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Anatomical Variations of Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery – A Cadaveric Study
No full textIntroduction: The Profunda femoris artery is a large branch that arises from the lateral or posterolateral part of the femoral artery, about 3 to 5cm below the inguinal ligament. Profunda femoris artery [1,2,4] gives Medial circumflex femoral artery, Lateral circumflex femoral artery, and Perforating arteries and muscular branches. Medial circumflex femoral artery (MCFA) originates from the posteromedial aspect of the Profunda but may originate from the femoral artery. It gives three branches ascending and transverse, acetabular branches. Aim & Objectives: To study the anatomical variations in source of origin, site of origin of MCFA. Methods: The present observational study was conducted on the dissection of 70 lower limbs of 35 adult cadavers (27 male & 8 female). Contents of the femoral triangle were dissected as per Cunningham’s manual. The source of origin distance of the origin of MCFA was noted. Collected data were analyzed statistically. Results: In the present study, MCFA from the P.F.A. in 85.71% (60/70) in both Right and Left lower limbs. The common source of Right MCFA from the Femoral Artery followed by a common stem with P.F.A. The following common source of Lt MCFA as a common stem with P.F.A. Distance of origin of MCFA from the P.F.A. was seen between 1-2cm in 34.29% of Right and 28.5% of Left Limbs in the present study. Conclusions: In most limbs (60/70 limbs), the MCFA was taking origin from P.F.A. in both Right & Left limbs (85.72%). Distance of origin of MCFA from the P.F.A. was seen between 1-2cm in 34.29% of Right and 28.5% of Left Limbs in the present study
Atrazine derangement of GLUT-4 and Insulin metabolism and the ameliorative effect of Virgin coconut oil in male wistar rats
No full textEvaluation of Phenotypic Variations in the Antibiotics Sensitivity of Escherichia Coli by Repeated Exposure
No full textEnterobacteriaceae, in particular Escherichia coli, are habitual residents of the gastrointestinal tract, capable of causing a large number of infections. The MIC varies according to the bacterial strains and the antibiotics used, hence the need to carry out antibiotic sensitivity tests. The objective of this study is to evaluate the behavior of Escherichia coli after repeated exposure to the same antibiotic to demonstrate a possible correlation between excessive intake of antibiotics and bacterial resistance.
A prospective and descriptive study was carried out in the Laboratory of Microbiology of Fundamental and Applied Biochemistry (Faculty of Sciences Antananarivo) during the month of November 2019. The strains studied were the reference strain Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 provided by the Laboratory and two clinical strains from the Microbiology Laboratory of the Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona University Hospital Center (CHU JRA) Antananarivo. Repeated exposure to Tobramycin and Ofloxacin of these strains were performed.
The results of our study showed that most E. coli is exposed to the antibiotic, the more it develops resistance. The evolution of E. coli's sensitivity is different in the presence of Tobramycin with MICs up to 4 times the starting value while in the presence of Ofloxacin, the MIC increases to 125 times the initial value. This difference may be due to the different target of the antibiotic which causes the bacteria to develop variable mechanisms to escape it.
Key words: E. coli - MIC - antibiotics - repeated exposur
Evaluation of Changes in Maternal Blood Sugar and Renal Function Tests during Gestational Period
No full textBackground and Objectives
The direct effects of altered maternal glucose metabolism and renal impairment from early pregnancy onwards with complications on mother as well as fetal growth and the risks of adverse birth outcomes. It is crucial to understand the biochemical changes to appropriately interpret common laboratory tests for evaluating renal disease and hyperglycemia in women during pregnancy. Thus, the study was focused to estimate the variability in blood glucose and renal functions as well as its association with BMI during pregnancy in Southern Terai of Province No. 2, Nepal.
