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Peran Mahkamah Konstitusi Federal Jerman dalam Perlindungan Hak Fundamental Warga Negara berdasarkan Kewenangan Pengaduan Konstitusional
Get PDFThe research focuses on the role of the constitutional complaint authority of the German Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht/ BVerfG). The research question is how do BVerfG's system and role protect citizens' fundamental rights? The research aims to know the system (urgency, regulations) and the role/ performance of BVerfG in carrying out its authority. This research is normative legal research with regulation and case approach. The results show that BVerfG has received 240,251 (98%) cases from 1951 - 2020 (6,000 cases per year), with a successful application rate of approximately 2% of the total decisions. This paper discusses three cases regarding the decision-related global supervision, the prohibition of wearing the hijab in a legal traineeship, and the case of the European Central Bank/ECB's asset purchase program. BVerfG shows that there is the best role in protecting the fundamental rights of citizens from court decisions that violate fundamental rights. The best practices of the BVerfG are recognition and reference in arranging the Constitutional Court in other countries from the Continental European and Anglo-Saxon legal systems. For Indonesia, it becomes a reference in adding the constitutional complaint authority to the Indonesian Constitutional Court in the future.Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang peran pengaduan konstitusional Mahkamah Konstitusi Jerman (Bundesverfassungsgericht/ BVerfG). Pertanyaan penelitiannya adalah bagaimana sistem dan peran BVerfG dalam memberikan perlindungan hak fundamental warga negara? Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui sistem (urgensi, pengaturan) dan peran/ kinerja BverfG dalam menjalankan kewenangannya secara komprehensif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang- undangan dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa BVerfG telah menerima 240.251 (98%) kasus pengaduan konstitusional sejak tahun 1951 - 2020 (6.000 kasus per tahun), dengan tingkat keberhasilan (putusan dikabulkan) sekitar kurang lebih 2% dari total putusan. Berdasarkan tiga kasus yang dianalisis yaitu putusan terkait pengawasan global, larangan pemakaian jilbab dalam legal traineeship, dan kasus the European Central Bank/ ECB's asset purchase program menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 2020, BVerfG melaksanakan peran yang baik dalam perlindungan hak fundamental warga negara dari putusan pegadilan yang melangar hak fundamental. Selain itu, peran yang baik juga dibuktikan dengan pengakuan negara lain yang menjadikannya sebagai rujukan dalam menata praktek Mahkamah Konstitusi di negaranya, baik yang menganut sistem hukum Eropa Kontinental maupun Anglo-Saxon. Bagi Indonesia, tentu menjadi referensi dalam penambahan kewenangan pengaduan konstitusional bagi Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia ke depan
Realitas Masyarakat Papua dalam Distorsi Representasi Media: Analisis Media Baru
Get PDFMedia portrayals towards minorities result in implications towards how society as a whole views them. This paper questions how the media representation of Papua reflects the reality of their socio-political situation and what the implications of said representations are. Based on secondary data analysis towards Indonesian media's portrayals of Papua, including but not limited to its' constituents and environment, this paper seeks to understand based on new media theories of social reality how the media portrayals of Papua have impacts towards the socio-political experience of Papuans in Indonesians, and Indonesians towards Papuans. The results obtained by the analysis indicate that media employs stereotypical and surface level portrayals of Papua in a way that dismisses the structural issues Papuans are facing. Those results show that media representation plays an integral part towards manufacturing discrimination towards Papuans, leading towards this paper's recommendations that calls for increased pressure towards demanding that the damages caused by false media portrayals of Papua were to be rectified by responsible parties.Pemberitaan kelompok minoritas dalam media menghasilkan implikasi terhadap bagaimana suatu masyarakat memahami kelompok tersebut. Paper ini mempertanyakan bagaimana representasi media terhadap Papua merefleksikan kenyataan kondisi sosio-politik dari masyarakat Papua dan implikasi dari pemberitaan tersebut. Menggunakan teori media baru, paper ini melakukan analisis berbasis data sekunder terhadap pemberitaan masyarakat dan lingkungan Papua. Hasil analisis menghasilkan penjelasan dari bagaimana gambaran Papua yang dihasilkan media mempengaruhi pengalaman sosio-politik antara masyarakat Papua dengan masyarakat lain di Indonesia. Kesimpulan analisis artikel ini mengindikasikan bahwa pemberitaan pengalaman masyarakat Papua menyembunyikan dan mengabaikan permasalahan struktural yang dialami masyarakat Papua oleh perlakuan negara. Penemuan ini menunjukkan bahwa refleksi media sangat berperan dalam menghasilkan diskriminasi terhadap masyarakat Papua. Berdasarkan penemuan tersebut, rekomendasi dari paper ini mendorong negara untuk bertanggung jawab dalam mengendalikan representasi masyarakat Papua
