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Spatial Distribution and Trends of Fertility Differentials in Toba Tek Singh District, Punjab-Pakistan
Get PDFThis study examines socio-economic and demographic factors as fertility differentials and draws conclusions upon data collected from some selected rural and urban localities of Toba Tek Sing-Punjab. The analysis carried to examine change in fertility trends and preferences in relation to children ever born to currently married women. The ideal family size from the both localities is 3.98 which, is still reckoned high as compared to the (NGRP) National Growth Rate in Pakistan which is 3.80. The dependent variable is reproductive preference measured by a single indicator- ideal no. of children and gender in both urban and rural localities as same study was conducted by National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS) in 1990-91 and 2006-07. In Pakistan number of demographic surveys has revealed that woman of reproductive age generally prefer more children than their own preferred family size. The aim of this study is to contribute into the existing literature on the geographical patterns of fertility differentials in a district of the Punjab. This will help planners to formulate more effective fertility related policies and programmes in the country. This is also a continuum of DHS conducted in mid 1980s to elaborate fertility patterns among married couples. The goal is to dig deeper into the relationship between education and fertility has been a central focus within demography and related social sciences. Higher education is associated with higher age at first birth and lower number of children discussed the implication of findings in the context of policy framework to enhance the public awareness about the small family in context with high quality life. Higher fertility in a country like Pakistan is rooted in cultural believes about children and number, pre-natal control measures should be targeted more at women attitude to large family. This is to provide policy makers with an understanding of the potential demand for fertility control and help in formulating policies to reduce fertility and improve socio-economic climate of the district
Statistical Analysis to Explore the Factors of ICT that Effect and Promote Global Citizenship among Undergraudate Students: A Case Study of Karachi
Get PDFThis study aimed to explore the underlying relation between ICT and the factors that promote global citizenship among university undergraduate of Karachi, Pakistan through quantitative method approach. Globalization has had numerous and multifaceted effects on education policies and practices at various levels. Therefore, this study attempted to highlight the significance of ICT uses as a tool for fostering global citizenship among undergrads of both sectors in Karachi. The impact of ICT on factors that promote global citizenship among university students are also examined. The Global Citizenship Survey questionnaire was used for quantitative data. A total of 400 students from private and public sector universities participated in this study. The reliability of the responses calculated through Cronbach’s alpha and found to be almost 0.82 for all constructs. This indicates that responses are highly consistent within each construct. An advanced Multivariate Statistical tool “ Exploratory Factor Analysis” (EFA) was also carried out to identify the hidden pattern of the data and identify the most important factors of ICT that promote global citizenship. For the adequacy of data that is the data are suitable for the factor analysis Kaiser Meyer Olkin (KMO) criteria was considered and its value is found to be 0.784. This value indicates that the Global citizenship survey data are adequate and good enough to carry out factor analysis. For the interpretation and discussion of the results we consider first 5 factors with eigen value greater than 1. The results of factor analysis indicate that factors with items of high positive loading are the communication skill and world perspective. In the view of research findings it may be concluded that ICT promotes global citizenship among undergraduate university students
Isolation and Purification of β-Carotene from Morinda citrifolia as HPLC Standard and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
Get PDFQualitative and quantitative analysis of individual carotenoids content and composition are complicated, time consuming and in fact very costly. The crucial and vital part is the availability and reliability of the pure standards. Most of the individual carotenoids are commercially available either in natural or synthetic form but they are quite expensive and some of it not available in the market anymore. These problems strongly associated with the accuracy and reliability of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis data. Therefore, this study aimed to set up an analytical scheme of obtaining β-carotene standard from the leaves of Morinda citrifolia as one of the carotenoid standards for HPLC analysis. M. citrifolia has been selected due to its abundance throughout the year with tropical climate. The scheme via open column chromatography (OCC) established that the purity of β-carotene standard was 97% and the coefficient of correlation was 0.9923. However after 30 day storage period of time, the purity decreased to 95.46%. Although these had an effect on the carotenoid standard stability but it can be a reliable source of β-carotene standard for HPLC analysis as well as active pharmaceutical ingredient for cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, food and beverage industries
