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Revisiting Legal and Ethical Challenges in Fulfilling Human Right to Clean Air in Indonesia
Get PDFPro-investment and development government policies to achieve people's welfare can potentially violate human right to clean air through business activities that contribute to air pollution. In Jakarta, this condition led to a public lawsuit against the central and regional governments, who were considered liable for the air pollution and harm suffered by the community. This study reviews the concept of the right to clean air as a human right and analyzes the legal and ethical challenges in fulfilling human right to clean air in Indonesia. The discussion includes the relationship between business and human rights, the concept of clean air as a human right and a review of the legal framework to enforce liability and accommodate legal remedies and the private initiatives to drive and implement more responsible choices to reduce air pollution. The method used in this study was a literature study with data analyzed qualitatively. The paper concludes that people's right to clean air is a fundamental human right. The fulfillment of human right to clean air can be driven by state's power to impose regulation and the implementation of ethical and responsible business activities by corporations. The government needs to strengthen regulations related to air pollution control and business legal compliance, notably strengthening applicable air quality standards in accordance with evidence-based, internationally recognized standards to protect public health. Similarly, corporations should act as "moral agents" who apply ethical behaviors in their business activities to minimize air pollution
Aksentuasi Kepentingan terbaik Anak dalam Putusan Nafkah sebagai Upaya Penjaminan Hak Asasi Anak
Get PDFChildren have an important positioning in spheres of human life, starting from the scope of family life to the state, therefore every policy must be able to guarantee the fulfillment of children's rights. This study aims to describe the guarantee of children's human rights through the accentuation of the best interests of children in the decision to make a living. The result of the study is useful as a basis for adaptive thinking for judges in making decisions for children's livelihoods that prioritize the best interests of children. This study uses normative legal research with a philosophy and legislation approach, and a prescriptive analysis method. The accentuation of the best interests of the child in the judge's decision regarding livelihoods must be able to lead to guarantee of the rights of the child's welfare which includes three aspects, namely the presence of parents, condition (maturity and experience) and the environment in which the child lives. The advice given is to remember that living is one of the needs of children to fulfill their natural rights in order to survive and improve their quality of life, so judges should always conduct in-depth studies (ijtihad) in every examination of children's livelihood cases.Anak mempunyai kedudukan penting dalam lingkup kehidupan manusia, mulai dari lingkup kehidupan berkeluarga sampai bernegara, karena itu setiap kebijakan harus dapat menjamin terpenuhinya hak anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan penjaminan hak asasi anak melalui aksentuasi kepentingan terbaik anak dalam putusan nafkah. Hasil penelitian berguna sebagai dasar pemikiran adaptif bagi hakim dalam memberikan putusan nafkah anak yang mengedepankan kepentingan terbaik anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan filsafat dan perundang-undangan, dan metode analisis preskriptif. Aksentuasi kepentingan terbaik anak dalam putusan nafkah harus dapat menjamin hak kesejahteraan anak yang meliputi tiga aspek yaitu kehadiran orang tua, keadaan (kematangan dan pengalaman) anak dan lingkungan tempat tinggal anak. Saran yang disampaikan adalah mengingat nafkah sebagai salah satu kebutuhan anak untuk memenuhi hak kodratinya agar tetap bertahan dan meningkatkan kualitas hidupnya, maka kepada para hakim hendaknya senantiasa melakukan kajian mendalam (ijtihad) dalam setiap memeriksa perkara nafkah anak
Freedom Of Speech and Human Rights: What Can Civic Education Do?
