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Effect of Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Factors on the Growth of Premature Infants
Get PDFObjective: To investigate the factors that affect the growth of preterm infants who receive parenteral nutrition (PN).Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed in Uttaradit hospital, Thailand, using data collected between January 2012 and July 2016. The main outcome measure was postnatal growth failure (PGF), comprising weight gain rate at 36 weeks, weight at 36 weeks, time to regain birth weight and growth failure at 36 weeks.Results: Eighty preterm infants were included in this study, with a mean gestational age of 32 weeks and birth weight of 1468 grams. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the time to achieve full enteral feeding (r = 0.33, 95% CI[0.01,0.48]) was associated with the weight gain rate at 36 weeks of corrected age, birth weight (r = -0.53, 95% CI[-445.04, -216.70]) was associated with weight at 36 weeks of corrected age, the initial timing of PN (r = -0.24, 95% CI[-4.10, -0.40]), average amount of protein in PN (r = 0.39, 95% CI[0.55, 3.43]) and the initial amount of protein in PN (r = -0.46, 95% CI[-3.19, -1.00]) were associated with the time to regain birth weight, and a birth weight classified as small for gestational age (SGA, OR = 15.90, 95% CI[1.54,164.14]) was significantly associated with growth failure at 36 weeks of corrected age.Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that both nutrition and non-nutrition factors affect PGF in preterm infants who receive PN
Gardenia volkensii K. Schum. (Rubiaceae): Review of Medicinal uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Get PDFGardenia volkensii K. Schum. is a shrub or small tree widely used as traditional medicine throughout its distributional range in tropical Africa. This study is aimed at providing a critical review of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of G. volkensii. Documented information on the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of G. volkensii was collected from several online sources, which included Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct. Additional information was gathered from pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles and scientific publications sourced from the university library. The articles published between 1972 and 2020 were used in this study. This study showed that the species is widely used as emetic and protective charm, and as traditional medicine for infertility, sore eyes, sexually transmitted infections, headache, gastro-intestinal infections, earache, convulsions, epilepsy and respiratory infections. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include aldehydes, benzenoids, cinnamates, coumarins, essential oils, fatty acids, flavonoids, iridoids, phenolics, phytosterols and triterpenoids. Pharmacological research revealed that G. volkensii extracts and compounds isolated from the species have antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, mutagenic and antimutagenic and cytotoxicity activities. Future research on G. volkensii should focus on detailed phytochemical evaluations including toxicological, in vivo and clinical studies to corroborate the traditional medical applications of the species
Vitamin D as Radiosensitizer: A Review in Cell Line
Get PDFIntroduction: Vitamin D has been shown to have anti-cancer properties such as antioxidants, anti-proliferative, and cell differentiation. The property of vitamin D as an anticancer agent triggers researchers to find out whether vitamin D is useful as a radiosensitizer. Multiple studies have been carried out on cell lines in various types of cancer, but the benefits of vitamin D as a radiosensitizer still controversial. This paperwork aims to investigate the utilization of Vitamin D3 (Calcitriol) as radiosensitizer in various cell line through literature review.Methods: A systematic search of available medical literature databases was performed on in-vitro studies with Vitamin D as a radiosensitizer in all types of cell lines. A total of 11 in-vitro studies were evaluated.Results: Nine studies in this review showed a significant effect of Vitamin D as a radiosensitizer agent by promoting cytotoxic autophagy, increasing apoptosis, inhibiting of cell survival and proliferation, promoting gene in ReIB inhibition, inducing senescene and necrosis. The two remaining studies showed no significant effect in the radiosensitizing mechanism of Vitamin D due to lack of evidence in-vitro settings.Conclusion: Vitamin D have anticancer property and can be used as a radiosensitizer by imploring various mechanism pathways in various cell lines. Further research especially in-vivo settings need to be evaluated
Phytochemical Screening and In-Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Various Extracts of Helichrysum petiolare Hilliard & B.L. Burtt used for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
Get PDFThe phytochemical contents of the acetone, ethanol, and boiled and cold aqueous whole-plant extracts of Helichrysum petiolare were determined using standard phytochemical reaction methods. ABTS, DPPH, NO and TAC assays were used to evaluate their antioxidant properties. This study reported the highest total phenolic content (212,963 mg/g) in the boiled aqueous extract, while the ethanol had the highest flavonoid (172.393 mg/g) and proanthocyanidin contents (65.855 mg/g). Alkaloids, flavonols, and saponin were highest in the acetone extract, while the cold aqueous extract had the lowest phytochemical content. Among the extracts, the boiled aqueous extract had the highest DPPH•+ (IC50 0.02 mg/mL) and ABTS•+ (IC50 0.07) inhibition capacities, while the ethanol extract exhibited the highest NO• Inhibition (IC50 0.41 mg/mL) and TAC (IC50 0.19 mg/mL). These findings justify the use of H. petiolare in traditional medicine and further recommend the ethanol and boiled aqueous extracts of the plant as more effective extracts for medicinal treatment
