Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca
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Antioxidant activity and bio compounds induced by salicylic acid and potassium from ‘Flame’ grapes
No full textThe objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity and bio compounds induced by salicylic acid (AS) and potassium (K) in ‘Flame’ grape peel and pulp. The applications were made in table grape of the ‘Flame’ variety, with 9 treatments and 3 repetitions, T1 control 0.0 (T2 AS 0.0, K 5 mM) (T3 AS 2.0, K 5.0 mM) (T4 AS 2.0, K 0 mM) (T5 AS 0.100, K 0.250 mM) (T6 AS 0.100, K 2. 50 mM) (T7 AS 1, K 2. 50 mM) (T8 AS 1, K .250 mM) (T9 AS 0. 25, K .625 mM) with 6 applications in the veraison stage throughout the cycle. The parameters of antioxidant capacity were determined by the DPPH and FRAP method, phenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, pH, oBrix, titratable acidity and physical parameters in grape peel and pulp. Doses of AS 2.0, K 0 mM; AS 1, K 2.50 mM; and AS 0.25, K .625 mM influenced the increase in quality, as well as the bioactive and antioxidant activity. Anthocyanins were the main phenols in peel with 406.08 mg (C3G)/g-1. ‘Flame’ table grape peels have a high content of compounds, favouring the antioxidant activity. A serving of unpeeled table grapes could provide up to 110 mg of phenols. The use of salicylic acid and potassium can be an alternative to enrich the nutritional quality of the grape and benefit the health of the population
Garlic (Allium spp.) viruses: detection, distribution and remediation attempts in a European garlic collection
Get PDFGarlic is an important vegetable crop in numerous countries used as food and natural based medicine. Similar to the majority of vegetatively propagated plants, garlic may be affected by several viruses that can cause severe crop losses. The present study aimed to screen 105 garlic accessions (mother plants) from 5 European countries (Germany, Czech Republic, Poland, Italy, and France) for possible presence of Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), Garlic common latent virus (GCLV) and Shallot latent virus (SLV). The occurrence of three Allexiviruses (GarV-A, GarV-B and GarV-C) in mixed assays was also investigated. Meristem-tip culture assays were performed in order to attempt eradication of the studied viruses. Garlic viruses identification was made by ELISA and RT-PCR. ELISA outcomes showed that all 105 garlic accessions were infected by different virus combinations. The OYDV and LYSV were identified, by ELISA, in all countries at 96% and 88,6% respectively and by RT-PCR at 99% and 96%. Furthermore, GCLV and SLV were detected by ELISA in about 88% and by RT-PCR at 89% and 90%, respectively with the exception of the studied Allexiviruses which were not amplified by RT-PCR with ALLEX1/ALLEX2 primers. Smaller meristem size (0,3-1,5 mm) led to better virus elimination efficiency (29%) compared to 8% obtained for the larger size (2-2,5 mm). The outcomes were opposite (16% vs. 90%) for plants regeneration. Virus elimination efficiency was linked to the virus type, e.g., OYDV and LYSV were eradicated at 90% while GCLV and Allexiviruses were difficult to eliminate (57,4% and 55,6% of eradication). Given the economic relevance of garlic crops worldwide and the frequently reported incidence of viral infections, it is important to make virus-free germplasm available. Therefore, investigating the garlic germplasm sanitary status and constantly improving it is of crucial importance aiming to increase the overall garlic production
Molecular detection of disease-causing agent infecting Malvastrum coromandelianum L. in Bahawalpur District Punjab Pakistan
Get PDFWeeds are common ancestors of modern crops. They are critical source of genes for resistance to diseases, pests and stresses such as drought and extreme environmental conditions. The wild relatives led to improve resistance to wheat curl mite, late blight in potato and to grassy stunt disease in rice. Agricultural pathogens are infecting economically important cash crops and weeds as well. Malvastrum coromandelianum is highly invasive weed specie of family Malvaceae. It is distributed all over the world in all climatic condition of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate region. The Malvaceae family is economically important as cotton (Gossipium hirsutem) belongs to it. M. coromandelianum has ethnobotanical importance and is extensively applied in the treatment of different diseases in south Punjab of Pakistan. It has been observed that there is a specific disease that affects the