Dilema Hak Atas Pekerjaan dalam Kebijakan Pasar Tenaga Kerja Fleksibel
Get PDFThe right to work demands the role of the State in its fulfillment but the development of a flexible labor market poses a dilemma for the state in fulfilling the right to work. This study was conducted by using a normative type of research that examines the right to work in a flexible labor market using a statutory approach. In Indonesia, the flexible labor market is embodied in the Job Creation Act, which describes the state's dilemmatic position in carrying out its duties for the right to work. Against this dilemmatic position, the state prioritizes job creation over the feasibility of the jobs created. Based on this research, the author outlines the importance of a holistic approach in viewing human rights in the legislation process. So that the availability of work and the feasibility of work are not placed separately. This is because indecent work places the degree of human beings, who are trying to be protected by human rights, in a vulnerable position.Hak atas pekerjaan menuntut peran Negara dalam pemenuhannya, namun kehadiran pasar tenaga kerja fleksibel telah menimbulkan dilema bagi negara dalam pemenuhan hak atas pekerjaan yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian normatif yang menelaah hak atas pekerjaan di dalam pasar tenaga kerja fleksibel dengan menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan. Di Indonesia, pasar tenaga kerja fleksibel mewujud dalam Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja yang menggambarkan posisi dilematis negara dalam menjalankan tanggungjawabnya terhadap hak atas pekerjaan. Terhadap posisi dilematis ini, negara mendahulukan terciptanya lapangan kerja dibandingkan dengan kelayakan pekerjaan yang diciptakan. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, terkuak pentingnya pendekatan holistik dalam memandang hak asasi manusia. Sehingga antara ketersediaan pekerjaan dan kelayakan pekerjaan tidak diletakkan secara terpisah. Hal ini dikarenakan pekerjaan yang tidak layak, menempatkan derajat manusia yang dilindungi oleh hak asasi manusia dalam posisi yang rentan
Revitalisasi Voice sebagai Hak Politik Warga Kota di Indonesia: Suatu Kajian Konseptual
Get PDFThe idea of voice has been long existing within society. When it comes to current urban environment, it seems that voice has been declining due to firm influence of individualism. This makes the inclusive dialogue space between inter citizens group & government and society relationship faded away. Concerning on this issue, this paper would like to highlight the possibility of voice to be main drive to rebuild political rights for citizens. By using a mixed method that consists of in-depth interviews and critical literature review, this paper shows that voice recently has been institutionalised into two ways: formal through e-government and informal through community radio broadcasting. Both ways are able to deliver grass root aspiration to be policymaking issues. These finding of this research suggests the need of active citizen participation to voice their aspiration through different platforms rather than formal ways. Gagasan "voice" telah lama eksis dalam masyarakat. Ketika itu berusaha untuk diterapkan dalam lingkungan perkotaan, sepertinya "voice" menurun seiring dengan menguatnya individualisme di kota. Hal itu membuat ruang dialog inklusif antar kelompok warga kota dan juga relasi negara dan masyarakat kota mengalami pengikisan. Adanya fenomena tersebut, tulisan ini berusaha untuk mengulas kembali kemungkinan "voice" sebagai faktor pendorong utama dalam membangun kembali hak politik warga kota. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian campuran berbasis wawancara mendalam dan juga analisa literatur kritis, temuan tulisan ini menunjukkan adanya kebutuhan akan "voice" yang terinstitusionalisasikan dalam dua cara yakni: formal lewat e-government dan informal lewat siaran radio komunitas. Kedua cara tersebut dinilai bisa dalam mengantarkan isu-isu yang berkembang di akar rumput mnejadi bahan pembuatan kebijakan publik. Temuan penelitian ini juga menyarankan adanya partisipasi aktif warga kota dalam menyuarakan aspirasinya melalui berbagai kanal daripada lewat proses formal.