Using the Eurotium cristatum Fungus for Preparing Fermented Herbal Teas
Get PDFBackground: The biological activities of dark Chinese teas are largely due to their microbial post-fermentation. Herbal teas are traditional Russian beverages that hold special value, owing to their taste and useful medicinal properties. However, no data are available in the literature on using microbial post-fermentation for enhancing their biological activity. The goal of this work was to demonstrate that the fungus Eurotium isolated from Chinese black teas can be used for the post-fermentation of herbal teas produced from bay willow and apple leaves.Methods: Eurotium cristatum was isolated from brick Chinese tea Fujan and identified using conventional methods of microbiology and molecular biology. Low molecular weight metabolites (phenols, amines, sugars, and amino acids) were determined by HPLC. E. cristatum was grown in association with the bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.Results: It was revealed to exhibit valuable biosynthetic features, such as a lack of mycotoxins, zero antimicrobial activity, and the capacity to synthesize neuroactive amines. B. amyloliquefaciens displayed a wide spectrum of antibiotic (antimicrobial and antifungal) activities that anifested themselves even with antibiotic-resistant bacteria). While growing on green unfermented tea (Camellia sp.) E. cristatum produced and modified neuroactive amines, such as dopamine, serotonin, and epinephrine. The fungus efficiently grew during the post-fermentation of herbal teas from both bay willow and apple leaves. Even though Camellia leaves substantially differed from bay willow and apple leaves in terms of phenol content, the growth of E. cristatum on Camellia was also sufficiently good. This suggests that the growth of Eurotium fungi is not influenced by the phenolic compounds. The data obtained on the composition of phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, and amino acids in the fermented plants and raw material provide evidence that the growth of the fungus proceeds depends on the hydrolysis of high molecular weight phenols and cell biopolymers in the fermented material.Conclusion: Thus, the ability of E. cristatum to grow on plant leaves of significantly different biochemical composition provides foundations for new technologies aiming to obtain post-fermented herbal teas with high biological activity that are enriched in low molecular weight compounds including biogenic amines
Parkia biglobosa (Mimosaceae): Botany, Uses, Phytochemical Properties and Pharmacological Potential
No full textParkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don, popularly known as the African locust bean tree, is a perennial tree legume that belongs to Mimosoïdeae sub-family and family of Fabaceae. This study is aimed at reviewing the botany, nutritional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of P. biglobosa and the information was undertaken using electronic databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Science Direct, Web of Science, Pubmed, SciFinder, BMC and Open-thesis. Parkia biglobosa is a very important multipurpose tree that is used essentially for food, medicinal, cultural, economic and magico-therapeutic purposes. Due to its socio-economic and cultural importance, P. biglobosa species are vulnerable to unsustainable harvesting and are declining in numbers because they remain semi- or undomesticated in some west Africa countries. Different aqueous and organic extracts of P. biglobosa indicate that the species are rich in saponins, tannins, flavonoids, resins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, phenols, sterols, and cardiac glycosides. The nutritional and pharmacological benefits of P. biglobosa has been associated with its physicochemical properties. Pharmacological studies on P. biglobosa exhibited antimalarial, anti-helminthic, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-trypanosomic activities and antioxidant properties. Threats to the survival of this multipurpose species are also highlighted
Current Trends in the Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 Negative Breast Cancer
Get PDFBreast cancer affect almost 1 in 8 women and it is highest in developed and developing countries. There are many drugs exist for the treatment of breast cancer, but still the incidence of mortality and morbidity are high among all cancer types in most countries. Even though the conventional therapies play a major role in the management of breast cancer, its complications are obvious and unavoidable. The newer targeted drug therapy came in place to reduce complications in some extent, but not fully. Hence, a review was aimed to analyse the efficacy and safety of newer anticancer drugs that approved for the treatment of breast cancer by US-FDA from 2017 to 2019. The Olaparib, Talazoparib, and Ribociclib are the newly approved drugs for the treatment of breast cancer during this review period. Among these new drugs, Olaparib and Talazoparib alone or in combination with other anticancer drugs considered as safe and efficacious. Patients with Olaparib or Talazoparib as monotherapy have median progression-free survival of 2.8 to 8.6 months longer and has 42-46% lower risk of death (
