Czasopisma Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy
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    Tourism in Germany, with particular emphasis on Bavaria. Current status and prospects for development

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    Tourism is one of the most important economic sectors in the world, and is constantly developing. It is of great importance to strongly developing countries, including Germany, which has been recording high tourist traffic for years. The research objective was to analyse the current state, trends and prospects for development of tourism in Germany, with particular emphasis on Bavaria. Attention was focused on the most important attractions in Germany, tourist development and consequently on the intensification of tourist traffic. The aim of the work was also to identify and explain the spatial and socio-economic determinants of tourism development in Bavaria, as well as to assess future development prospects in the context of emerging trends. The desk research method and the statistical index method were used. Documents regarding tourism policy, statistical studies and academic literature on the subject were reviewed. Sources from the most important organisations in the tourism industry were also used. The study indicates the high importance of tourism in the German economy. Tourist traffic volumes are returning to pre-COVID-19 levels, making Germany one of the most popular destinations in the world. The analysis allows us to confirm that the region of Germany most frequently visited by foreign tourists is Bavaria, which is characterised by a high level of socio-economic development. There are clear spatial differences in the intensity of tourist traffic in Bavaria, with the differences being greatest in the south-east.Tourism is one of the most important economic sectors in the world, and is constantly developing. It is of great importance to strongly developing countries, including Germany, which has been recording high tourist traffic for years. The research objective was to analyse the current state, trends and prospects for development of tourism in Germany, with particular emphasis on Bavaria. Attention was focused on the most important attractions in Germany, tourist development and consequently on the intensification of tourist traffic. The aim of the work was also to identify and explain the spatial and socio-economic determinants of tourism development in Bavaria, as well as to assess future development prospects in the context of emerging trends. The desk research method and the statistical index method were used. Documents regarding tourism policy, statistical studies and academic literature on the subject were reviewed. Sources from the most important organisations in the tourism industry were also used. The study indicates the high importance of tourism in the German economy. Tourist traffic volumes are returning to pre-COVID-19 levels, making Germany one of the most popular destinations in the world. The analysis allows us to confirm that the region of Germany most frequently visited by foreign tourists is Bavaria, which is characterised by a high level of socio-economic development. There are clear spatial differences in the intensity of tourist traffic in Bavaria, with the differences being greatest in the south-east

    The tourist attractiveness of Tuscany in the opinion of Italian residents and Polish tourists

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    The tourist attractiveness of an area results from a set of features and properties of the area’s natural and non-natural environment that stimulate interest and tourist traffic. The main purpose of the article is to present the results of an assessment of the tourist attractiveness of Tuscany according to Italian residents and Polish tourists. The results determined that Tuscany is perceived as a very attractive region of Italy for tourists. According to respondents, the best-rated attraction for residents of both countries was the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence. The Square of Miracles (Ital., Piazza dei Miracoli) in Pisa and the Piazza del Campo in Siena also received very high marks.  In the opinion of Poles and Italians, the region\u27s tourist attractiveness is most determined by its picturesque views, wonderful monuments and delicious regional cuisine. There was an opinion among the respondents that Tuscany should be promoted even more heavily within the region. Additionally, respondents believed that accommodation and catering facilities should be improved and suggested the creation of new tourist routes.The tourist attractiveness of an area results from a set of features and properties of the area’s natural and non-natural environment that stimulate interest and tourist traffic. The main purpose of the article is to present the results of an assessment of the tourist attractiveness of Tuscany according to Italian residents and Polish tourists. The results determined that Tuscany is perceived as a very attractive region of Italy for tourists. According to respondents, the best-rated attraction for residents of both countries was the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence. The Square of Miracles (Ital., Piazza dei Miracoli) in Pisa and the Piazza del Campo in Siena also received very high marks.  In the opinion of Poles and Italians, the region\u27s tourist attractiveness is most determined by its picturesque views, wonderful monuments and delicious regional cuisine. There was an opinion among the respondents that Tuscany should be promoted even more heavily within the region. Additionally, respondents believed that accommodation and catering facilities should be improved and suggested the creation of new tourist routes

    Pacyfik w myśli strategicznej przywódców Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej

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    The idea of a Chinese political presence in the Pacific region, and thus in the seas and oceans, is relatively young. Before the reign of Deng Xiaoping, i.e. until 1978, and since the naval expeditions of Chinese Admiral Zheng He in the 15th century, China was not focused on activity in the Pacific region. This maritime absence of China thus lasted about 550 years. At that time, China was not striving for naval power. Only the Chinese revolution and the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 became the cornerstone of the Chinese presence in the open seas and small island states of Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia. The reformer Deng Xiaoping was the first to recognize the necessity of Chinese policy entering the oceans, but the three leaders who followed him made milestones, which resulted in the real and hegemonic presence of the PRC in the region. This article presents the evolution of Chinese strategic thought in the face of four Chinese political leaders Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping in the Pacific region.Idea chińskiej obecności politycznej w regionie Pacyfiku, a tym samym na morzach oraz oceanach, jest relatywnie młoda. Przed okresem rządów Deng Xiaopinga, czyli do 1978 r., i od wypraw morskich chińskiego admirała Zhenga He w XV w. Chiny nie były ukierunkowane na aktywność w regionie Pacyfiku. Ta morska absencja Chin trwała zatem około 550 lat. W tym czasie Chiny nie dążyły do uzyskania potęgi morskiej. Dopiero chińska rewolucja i powołanie do życia Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej w 1949 r. stało się kamieniem węgielnym chińskiej obecności na otwartych morzach i w małych państwach wyspiarskich – Melanezji, Polinezji i Mikronezji. Pierwszym, który dostrzegł konieczność wyjścia polityki chińskiej na oceany, był reformator Deng Xiaoping, ale trzech następujących po nim przywódców poczyniło milowe kroki, których efektem jest realna i dążąca do hegemonii obecność ChRL w regionie. W tym artykule przedstawiono ewolucję chińskiej myśli strategicznej wobec obecności w regionie Pacyfiku u czterech chińskich przywódców politycznych – Deng Xiaopinga, Jiang Zemina, Hu Jintao oraz Xi Jinpinga

    Profesjonalny i etyczny wymiar pracy nauczyciela

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    Marriage, leading single life and non-formal relationships in the secular society. An example of lubuskie voivodeship in the context of own research

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    Podstawowym celem artykułu jest analiza zależności między formą związku partnerskiego/ małżeńskiego a religijnością wśród młodych dorosłych. Badania własne pokazują, że wśród dorosłych osób dla tej kategorii wiekowej w związku małżeńskim występuje większe prawdopodobieństwo uczestnictwa w życiu religijnym. Osoby żyjące w pojedynkę oraz w kohabitacji cechuje niższe niż w przypadku małżeństw prawdopodobieństwo uczestnictwa w praktykach religijnych. Temat został podjęty w związku z odnotowaniem w statystykach zmniejszającej się religijności ludzi młodych. Osoby w tej kategorii wiekowej częściej wybierają religijność pozainstytucjonalną. W warunkach postępujących procesów sekularyzacji następuje uwolnienie młodych jednostek spod tradycyjnych nakazów moralnych i religijnych, a życie małżeńskie/partnerskie staje się kwestią wyboru.T he basic aim of this article is an analysis of existing linkage between the relation form of partnership/marriage and piety among young adults. The research which has been done show undoubtedly that there is more probability of reverence for or devotion to God or deep respect for religion in the midst of married adults in that age subgroup. The probability of participating in religious practice is higher among people who lead a single life or just are cohabitants. Young adults have been broken free and now they are fleeing from religious imperatives and that can be clearly visible in the current process of growing secularisation. Marriage life has been treated by human beings much more as a matter of choice.&nbsp

    Spaces of “blindness” in educational policy

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    W artykule podjęto próbę identyfikacji obszarów wiedzy o człowieku, które są niedostrzegane przez politykę oświatową. Fundamentem przedstawionych tutaj analiz jest koncept efektywnej polityki przeciwstawiony polityce „ślepej”. Autor analizuje znaczenia trzech kluczowych kategorii praktyki i polityki edukacyjnej. Są nimi: jakość, doskonałość oraz zmiana. Przedstawiono tutaj dominujące dyskursy każdej z tych kategorii oraz przyczyny i skutki „milczenia” dyskursów alternatywnych.This paper attempts to identify areas of knowledge about human nature that are invisible to educational policy. The analysis presented here is based on the concept of effective policy contrasted with the “blind” policy. The author examines the meanings of three vital educational categories: quality, excellence, and change. This article presents the dominant discourses of each category and the causes and consequences of the “silence” of alternative discourses