Effect of Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (OYVMV) on Plant Growth and Yield
Get PDFOkra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV) is one of the most destructive diseases of okra plant. In the current study, effect of okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV) was assessed on plant growth and yield in naturally infected crop under agro-ecological conditions of Hyderabad district. The virus showed the significant reduction in plant height, number of leaves, flowers, fruits, and over all pickings and yield of all the locations wherever the crop was examined in the district. The significant reduction in plant height (48.67 cm) in infected plants as compared to healthy plants (62.96 cm) was recorded. Similarly, significant difference in the flowers formation per plant at all four locations was recorded in diseased (0.912) and healthy (2.165) plants. Fruit weight was also significantly reducing due to the disease prevalence at all four locations (73.25 g) as compared to healthy observed fruits (91.50 g). Interestingly, on overall basis there were more numbers of leaves (20.66) in infected plants as compared to healthy one (16.33). It is obvious from the results that virus (OYVMV) showed significant increase in number of leaves but reduced plant height, flowers, fruits and yield at all four observed locations, thus, pathologists and breeders are advised to work more on evaluation of resistant varieties using advanced molecular tools. The growers are also advised to adopt preventive as well as curative control measures so that the yield losses may be decreased
A Review and Classification of Energy Efficient MAC Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network
Get PDFUnderwater wireless sensor network is an emerging wireless networking technology (UWSN). UWSN has various applications for example it can be used for monitoring seismic activities, underwater animal, pipeline etc. UWSN face challenges in their MAC later operations. Different energy efficient MAC protocols have been proposed for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN) to overcome the problem of propagation delays which is inherent in underwater acoustic networks. In this paper, we study the energy efficient MAC protocols including EE-MACU, R-MAC and T-Lohi. We classify UWSN MAC protocols into two broad categories contention free and contention based and we further categorize contention based protocol. We analyze and compare key UWSN MAC protocols based on certain parameters and suggest their suitability in various scenarios
Geospatial Analysis of Urbanization and its Impact on Land Use Changes in Sargodha, Pakistan
Get PDFThe focus of this study is on the application of GIS and remote sensing on urbanization and its impact on land use changes in Sargodha from 1992-2015. Sargodha has witnessed rapid urbanization and due to urban expansion many changes have been detected in the land use of Sargodha. For this study, census data, multi-temporal city maps and multi spectral satellite images are used. Landsat TM 1992 and ETM+ 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 Landsat 8 are classified using supervised classified method (MLC) to produce land use maps. The classification accuracy has been assessed by calculating kappa index of agreement and ground control points were also collected to verify the results. The results indicate that, over the past 24 years there is a growing trend in urban land use while the agricultural land and all other categories are showing a declining trend since 1992. The total increase in urban land use is 25380.8 hectares and it has increased in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 at the rate of 2.2%, 4.1%, 9.2% and 17.4% respectively. This rapid urbanization resulted into loss of agricultural land. While the overall change observed in agricultural land, water area and bare land is -11008.5, -38926.5 and 9492.7 hectares respectively
Huge and Real-Time Database Systems: A Comparative Study and Review for SQL Server 2016, Oracle 12c & MySQL 5.7 for Personal Computer
Get PDFComplexity, and Handling of huge data is a crucial target for all management systems. Databases are the backbone, central and core component of a computer application to store data in a logical way, which define the structure and mechanism for manipulation of data. Many Databases are available for handling and saving huge data including commercial and non-commercial like Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database, and MYSQL etc. Many vendors are working on modern techniques of databases spatio-temporal, object-relational, parallel databases etc. This novel research evaluates the comparative study and execution performance of top three databases according to their particular scenario and situation, after reading the paper the computer related experts especially developers easily judge, which database is most reliable in particular scenario, choosing the right decision for development of huge computer applications for hospitals, banks, and industries