Gymnanthemum coloratum: Review of its Medicinal uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties
Get PDFGymnanthemum coloratum is a shrub or a small tree widely used as traditional medicine throughout its distributional range in tropical Africa. The current study is aimed at reviewing the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and medicinal uses of G. coloratum. Literature on pharmacological properties, phytochemistry and medicinal uses of G. coloratum was obtained from numerous internet sources such as Scopus, Elsevier, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, BMC and Web of Science. Other sources of information included pre-electronic sources such as journal articles, theses, book chapters, books and other scientific publications obtained from the university library. The articles published between 1964 and 2020 were used in this study. The current study showed that G. coloratum is used as an anthelmintic, and traditional medicine for reproductive problems, schistosomiasis, liver diseases, sexually transmitted infections, diabetes, sores and wounds, respiratory problems, malaria, skin diseases, fever and gastro-intestinal problems. Ethnopharmacological research identified glaucolides, lactones, amino acids, essential oils, alkaloids, anthocyanins, cardenolids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, leucoanthocyanins, phenols, quinones, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids and triterpenes from the aerial parts, leaves, roots and stems of G. coloratum. The aerial parts, leaves, roots and whole plant parts of G. coloratum and compounds isolated from the species exhibited anthelmintic, antimicrobial, anti-Blastocystis, anti-inflammatory, anti-sickling, insecticidal and larvicidal, antiplasmodial, antimalarial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-Toxoplasma, hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic and cytotoxicity activities. Gymnanthemum coloratum should be subjected to detailed phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluations aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with its phytochemistry and pharmacological activities
Ascendancy of Solar Variability on Terrestrial Climate: A Review
Get PDFIn the present paper, we have briefly reviewed the impact of solar activities on the terrestrial climate. Increased/decreased solar activity affects the various processes going on into the Sun-Earth system and alters the composition of parameters responsible for the climate change. The amount of high solar activity (sunspots) is directly related with the total solar irradiance (TSI) while the spectral index is associated with the ultraviolet (UV) radiations coming from the Sun. Contrary to the above, decreased solar activity is accountable for increased incidence of the galactic cosmic rays (GCR) which play significant role in cloud formation and ultimately responsible for the changed climate conditions of terrestrial environment. The influence of solar variability on the Earth\u27s climate can be explained by exploring various mechanisms involved. There are no fool proof evidences that the solar variations are a major factor in driving recent global climate change but there are considerable evidences of solar influence on the climate of particular regions as well as throughout the terrestrial environment. During high solar activity, higher temperatures and larger ozone concentrations are observed in the tropical stratosphere. The solar influences on the Earth’s climate mainly includes; the changed occurred due to variations in the Sun\u27s radiant output (TSI and UV) and the changes occurred due to the Sun\u27s influence on the energetic particles reaching to the Earth (Solar Energetic Particles, Galactic Cosmic Rays).Following the above regime, we have provided the evidences for the existence of physical links between solar activity and terrestrial climate. Summary of our present understanding of the mechanisms involved in the Sun-climate dynamics are presente
Anti Microbial Resistance in Salmonella
Get PDFAntibiotics are one of the major drugs to eradicate microbial infection. Many types of antibiotics have been used as therapeutics in several fields such as medical, agriculture, animal husbandry for human beings as well as animals. In past few years microbes have become resistant to some common antibiotics. We found that drug resistance is escalating at an alarming rate. Some of the infections like typhoid, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea are becoming difficult to treat while antibiotics are becoming less effective. Typhoid fever is one of the most common foodborne illnesses leading to many deaths annually worldwide. The emergence of multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains (S. Typhi) has resulted in several large outbreaks of enteric fever in many developing countries of the world leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Multi-drug resistance remains a major public health problem, particularly in developing countries of Asia and Africa. Some important measures like rational use of antibiotics, improvement in public sanitation facilities, availability of clean drinking water, promotion of safe food handling practices and public health education can play a crucial role in the prevention of multiple drug resistant typhoid fever