extract feature vectors from the texture and the depth information. Then, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is used for dimensionality and redundancy reduction to improve computational efficiency. The system is combined texture and depth information in the decision level, which presents higher performance compared to methods, which use texture and depth information, separately. The proposed algorithm is examined on publically available Bosphorus database including models with pose variation. The experimental results show that the proposed method has a higher performance compared to the benchmark