Get PDFPancasila and Citizenship Education can be considered as a way to improve citizens' opinions. This research is a critical literature review of 40 articles from 2017 to 2022 and focuses on research progress on freedom of expression. The formulation and findings of this study indicated that the practice of freedom of expression in Indonesia has been regulated by law, but in some aspects, it is subject to restrictions. People are often act uncontrollably and abuse their freedom of speech. The impact of the existence of freedom of expression is that people can express themselves but must remain in the corridor of respecting the rights of others and actively participate in providing constructive suggestions for the state. Thus, this study concludes that freedom of expression must be balanced with good delivery procedures, citizenship and civility in expressing opinions is a cultural challenge that must be resolved to build healthy freedom of speech. Citizens' civility for opinion and expression is recommended as one of the crucial issues that should be discussed and developed in Pancasila and Citizenship Education and as well as for inclusive education program.Humans have basic rights to life, one of which is freedom of opinion. Democracy guarantees the freedom of its citizens to express their opinion. However, in the practice of freedom of expression, several problems were found related to ethics of opinion and restrictions on freedom of expression. This study aims to analyze the practice of freedom of expression and its relation to human rights, the impact of freedom of expression, and the role of PPKn in improving civic civility in expressing opinions. This research is a critical literature review reviewing 40 articles from 2017 to 2022 and focuses on research progress on freedom of expression. The formulation and findings of this study are that the practice of freedom of expression in Indonesia has been regulated by law, but in some aspects, it is subject to space restrictions. People are often uncontrolled and abuse their freedom of expression. The impact of the existence of freedom of expression is that people can express themselves but must remain in the corridor of respecting the rights of others, and actively participate in providing constructive suggestions for the state. Thus, this study concludes that freedom of expression must be balanced with good delivery procedures, citizenship in expressing opinions is a cultural challenge that must be resolved to build healthy freedom of opinion. Citizens' civility for opinion and expression is recommended to be one of the crucial issues that should be discussed and developed in Pancasila and Citizenship Education and is also recommended for inclusive education program plans
The Dilemma of Hospitality: Revisiting Indonesia's Policy on Handling Refugees Under International Law
Get PDFPresidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 is the first regulation that provides a normative framework to manage refugees and asylum seekers in Indonesia. However, many scholars believe that this regulation is simply an institutionalization of several existing informal practices, and it does not introduce any substantive changes to ensure refugee protection. This paper analyzes the content of the Presidential Regulation, including its background, structure, wording, and its aims. In addition, this study identifies the limits of the regulation in fulfilling, protecting, and respecting human rights based on the international human rights instruments. This article contends that the Presidential Regulation portrays what I call dilemma of hospitality. It reflects on the one hand, the regulation welcomes the refugees by providing mandates to the authorities to rescue those stranded at sea and to provide accommodation during their stay. On the other hand, the regulation implies a kind of distrust to the refugees"”treating them as a threat, limiting their movement, and forbidding them from work. The dilemma by and large affects the effective fulfillment of the rights of the refugees. This study offers some policy recommendations
Detensi Imigrasi Berkepanjangan yang Bertentangan dengan HAM pada Fasilitas Detensi Imigrasi di Jepang: Tinjauan Perspektif Institusional
Get PDFRecently, some cases of human rights violations in immigration detention centers across Japan have attracted worldwide attention. Those inhumanely considered cases necessitated the United Nations expressing an opinion through the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention. This study found that ingrained ideologies of homogeneity in Japanese society give rise to immigration policies that tend to hinder the integration of immigrants into Japanese society. This research looks at three main areas: first, how the ideology of homogeneity led to prolonged immigration detention in Japan; second, whether immigration detention in Japan violates international human rights law; and, finally, the guarantee of human rights protection for detainees in Japan. a qualitative research method using a literature review to describe how ethnic homogeneity causes prolonged immigration detention in Japan that is against international law through an institutional frame.Detensi berkepanjangan di sejumlah fasilitas detensi imigrasi yang tersebar di seluruh Jepang telah menarik perhatian dunia, PBB melalui United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention menyampaikan opini terhadap kasus-kasus pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia yang terjadi akibat detensi berkepanjangan di Jepang. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ideologi homogenitas etnis yang mengakar kuat dalam masyarakat Jepang menghasilkan kebijakan imigrasi yang cenderung menghambat integrasi imigran ke dalam masyarakat Jepang menyebabkan detensi berkepanjangan yang bertentangan dengan HAM. Artikel ini akan membahas tentang tiga masalah yaitu pertama bagaimana homogenitas etnis dapat menyebabkan detensi berkepanjangan di Jepang, kedua apakah detensi imigrasi di Jepang bertentangan dengan hukum Internasional dan ketiga bagaimana jaminan perlindungan HAM bagi deteni. Metode penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan kajian literatur dan untuk mendeskripsikan bagaima homogenitas etnis menyebabkan detensi berkepanjangan di Jepang sehingga bertentangan dengan hukum internasional melalui perspektif institusional.