Materials and Methods
Fasting blood glucose was determined by enzymatic (GOD/POD) method, Serum Urea by Urease-Bertholet’s Method, Serum creatinine by Jaffe’s Reaction Method, and Uric acid by Uricase method. All the biochemical parameters were analyzed using semi-automatic biochemical analyzer (Humalyzer 3500). Statistical analysis of the collected data was carried out using SPSS version 20. The p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The mean with standard deviation for fasting blood glucose (94.01+30.88; 99.71+23.97; 104.77+21.37) urea (23.22+7.89; 18.22+8.98; 20.64+9.09), creatinine (0.68+0.24; 0.65+0.20; 0.58+0.28), uric acid level with (3.14+0.93, 3.74+0.95, 3.95+0.85) was depicted in 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Glucose and BMI were positively correlated and highly significant (r=0.191; p<0.01). BMI with urea was negatively correlated and was found to be highly significant(r= -0.196; p<0.01). Also, there was a negative correlation between BMI and Creatinine and was found to be significant (r=-0.132; p<0.01). But, the association of uric acid was positively correlated and statistically insignificant.
Conclusion
Blood glucose and uric acid gradually start increasing trimester-wise with the advancement of the gestational period. But, the mean urea level was decreased in the 2nd trimester as compared to the 1st and 3rd trimester. Also, small variation for creatinine level was found in different trimesters of pregnancy.
The association of Glucose, uric acid, and BMI were positively correlated and statistically insignificant whereas Urea and BMI was negatively correlated and highly significant. Also, there was a negative correlation between BMI and Creatinine and was found to be significant
A cross-sectional study about socio-demographic factors and clinical characteristics of male patients with alcohol dependence syndrome
No full textBackground: Alcohol abuse is one of the major causes of death and disability globally; and a key risk factor for health, social, and economic problems in the communities. Consumption of alcohol by Indians has increased drastically due to various factors and in an unrestricted manner; and the age of initiation of drinking is progressively coming down. Objective: To determine the socio-demographic and clinical profile of the patients coming for treatment of alcohol dependence syndrome in the psychiatry department. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 male outpatients of alcohol dependence syndrome attending the department of psychiatry at a tertiary care hospital. Sociodemographic data and clinical details were recorded with the help of a pre-designed questionnaire. Results: Nuclear family, family history of alcoholism, unmarried status, higher educational level, unemployment, and peer pressure are the factors significantly associated with early age at first drink and age of dependence on alcohol (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Adolescents having a family history of alcoholism are a high-risk group for developing alcohol dependence and should be targeted for intervention strategies. Community based-longitudinal studies are needed to understand multiple factors influencing alcohol use and recommend targeted preventive measures.
Keywords: Alcohol, Alcohol dependence syndrome, Peer pressure, Intoxication, Socio-demographic factor
Evidence supporting the use of Combretum nigricans as an antimalarial agent in ethnomedicine
No full textBackground: Combretum nigricans (Combretaceae) is a small, smooth bark tree used in traditional medicine for the treatment of prurigo, dysentery, fever and other symptoms of acute malaria in North-Central Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The antimalarial activity of C nigricans hydro-methanol crude leaf extract was evaluated against Plasmodium berghei in mice. The Peters’ 4-day suppressive test against early malaria infection and Rane’s curative test against established malaria were employed in assessing the antimalarial activity of the crude extract. In each test model, five groups containing five mice each were used. Group 1 mice were administered with 10 ml distilled water/kg b.w. p.o., groups 2 - 4 were administered with 200, 400, and 800 mg extract/kg b.w. p.o. respectively, while group 5 mice were administered with artesunate 10 mg/kg b.w. p.o. Result: All doses of C. nigricans extract employed for the study (200 – 800 mg/kg b.w. p.o.) gave significant (P<0.05) chemosuppressive effect against P. berghei, this effect was observed to be dose-related; while the 400 mg/kg extract dose gave the highest curative effect. Compared to control, the extract also prolonged the mean survival time at all doses, and as well prevented the characteristic decrease in body temperature elicited by P. berghei in mice. The LD50 of the extract was >5000 mg/kg b.w. p.o. in mice. Conclusion: The result from the study indicates that C. nigicans crude leaf extract is safe orally and possesses significant antimalarial activity
Artificial Intelligence in Pharma
No full textThis paper aims to provide a better understanding of the possible applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the field of Pharmacy. Artificial intelligence basically involves complex information processing. It enables machines to carry out certain functions which were originally done by human and which required human intellect. Over the past few years, the use of artificial intelligence in the pharma has grown unimaginably and is now able to revolutionize the way drugs are discovered and handled. AI is capable of impacting the field of pharmacy at multiple levels. Pharmacy and medical education, drug development, personalization of drug therapy, drug safety, rational drug use, manufacture and formulation of dosage forms are areas of impact by AI. The fact that AI can displace humans at their own tasks is a matter of concern. Although there are ethical concerns regarding the implementation of AI in healthcare, it can be assured that no machine or system can replace many of the humanitarian duties
Comparison of electromyographic activity of quadriceps muscle in persons with unilateral traumatic transtibial amputation using patellar tendon bearing supracondylar endoskeletal prosthesis with the unaffected limb in weight bearing positions.
