JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND ALLIED RESEARCH
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INCOME AND HEALTH OUTCOMES IN THE ANGLOPHONE WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES: A DYNAMIC HETEROGENEOUS APPROACH
Get PDFThe health status of a population is a very vital economic indicator because unhealthiness can have a significant impact on households’ productivity. The health status in the African Countries is well below that of the rest of the world. This study investigated the effect of income on health outcomes in the Anglophone West African Countries from 2000-2019. Data were obtained from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators, and Global Health Expenditure Data bases. The model of the study is based on Grossman Model (1972). This study employed Dynamic Heterogenous Panel Regression (Panel ARDL) because of the variability of the countries in Anglophone West Africa. Results revealed that per capita gross domestic product, Out-of-Pocket health expenditure, income inequality, and current health expenditure have significant effect on maternal mortality, under-five mortality, neo-natal mortality and infant mortality in the Anglophone West African Countries in the long run. The study therefore, recommends that health sector should be adequately funded, out-of-pocket health expenditure should be discouraged, bridge the gap of income inequality and fiscal policies to improve health sector be should be employed in the sub-region
MIGRATION AND REMITTANCE: IMPLICATION FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Get PDFThe potential gain and loss of migration have been a recent issue of debate among academics and policymakers. Hence, this study examined the implication of remittance and migration in Africa. The study was based on the Neo-classical theory of migration and Harrod-two-gap and Domar's model. The study employed secondary data that span from 2000 to 2020 which was analyzed using the Random effect and generalized Method of Moment when the variables were found not to be cointegrated. The result revealed that remittance has a negative and substantial impact on economic development while migration had a positive and substantial impact on economic development. The economic development of African countries was also found to be a function of official development, population growth, and secondary school enrolment. It is therefore recommended that the management of migrant funds sent home must be handled with prudence. The creation of a favourable environment through political stability and security should be prioritized to attract more development aid and a favorable environment for investors to reap the benefits of increased migrant remittances in a globalized global economy
INEQUALITY TRENDS IN MATERNAL HEALTH CARE SERVICE UTILIZATION: EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA
Get PDFInequalities in maternal health care services prevents women of reproductive ages from accessing required care. These disparities can be significantly reduced if equitable delivery channels are available. This study examines the inequalities in maternal health care utilization outcome, the factors that determine these inequalities that can effectively reduce disparities in utilization. The paper uses data from the 2013 and 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys. The utilization variables are; at least four antenatal care visits, deliveries by skilled birth attendants, delivery in a health facility and postnatal care attendance. The concentration indices and slope index of inequality are used to determine the extent of socioeconomic inequalities maternal outcomes. The logistic regression is performed to ascertain the various socio-economic factors that influence utilization of services. Findings reveal low utilization of maternal health care services in the country especially among the poorest and poorer socio-economic groups. This is reflected in the top inequality pattern of mass deprivation of the poor from access to maternal health care services
EDUCATION GROWTH IN NIGERIA: DOES FORGONE EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION MATTER?
Get PDFThis paper investigated the education sector's budget shortfall based on UNESCO's recommendation of a 15–25% budgetary allocation to the education sector for developing countries (forgone expenditure) and its effect on education growth in Nigeria using annual data from 1981 to 2019. This paper used Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM), impulse response, and variance decomposition simulations to explain the response to shock amongst the variables. In addition, the study used the VECM Granger causality approach to understand shortrun causation among variables through F-/Wald test simulation. Later, the aforementioned simultaneous system equation is evaluated using ordinary least squares (OLS). In its three lags, empirical results show that forgone education spending has a positive and substantial association with education growth, whereas real education expenditure has a negative relationship with education growth. The VECM Granger causality result also shows that forgone education expenditure causes education growth. A closer examination of the impulse response function reveals that foregone education expenditure will contribute to educational growth in the short and long run. Based on the findings, the government should boost its share of education spending to achieve the UNESCO recommendation of 15–20%. Furthermore, government education spending should be properly managed in order to improve educational growth
AGRICULTURE FINANCING AND FOOD SECURITY IN NIGERIA
Get PDFThis study examined the impact of public agriculture financing on food security in Nigeria spanning the period of 1981 to 2020. The data for the study were analyzed using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The study used calorie supply per capita as the dependent variable, while the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund, bank credit to the agricultural sector and interest rate were the independent variables. Findings from the study revealed that agriculture financing has a positive impact on food security in Nigeria, with the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund and bank credit to the agricultural sector having positive coefficients in the long-run and in the short-run. The result also shows that interest rate has a negative impact on food security in the long-run and in the short-run. Based on the findings of the study, it recommends that credit facilities through the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund and bank credit should be made available to farmers in order to enhance food security in Nigeria. Equally, the study also recommended that while encouraging farmers to take agricultural credit, the cost of credit to the agricultural sector should be reduced to encourage more farm investment