Keadilan Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Aksi Kamisan di Indonesia
Get PDFThe study aims to analyze "Thursday's struggle for action" in seeking justice for human rights. This research is a type of descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Techniques used to collect data uses observations, interviews, and searches of documents and archives. The subject of this study is a "Thursday Action" and determination of the study subject using Purposive. This study shows the struggle of the victims' families who never get tired, showing their longing related to the clarity provided by the government. Komnas HAM has recommended that there have been human rights violations against various cases of disappearances and acts of violence. There are indications that the perpetrators of human rights violations are not ordinary people. The state's commitment to resolving cases of human rights violations is a key variable in resolving stalled cases in the Attorney General's Office.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perjuangan aksi kamisan dalam mencari keadilan terhadap hak asasi manusia. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data menggunakan observasi (pengamatan), wawancara, dan penelusuran dokumen serta arsip. Subjek penelitian ini merupakan Aksi Kamisan dan penentuan subjek penelitian menggunakan Purposive. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan perjuangan para keluarga korban yang tidak pernah lelah, menunjukan kerinduan mereka berkaitan dengan kejelasan yang diberikan oleh pemerintah. Komnas HAM telah merekomendasikan bahwa telah terjadi pelanggaran hak asasi manusia terhadap berbagai kasus penghilangan orang dan tindak kekerasan. Ada indikasi bahwa pelaku pelanggaran hak asasi manusia merupakan bukan orang biasa. Komitmen negara untuk menyelesaikan kasus pelanggaran hak asasi manusia merupakan variabel kunci dalam menuntaskan kasus yang macet di Kejaksaan Agung
Pemenuhan Hak Santri atas Kasus Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia oleh Oknum Pondok Pesantren
Get PDFSexual violence is one of the human rights violations in which women are the dominant victims. To date, most victims who have experienced violence are reluctant to submit complains because they do not know that the situation that happened to them was violence and because of the lack of support from their families. The female students who became the victims had been lured by their ideals, lied to for religious reasons, and were verbally threatened by HW. The focus of this research is to analyze what kind of human rights violations that were committed by the leaders of Islamic boarding schools against female students. The research method uses empirical juridical because it examines the situation happened what is happening in society. This study aims to provide solutions to violations against human rights that have occurred and as anticipation so that similar human rights violations do not occur. The results of the study show that sexual violence can be prevented by providing sexual understanding to children, providing complaint services, and having parental control over children. However, if sexual violence has occurred, then the state needs to help in providing access to education and access to health for victims, as well as punish the perpetrators.Kekerasan seksual merupakan salah satu pelanggaran HAM yang mana perempuan dominan menjadi korban. Sampai saat ini, sebagian besar korban yangmengalami kekerasan enggan untukmengadu karena ketidaktahuan bahwa apa yang terjadi merupakan kekerasan dan minimnya dukungan dari keluarga. Santriwati yang menjadi korban telah diiming-imingi cita-cita, dibohongi dengan alasan agaman, dan diancam secara verbal oleh HW. Fokus penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis seperti apa pelanggaran HAM yang dilakukan pemimpin pondok pesantren kepada santriwati. Metode penelitian menggunakan yuridis empiris karena mengkaji apa yang terjadi di dalam masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan solusi atas pelanggaran HAM yang telah terjadi dan sebagai antisipasi agar tidak terjadi pelanggaran HAM serupa. Hasil kajian menunjukkan kekerasan seksual dapat dicegah dengan memberikan pemahaman seksual kepada anak, menyediakan layanan pengaduan, dan adanya kontrol orang tua terhadap anak. Namun, bila kekerasan seksual telah terjadi, maka negara perlu membantu menyediakan akses pendidikan dan akses kesehatan kepada korban, serta menghukum pelaku