Three Arguments to Support International Binding Treaty on Business and Human Rights
Get PDFThe development of the promotion and protection of human rights, in general, has been gladdening. However, in instances where human rights are affected by business activity, efforts to uphold them meet certain obstacles. This is exacerbated when the business activity involves a complex and international dimension in it"”i.e., in the case of multinational enterprises. This paper provides three arguments to support the establishment of international binding treaty on business and human rights. It examines the current Corporate Social Responsibility platform, state responsibility to protect human rights, and also the importance and benefits of legally binding treaty. This research found that the implementation of the current CSR platform fails to prevent business harm to human rights. Therefore, state responsibility is fundamental in this matter and should be enhanced by the duty to establish an international treaty. A legally binding treaty is important to protect human rights from irresponsible business activity and can be beneficial and relevant to the interest of parties involved in business and human rights
Tanggung Jawab Negara dalam Pemenuhan Hak Atas Kesehatan Jiwa dihubungkan dengan Hak Asasi Manusia
Get PDFThe frightening global situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic has caused various problems related to health conditions, including mental health crisis. The fulfillment of mental health as part of human rights is a logical consequence of the ratification of the International Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights by Indonesia. The State as the duty bearer is obliged to fulfill, protect and respect every existing human right, including the right to health. This research aims to examine the relation between the regulation of the human right to health and the right to mental health and the State's responsibility through the implementation of the fulfillment of mental health rights. The method used is doctrinal legal research. The result of the analysis found that the mental health right is an integrated part of the right to health with the main responsibility for fulfilling it is the State's obligation according to the current constitution. There are several forms of substantial efforts by the State to fulfill it. Those implementation forms require efforts to increase and equalize facilities by the State to fulfill mental health right maximally.Situasi global yang mengkhawatirkan akibat kehadiran pandemi COVID-19 menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan bagi umat manusia terkait kondisi kesehatan, salah satunya adalah krisis kesehatan jiwa. Pemenuhan kesehatan jiwa sebagai bagian dari hak asasi manusia adalah konsekuensi logis diratifikasinya Konvensi Internasional tentang Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya oleh Indonesia. Negara sebagai pemangku kewajiban diwajibkan untuk memenuhi, melindungi, dan menghormati setiap hak asasi yang ada, termasuk hak asasi kesehatan. Tujuan analisis adalah untuk menelaah bagaimana pengaturan hak asasi atas kesehatan serta kaitannya dengan hak atas kesehatan jiwa serta bagaimana tanggung jawab negara melalui implementasi pemenuhan hak kesehatan jiwa. Tipologi analisis riset yang diaplikasikan adalah penelitian hukum doktrinal. Hasil penelitian didapati bahwa hak sehat jiwa merupakan bagian integral dari hak atas kesehatan dengan pertanggungjawaban utama akan pemenuhannya merupakan kewajiban negara menurut ius constitutum serta didapati terdapat beberapa bentuk upaya konkret yang dilakukan oleh Negara dalam rangka pemenuhan hak asasi tersebut. Beberapa implementasi tersebut tetap memerlukan upaya peningkatan dan pemerataan fasilitas oleh negara demi terpenuhinya hak kesehatan jiwa secara maksimal
Komisi Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi dalam Era Nontransisional: Implementasi di Korea Selatan dan Kanada
Get PDFThis article aims to explain the practice of Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in non-transitional era. The TRC in non-transitional era was formed by democratic country or to reveal the truth of gross human rights violations that occurred decades ago. This research uses comparative method that compares the practice of TRC in South Korea (Commission on Clearing up Past Incidents for Truth and Reconciliation/TRCK) and Canada (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada/TRCC). The results of the study indicate that the TRCK and TRCC were formed as an effort by the state to improve previous efforts in dealing with gross human rights violations; the number of staff members had a more significant impact on the success of the TRC than the number of commissioners; the norms governing the protection, prohibition, and sanctions for commissioners and staff, testifying witnesses, the persons named in the testimony and for individual and community; TRCK and TRCC gathered facts within two years; and the reconciliation process was carried out by the commission through the rehabilitation of reputations and holding memorial services. This article recommends that the practice of TRC in South Korea and Canada can be adopted in the preparation of policies for the establishment of TRCs in Indonesia.Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan praktik Komisi Kebenaran Rekonsiliasi (KKR) dalam era nontransisional. KKR dalam era nontransisional dibentuk oleh negara demokrasi atau untuk mengungkapkan kebenaran atas peristiwa pelanggaran hak asasi manusia (HAM) berat yang terjadi puluhan tahun yang lalu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian perbandingan yang membandingkan praktik KKR di Korea Selatan (Commission on Clearing up Past Incidents for Truth and Reconciliation/TRCK) dan Kanada (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada/TRCC). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beberapa hal, yakni bahwa TRCK dan TRCC dibentuk sebagai upaya negara menyempurnakan berbagai upaya terdahulu dalam menangani pelanggaran HAM berat di masa lalu; jumlah keanggotaan staf lebih memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadap kesuksesan KKR dibandingkan jumlah komisioner; adanya norma yang mengatur mengenai perlindungan, larangan, dan sanksi bagi komisioner dan staf, pemberi kesaksian, orang-orang yang tersebut namanya dalam kesaksian serta masyarakat secara umum; TRCK dan TRCC mengumpulkan fakta dalam waktu dua tahun; dan proses rekonsiliasi dilakukan oleh komisi melalui rehabilitasi nama baik dan melakukan berbagai upacara peringatan. Artikel ini merekomendasikan agar praktik KKR di Korea Selatan dan Kanada dapat diadopsi dalam penyiapan kebijakan pembentukan KKR di Indonesia
Urgensi Penghormatan Otonomi dan Hak Menerima Informasi Vaksinasi Covid-19 dalam Konteks Kewajiban Vaksinasi
Get PDFCurrently, the Covid-19 vaccination coverage is quite high, reaching 62%. Ironically, there are many rejection and inappropriate motivation in receiving vaccines. Enthusiasm for vaccination didn't represent the understanding regarding vaccination. Lack of understanding can be caused by limited or ineffective information. To describe the provision of information during the Covid-19 vaccination, a descriptive qualitative study was conducted with in-depth interviews with ten respondents. The data was analyzed by making coding and themes and compared with references. The results showed that four out of ten respondents didn't receive information prior to the Covid-19 vaccination. It was also found that the motivation to receive vaccines was only as an obligation and for using public facilities. On the other hand, vaccinators had limitations in providing information and only prioritize vaccination coverage. Without adequate information, receiving vaccine would be a mere compulsion. Respect for autonomy of vaccine recipients and rights to receive information as parts of human rights didn't work. The obligation to receive the Covid-19 vaccination in the context of a pandemic must respect the rights and autonomy of the community. Collaboration from the government and local leaders and structured coordination are needed so that the Covid-19 vaccination is accordance with ethical standards.Saat ini cakupan vaksinasi Covid-19 cukup tinggi, yaitu mencapai 62%. Ironisnya, penolakan terhadap vaksin dan motivasi yang kurang tepat dalam menerima vaksin masih banyak ditemukan. Antusiasme vaksinasi tidak berarti menggambarkan motivasi dan pemahaman yang benar terkait vaksinasi. Kurangnya pemahaman dapat disebabkan karena terbatasnya informasi yang benar atau penyampaian informasi tidak efektif. Untuk mengetahui gambaran pemberian informasi saat vaksinasi Covid-19 dilakukan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan wawancara mendalam terhadap sepuluh orang responden. Data dianalisa dengan membuat koding dan tema lalu dibandingkan dengan referensi dan teori yang memadai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan empat dari sepuluh responden tidak menerima informasi sebelum vaksinasi Covid-19. Ditemukan juga motivasi menerima vaksin hanya sebagai kewajiban dan syarat menggunakan fasilitas publik. Di sisi lain, vaksinator memiliki keterbatasan untuk memberikan informasi dan hanya mengutamakan tercapainya cakupan vaksinasi. Tanpa informasi tentang vaksinasi yang memadai, menerima vaksin akan menjadi keterpaksaan belaka. Penghormatan otonomi dan hak menerima informasi medis sebagai bagian dari hak asasi manusia tidak berjalan. Kewajiban menerima vaksinasi Covid-19 dalam konteks pandemi harus tetap menghormati hak dan otonomi masyarakat. Diperlukan kolaborasi dari pemerintah dan pemimpin setempat serta koordinasi terstruktur sehingga pelaksanaan vaksinasi Covid-19 tetap sesuai standar etika
Upaya Perlindungan Anak terhadap Perkara Hadhanah