IMPLICATIONS OF COVID-19 FOR AGRICULTURE, FOOD SECURITY, AND POVERTY IN NIGERIA
Get PDFCovid-19 pandemic appeared to have permanently changed the mode of life, whereby covid-19 mitigating measures have become a unifying world order. All spheres of human life are greatly affected and adversely too. In Nigeria unfortunately, the food chain has become the worst hit resulting from the crushing effects of the pandemic on agriculture. There has been a consistent increase in prices of agricultural products since the February 2020 national lockdown in Nigeria. While Nigeria continues to witness a persistent fall in agricultural output, including food, the prices of food and other agricultural produce keep hitting the roof. The abysmal government interventions riddled with corruption and effectively excluding the mass poor farmers further exacerbated their poor living conditions, while more Nigerians are pushed into poverty. The study involved an exploratory analysis of the immediate impacts of covid-19 mitigation measures and interventions on agriculture, food security, and poverty in Nigeria. The major objective of this study is to better understand the implications of the covid-19 pandemic for agriculture, food security, and poverty in Nigeria
EFFECT OF ICT ON REGIONAL GROWTH OF WEST AFRICAN STATES
Get PDFThe study examined the effect of Information, Communication and Technology (ICT) on the regional growth of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The two-step dynamic GMM method was applied for a balanced panel data of 14 countries from 2007 to 2021. The results revealed that economic activities and the use of ICT are skewed in the ECOWAS region. Further results indicated that, ICT specifically captured by internet connections and mobile phones contribute significantly to the growth of the entire ECOWAS region. A major policy implication of this finding is that an increase penetration of ICT through internet connection, especially through the use of mobile phones, will facilitate capital diffusion and trade activities among member countries, leading to the accretion of their overall economic growth
IMPACT OF EDUCATION BUDGET ON POVERTY REDUCTION IN NIGERIA
Get PDFThe study investigated impact of education spending on poverty reduction using annual data from 1980 to 2019. Autoregressive Distributed Lag model and Granger test were adopted for the analysis. The result showed that population growth, inflation, and domestic capital formation negatively affected life expectancy, hence retarded poverty reduction in long and short-run. Government expenditure on education and health services positively correlated with life expectancy, indicating positive impacts on poverty reduction in the long and short -run. On the Contrary, recurrent education expenditure in short-run had negative effect on poverty reduction. Granger causality indicated unidirectional relationship between education spending and poverty reduction in Nigeria
DO EDUCATION OUTCOMES ENHANCE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA?
Get PDFThe study assessed the effect of education outcomes on sustainable development in Nigeria for the period 1990q1–2018q4. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) bounds test technique was used for the analysis. Adjusted net savings (ANS) were utilized as a measure of sustainable development. The adult literacy rate, primary school enrolment, and secondary school enrolment were used as proxies for educational outcomes. The research found that adult literacy rates had a strong favourable effect on sustainable development in both the short-run and long-run. Secondary school enrolment exhibited a positive, significant impact on sustainable development only in the long run, while primary school enrolment had an insignificant effect on sustainable development in both the short-run and long-run. Based on the findings, the study recommends increased budgetary allocation and subsidies for Nigerian education
GOVERNMENT EDUCATION EXPENDITURE AND HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
Get PDFA nation’s human capital captures all obtainable expertise, resource knowledge, work proficiency and quality of labour possessed by her citizen through education. Studies on the impact of human capital development on economic growth have been performed in the past with only few considering the state of education as a factor of human capital development. The effect of government education expenditure on human capital development in Nigeria was investigated in this study. The research employed secondary data from 1990 to 2020. The dependent variable in the analysis was gross secondary school enrolment rate, the independent variables were recurrent and capital expenditure on education, and the control variable was recurrent expenditure on health. The stationarity of the variables was tested using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, and the variables were found to be stationary at various levels. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) was adopted to estimate the model. The result of the estimated model showed that recurrent expenditure on education and capital expenditure on education had negative insignificant effects on gross secondary school enrolment rate while recurrent expenditure on health had a positive but insignificant effect. However, the independent variables had joint effects on the dependent variable. The study recommended the implementation of education spending policies with the focus on filling the gaps the education sector has in affecting human capital development in Nigeria significantly. Policy makers should also strive in formulating policies to boost institutional capacities to increase enrolment in schools and improve the provision of healthcare services