Analisis Yuridis terhadap Kewajiban Pemenuhan Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Praktik Bisnis Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit
Get PDFHuman rights are natural rights inherent in every human being. In the classical human rights paradigm, the state is considered the main actor carrying out obligations to fulfill human rights as stated in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). However, with the emergence of factsregarding the impact of the company's presence in a number of human rights violations, both domestic and multinational, there has been a discourse on the importance of non-state actors to be drawn as stakeholders in the human rights regime through the UNGP Principles in 2011. Agrarian conflicts as a result of the presence of oil palm plantations become a separate problem for business entities in the fulfillment of human rights, especially ESC rights, as a manifestation of the implementation of social and environmental responsibility norms. The method used in this research is normative legal research with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. This study aims to provide a juridical understanding that oil palm plantations as non-state actors also carry out obligations in fulfilling human rights.Hak Asasi Manusia merupakan hak kodrati yang melekat pada setiap insan manusia. Dalam paradigma klasik HAM, negara dianggap sebagai aktor utama pengemban kewajiban pemenuhan HAMsebagaimana disebutkan dalam Kovenan Internasional Hak Sipil dan Politik (SIPOL) dan Kovenan Internasional Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Budaya (EKOSOB). Namun, dengan munculnya fakta mengenai dampak kehadiran perusahaan dalam sejumlah pelanggaran HAM, baik domestik maupun multinasional, muncul wacana pentingnya aktor non- negara untuk ditarik sebagai pemangku kewajiban dalam rejim HAM melalui Prinsip UNGP pada tahun 2011. Konflik agraria sebagai akibat dari kehadiran perkebunan kelapa sawit menjadi problem tersendiri bagi entitas bisnis dalam pemenuhan HAM, khususnya Hak EKOSOB, sebagai wujud dari pelaksanaan norma tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan statute approach dan conceptual approach. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman yuridis bahwa perkebunan kelapa sawit sebagai aktor non-negara juga mengemban kewajiban dalam pemenuhan HAM
Urgensi Tata Ruang Berbasis Mitigasi Bencana Likuifaksi: Hak Asasi Masyarakat Kabupaten Jember
Get PDFThe potential for high liquefaction in Jember Regency has the potential to take its toll and losses that will interfere with aspects of life as experienced by the Central Sulawesi in 2018. Disaster mitigation efforts are needed that look at the extent to which spatial planning and development in Jember Regency pay attention to liquefaction vulnerabilities. Because the vulnerability of the region itself is a consideration of spatial planning and development. This aricle aims to discuss the extent of the importance of liquefaction mitigation-based spatial planning in Jember in terms of regulations, impacts, and their relation to the fulfillment of the human rights of the people of Jember. The method used is socio-legal. This paper confirms that the regulation of decent and safe housing from liquefaction disasters in Jember is still minimal. In addition, the RTRW and RPJMD Regional Regulations have also not made liquefaction part of the disaster in Jember. However, the urgency of this liquefaction regulation is actually not only about disaster mitigation-based spatial planning but also the fulfillment of the human rights of liquefaction victims, so the government is obliged to regulate it even if there are no specific regulations at the national or local level.Potensi likuifaksi tinggi di Kabupaten Jember berpotensi memakan korban dan kerugian yang akan mengganggu aspek kehidupan sebagaimana yang dialami Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah 2018. Perlu upaya mitigasi bencana yang melihat ulang sejauhmana penataan ruang dan pembangunan di Kabupaten Jember memperhatikan kerentanan likuifaksi. Sebab kerentanan wilayah sendiri merupakan pertimbangan penataan ruang dan pembangunan. Arikel ini bertujuan