    Parental stress, aggression, and pressure and the withdrawal of a parent from a relationship with the child: A structural approach

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    Celem niniejszej pracy było przetestowanie modelu teoretycznego zakładającego, że agresja rodzica powstaje w wyniku doświadczania stresu w stosunku do dziecka. Następnie sprawdzono, czy agresja rodziców jest negatywnie związana z rozwojem ich dzieci. W pierwszym badaniu wzięło udział 154 rodziców dzieci w wieku od 3 do 6 lat. Drugie badanie przeprowadzono na 80 dzieciach w wieku od 6 do 10 lat uczęszczających do szkoły oraz na ich rodzicach. Model został przetestowany przy użyciu systemów równań strukturalnych, algorytmy eksploracji danych przeprowadziły analizę skupień, która pogrupowała podmioty na podstawie podobieństwa zmiennych opisanych w modelu. Wyniki pokazały, że zależności w modelu wahały się od umiarkowanych do wysokich. Rodzice, którzy w największym stopniu stosowali presję, agresję i wycofywanie się, mieli najwyższy poziom stresu rodzicielskiego.The aim of this study was to test a theoretical model assuming that a parent’s aggression arises as a result of experiencing stress in relation to their child. Subsequently, it was checked whether the parents’ aggression is negatively related to the development of their children. Hundred fifty-four parents of children aged 3 to 6 took part in the first study. The second study was conducted on 80 children between 6- and 10-years old attending school and on their parents. The model was tested using structural equation systems, data mining algorithms performed a cluster analysis that grouped the subjects based on similarity in the variables described in the model. The results revealed that the relationships in the model ranged from moderate to high. Parents who used pressure, aggression, and withdrawal to the greatest extent had the highest levels of parental stress

    Development of psychomotor skills of preschool children

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    Artykuł dotyczy rozwoju zdolności psychomotorycznych dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym i ich różnorodnych aspektów. Rozważane są teorie czołowych naukowców badających aktywność psychomotoryczną. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych na potrzeby niniejszego tekstu badań nauczyciele-psycholodzy dowodzą, że rozwój umiejętności psychomotorycznych dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym można celowo rozwijać i usprawniać za pomocą różnych gier i ćwiczeńThis article deals with the development of psychomotor abilities of preschoolers, aspects of psychomotor phenomena, pentabase. Theories of leading scientists studying psychomotor activity and ability of a person are considered. On the basis of research teachers psychologists have proofs and examples that the development of psychomotor skills of preschoolers can be purposefully improved and developed with the help of different games and exercises

    Not a method, not a technique but rather an approach to working with person – tutoring through the eyes of a tutor

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    Niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się wokół tutoringu jako jednej z form edukacji spersonalizowanej. W tekście zostały przedstawione teoretyczne podstawy tutoringu, które można odnaleźć w paradygmacie humanistycznym oraz psychologii humanistycznej. W drugiej części artykułu autorka przedstawia wyniki przeprowadzonych przez siebie badań, którymi były indywidualne wywiady pogłębione przeprowadzone z osobami pracującymi w duchu edukacji spersonalizowanej (tutorami oraz trenerami tutoringu). Rozmowy przeprowadzone z osobami badanymi koncentrowały się wokół sposobu definiowania przez nich tutoringu, początków zainteresowania tą formą pracy z podopiecznym, korzyści z jej implementowania, trudności, jakich doświadczają w swojej pracy oraz refleksji dotyczących osoby tutora.This article focuses on tutoring as one of the forms of personalized education. The text presents theoretical foundations that can be found in the humanistic paradigm and humanistic psychology. In the second part of the article, the author presents the results of her research, which were individual in-depth interviews conducted with people working in the spirit of personalized education (tutors and tutoring trainers). The interviews with the respondents focused on how they define tutoring, the beginnings of interest in this form of work with the student, the benefits of implementing it, the difficulties they experience in their work and reflections around the tutor

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