Comparing the Early Stage Carbon Sequestration Rates and Effects on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties after Two Years of Planting Agroforestry Trees
Get PDFFarm friendly and fast growing trees are the sustainable, cheaper and efficient source of carbon sequestration and carbon stock, however, their carbon sequestration potential vary among tree species depending upon several factors. This study was conducted to determine the carbon sequestration potential and carbon storage difference among different tree species at early stage. Second objective of this study was to observe the effects of trees on the physico-chemical properties of soils. Seedlings of fifteen widely planted farm trees species were planted under same set of climatic and soil conditions. Employing tree biomass after two year of planting (2014-2016), carbon stocks and carbon sequestration rates were calculated. Soil samples were collected under each tree species at two depths: 0-15cm and 16-30 cm, to determine the physico-chemical properties of soils such as pH, EC, N, P, K, C and organic matter (O.M.). It was found that Populus deltoides contained the highest carbon stocks (7.21 ± 1.31 kg C) and sequestered the CO2 at the highest rate of 13.21 ± 0.84 kg C/year as compared to all other fourteen tree species. O.M. (%) and Carbon (mg/kg) were also the highest in the soils under P. deltoides (2.29 ± 0.42 and 3.8 ± 0.2 respectively) as compared to and all other tree species. Nitrogen contents (%) were found the maximum in the soils under D. sissoo (0.063 ± 0.04) > Acacia nilotica (0.058 ± 0.008) and Albizia lebbeck (similar to Acacia nilotica). Such information enhances our capacity to better predict the carbon sequestration potential and carbon stock in different trees
Phase II Clinical Trial to Establish Efficacy of a Locally Appropriate Bivalent Anti Snake Venom in Pakistan
Get PDFObjective: This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Snake anti-venom Immunoglobulin [IgG] manufactured by Anti-Snake Venom [ASV]/Anti-Rabies [ARV] Serology Laboratory, Health Department, Government of Sindh.
Methods: The prospective, observational single arm study was conducted after the approval of IRB. Study included six patients with viper [Echis carinatus sochureki] snakebites referred to the emergency ward of Peoples University of Medical & Health Sciences Hospital, Nawabshah and District Headquarter Hospital Mithi, Sindh, Pakistan with consultation of Clinical and Principal investigator. The study was conducted over a period of three months [August 2015 to November 2015]. All patients were given IV infusion of 10 mL [1 vial] investigational ASV diluted in 100 mL normal saline except one patient who received 5 mL management dose and 5 mL subsequent dose for the recovery of coagulopathy. The efficacy was assessed by Primary and secondary efficacy endpoints, i.e. the dose at which maximum no of patients were treated [permanent restoration of normal blood coagulation tested by 20-minute whole blood clotting test [20-minute WBCT] with minimum toxicity.
Results: All patients recovered from coagulopathy after receiving IV infusion of 10 mL investigational ASV diluted in 100 mL normal saline tested by 20-minute WBCT. Mean Recovery time was 9:15 ± 3:25 hours.
Conclusion: Safety and efficacy was assessed for the Bivalent Anti venom Immunoglobulin-NQ1 [IgG] manufactured by ASV/ARV Serology Laboratory, Health Department, Government of Sindh
Evaluation of Protective Effect of Methyl Sulfonyl Methane on Colon Ulcer Induced by Alendronate
Get PDFBackground: Bisphosphonates represent a new class of drugs that have shown very promising therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of a number of diseases associated with abnormally accelerated bone resorption including osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, and hypercalcemia of malignancy. As an increasing number of these drugs become available for clinical use in the treatment of the millions of individuals with these skeletal diseases, evidence is becoming available that their chronic usage may be associated with a number of gastrointestinal side effects, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain and inflammation, and erosions and ulceration of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM) which is used for osteoarthritis was used to prevent bisphosphonates ulceration. Our objective was to study the preventive effect of MSM against colon ulcer induced by Alendronate (ALN) in rats. The experiments had been done on 8 white wistar rats for each group. The gastric ulcer has been induced by administration of Alendronate (20mg/kg/day) by gavage for 4 days. MSM (400mg/kg/day) has been given for the protective group for 4 days before administration of Alendronate. The ulcers in rats\u27 colon were examined histologically and microscopically. The results showed that administration of MSM before Alendronate inducing ulcer led to a reduction in ulceration and showed significant difference comparing with morbidity group.
Conclusion: MSM (400 mg/kg/day) has protective effect of colon ulcer induced by alendronate