membahas sejauh mana pentingnya penataan ruang berbasis mitigasi likuifaksi di Jember ditinjau dari segi regulasi, dampak, dan kaitannya dengan pemenuhan hak asasi masyarakat Jember. Metode yang digunakan adalah sosio-legal. Tulisan ini menegaskan bahwa regulasi atas tempat tinggal yang layak dan aman dari bencana likuifaksi di Jember masih minim. Disamping itu, Perda RTRW dan RPJMD juga belum menjadikan likuifaksi bagian dari bencana di Jember. Namun, urgensi pengaturan likuifaksi ini sebetulnya tidak hanya mengenai penataan ruang berbasis mitigasi bencana tetapi juga pemenuhan HAM korban likuifaksi, sehingga pemerintah wajib mengaturnya sekalipun tidak ada peraturan khusus di tingkat nasional ataupun lokal
Regulation Model of Religious Rights and Freedoms for Local Religious Believers in the Majapahit Constitution
Get PDFThis article unfolds that the Majapahit Kingdom of Indonesian history has accommodated religious rights and freedom for local religious believers/adherents in its constitution. The kingdom was known in history as tolerant, harmonious, and had reasonable regulations to avoid faith-based conflicts. This finding is significant amid the rising concern over respect and protection of local indigenous religious beliefs in contemporary Indonesia. This research used normative legal methods with statutory, historical, and case approaches. The results and discussions were: first, the weakness of the Indonesian constitution's model of regulating religious rights and freedoms was that it closed access for local religious believers to adhere to and carry out their religious teachings; second, the model regulating the right to religious freedom for local religious believers needed to distinguish the status of religions in Majapahit. Local religions retain an equal position in the constitution. In addition, this constitution also guided religious believers in Majapahit as part of the regulations in the field of religious rights and freedoms. This research concluded that equalizing positions and concepts of spiritual development allows regulating religious rights and freedoms in its constitution to make Majapahit a tolerant, harmonious country that avoids faith-based conflicts.Although the constitution has provided guarantees for religious rights and freedoms, its regulatory model still provides an opportunity for the neglect of the rights of adherents of local religions (indigenous religion) in believing and carrying out their religious rituals. This condition was certainly different from the regulatory model in the Majapahit Constitution, which placed the local religion on par with other religions. The research problems were: first, what were the weaknesses of regulating religious rights and freedoms for local religious believers in the Indonesian constitution? Second, what was the regulation model of religious rights and freedoms for local religious believers in the Majapahit Constitution? This research used normative legal methods with statutory, historical, and case approaches. The results and discussions were: first, the weakness of the model of regulating religious rights and freedoms in the Indonesian Constitution was that it closed access for local religious believers to adhere to and carry out their religious teachings. Second, the model regulating the right to religious freedom for local religious believers did not distinguish the status of religions in Majapahit. Local religions retain an equal position in the constitution. This equality included the right to practice religion as well as the right to adhere to it. In addition, this constitution also guided religious believers in Majapahit as part of the regulations in the field of religious rights and freedoms. The coaching model for local religious believers was carried out by a state institution called "Dharmyaksa ring Herahaji", more commonly called "Dharma Ipas Karsyan". This research concluded that the non-fulfillment of religious rights and freedoms for local religious believers was due to the regulatory model in the current constitution that ignores the existence of local religions. In addition, the equalization of positions and concepts of religious development allows regulating religious rights and freedoms in its constitution to make Majapahit a country that is tolerant, harmonious, and avoids faith-based conflicts