No full textAbstract
Purpose: comparison of electromyographic activity of quadriceps muscle in persons with unilateral traumatic transtibial amputation using patellar tendon bearing supracondylar endoskeletal prosthesis with the unaffected limb in weight bearing positions.
Method: 30 individuals aged 18-60 years were assessed using surface electromyography with functional level K3 according to K-level functional assessment scale to compare the activity of quadriceps of affected side using patellar tendon bearing supracondylar endoskeletal prosthesis with the unaffected side. The data was analysed using paired t-test.
Result: There was a significant difference in the activity of VMO and VLO muscles of the quadriceps in high sitting positions. There was also a significant difference in the activity of VMO muscle in single limb stance and bipedal stance. However, there was no significant difference between the activity of VLO muscle in bipedal stance but there was reduced activity of VLO muscle in the prosthetic limb in single limb stance.
Conclusion: The quadriceps activity was reduced in the affected limb in high sitting position, single limb stance and bipedal stance. However, no difference in the muscle activity was noted in VLO muscle in bipedal stance.
Keywords: trans tibial amputation, patellar tendon bearing supracondylar prosthetis, surface electromyography. 
Pattern of Acute Organophosphorus Poisoning at a Tertiary Care Hospital of Western Maharashtra
No full textBackground: Every year, 3 million cases of pesticide, mainly O.P. poisoning, occurs all over the world. Therefore, statistics regarding O.P. poisoning in a specific region will aid in the early diagnosis and treatment of cases. The main objective of this research project is to find out the pattern of O.P. poisoning cases at the tertiary care center. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study, in which we analyzed data from 40 cases of O.P. poisoning, including patient information regarding gender, age, time of ingestion, type of poison, mode of poisoning, any first aid received, treatment given, duration of hospital stay and outcome of the treatment. Results: There were 16 females (40%) and 24 males (60%). The most common age group was 21 to 40 years, with 19 participants (47.50%). The majority of the participants were from the rural area, 38 cases (95%), while in 36 cases, the poisoning was suicidal (90%). 28 participants (70%) received some form of first aid. In addition, 21 of the participants received Atropine (52.50%), 13 received only gastric lavage (32.50%), 5 received both Atropine and Pralidoxime (12.50%), while one patient only received Pralidoxime (2.5%) as treatment. I.C.U. admission was required in 39 participants (97.50%), and ventilatory support was required in 2 participants (5%). Our study observed 4 deaths (10%) amongst our participants. The multivariate analysis of deaths in our study showed that specifically not receiving any first aid (p = 0.039) and requirement of the ventilator (p<0.001) were seen to have a significant association with deaths in our study. Conclusion: O.P. poisoning is the commonest cause of suicidal deaths in developing countries. Creating awareness regarding O.P. poisoning and legislative action on using hazardous poisons will help reduce the deaths