Get PDFThe hadhanah often lead to problems regarding law enforcement and the protection of children. The hadhanah case after being decided by the judge turned out to have no executive power when hadhin or hadhinah who had the obligationand responsibility to fulfill hadhanah financing could not implement it. This study aims to determine the efforts that can be made to protect children, especially against hadhanah problems from the perspective of Law Number 35 of 2014. The nature of this research is descriptive and the type of research is normative juridical, with a statutory approach and conceptual approach. Data collection was done by conducting literacy studies, and analyzing qualitatively. The results of the study found a form of legal protection for children as the executorial power against hadhanah case decision based on Law Number 35 of 2014.Problematika hadhanah banyak berujung kepada masalah tentang penegakan hukum dan perlindungan terhadap anak. Perkara hadhanah setelah diputuskan oleh hakim ternyata tidak mempunyai kekuatan eksekutorial di mana saat hadhin atau hadhinah yang mempunyai beban dan tanggung jawab untuk memenuhi pembiayaan hadhanah tidak dapat melaksanakannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk melindungi anak khususnya terhadap masalah hadhanah dalam perspektif UU Nomor 35 Tahun 2014. Sifat penelitian ini deskriptif dan jenis penelitiannya yuridis normatif, dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute appoach) dan konseptual (conceptual approach). Pengumpulan data dengan cara melakukan studi literasi, dan penganalisisan secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap anak sebagai kekuatan eksekutorial dari putusan perkara hadhanah dalam Undang-undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014
Ar-B (Augmented Reality and Brille) Module Innovation of Learning Media in the Fulfillment of Human Rights Field of Education for Visually Impaired Person
Get PDFThe development of the Ar-B (Augmented Reality and Braille) TikTok-based Learning Media Innovation in Indonesia addresses a critical human rights issue especially on ensuring equal access to education for individuals with disabilities, particularly those with visual impairments. Despite there being over 3 million visually impaired individuals in Indonesia, only a fraction of media content is accessible to them. This stark inequality violates the fundamental human rights principles of non-discrimination and equal access to education, as outlined in international agreements such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, when traditional educational avenues were disrupted, 99% of students turned to social media for learning, highlighting the urgency to make digital platforms inclusive. TikTok emerged as a predominant medium, with a significant proportion of students using it extensively. The Ar-B innovation leverages technology to bridge this accessibility gap by integrating Augmented Reality and Braille, thus enabling both visually impaired and non-impaired students to access educational content effectively on TikTok. Through the Research and Development (R&D) process and rigorous validation, the Ar-B Module has demonstrated a 92% validity rate and shown to enhance student learning outcomes. By ensuring that educational tools are inclusive and accessible, this innovation not only supports the educational rights of disabled individuals but also contributes to broader human rights goals of equity and inclusivity in education. It exemplifies Indonesia's commitment to fulfilling its obligations under international human rights frameworks by promoting inclusive education through innovative technological solutions.In Indonesia alone there are 3 million more people with visual impairments and there are only 10% of media available, and during the covid19 pandemic 99% of students actively use social media during the pandemic especially social media Tiktok which is about 78% of students using Tiktok longer. Even Tiktok's social media users are increasing by around 14.3 million per month. Seeing these problems, the researchers made a new innovation, namely the Ar-B (Augmented Reality and Braille) Tiktok-based Learning Media Innovation which is used for normal and visually impaired students in an effort to fulfill human rights in the field of education for the community. with disabilities. This research uses the R&D type with the Borg and Gall development model. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, questionnaires, literature studies, documentation and trials and then analyzed using media expert validation analysis techniques, material expert validation analysis techniques and trial analysis techniques. The specific purpose of making this media is to find out whether the Ar-B Module is valid to use and how the student learning outcomes after using this module. The results of this study indicate that the module Ar-B has a validity level of 92% and can improve student learning outcome