leaves of M. coromandelianum. In this study, we investigated the disease-causing agents (viruses and bacteria) at molecular level. Molecular investigation includes DNA isolation of unknown pathogens, verification through agarose gel electrophoresis, for identification of bacterial pathogens, 16s RNA primers were applied, and for viral pathogen using specific primers and RCA (rolling circle amplification) product as template. PCR was carried out for the amplification of full-length genomes. Manifestation of 1.4 kb bands showed the presence of the alpha and beta satellite of begomoviruse. Two types of begomoviruses, Malvestrum yellow vain younnan virus (MaYVYV) and Malvastrum yellow vain virus (MaYVV) was confirmed in this weed. The intermediate host Bemisia tabaci is the most common for the begomovirus transmission in crops and weeds. Intercrops and trap-crops techniques decrease the rate of whitefly population. Cultural methods, use of chemicals and biocontrol are useful practices to eliminate whitefly from field
Elucidating how the chemical-nutritional composition of tomato is affected by the environment, season, and growing system
Get PDFTomatoes play an important nutritional role due to the chemical-nutritional composition of this fruit, and its common use in dishes and food products. Its fruits provide pronounced antioxidant properties to the human diet, because of the presence of vitamin C, carotenogenic compounds such as lycopene and β-carotene, and phytochemicals such as flavonoids. Despite this, the antioxidant function and carotenoid levels in tomato may present significant differences depending on the system of cultivation, growing season, and environment in which this vegetable is cultivated. In light of this, this study aimed to assess the effects of the cultivation system known as “Viçosa”, in relation to traditional tomato cultivation systems, over two seasons. This assessment was done both under field conditions and in a controlled environment. The nutritional aspects of the fruits, such as the levels of phenolic compounds, lycopene, beta-carotene, and antioxidant activity, were analyzed. The controlled environment in the autumn-winter season, associated with the Viçosa cultivation system, facilitated increases in the lycopene content. Furthermore, field cultivation provided an increase of 68% and 38% in the total phenolic concentration in tomato fruits, in the spring-summer and autumn-winter seasons, respectively. Field cultivation also provided an increase of 31% in the antioxidant activity of the fruits, compared with that of the controlled cultivation, in the autumn-winter season. The increase in the levels of total phenolics and antioxidant activity of fruits due to cultivation in the field represents an advantage as cultivation in this environment has a lower cost than cultivation in a controlled environment. The cultivation systems did not influence the chemical-nutritional aspects of fruits; moreover, the Viçosa system brings together aspects such as high productivity and profitability, without compromising the chemical-nutritional aspects of the fruits, thereby configuring a promising system for tomato production
Abiotic stress enhancement tools for improving crop tolerance
Get PDFAbiotic stresses create an unfavourable environment for plant growth, increasing the possibilities of low yield and associated economic loss. Several steps have been taken to address this problem. During the last twenty years, techniques of genetic engineering/transgenic breeding have made significant advances in gene manipulation for inciting desirable traits in transgenic plants. Transgenic techniques allow us to identify potential genes, transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs, engaged in certain processes in plants, allowing us to gain a comprehensive understanding of the processes at molecular and physiological levels which determine plant resilience and production. The reliability and specificity of this approach ensure that future plant enhancements will be a huge success. As a result, transgenic breeding has determined to be a viable strategy in improving crop abiotic stress tolerance. The approach of CRISPR/Cas gene-editing technique to create stress-tolerant plant variants is gaining popularity right now. The researchers like this user-friendly technology because of its versatility. In the gene-editing process, the DNA sequence "CRISPR" and the endonuclease "Cas" collaborate under the supervision of specific guide RNA. In a variety of plant species, the CRISPR/Cas system is being utilized. In the majority of situations, Cas9 is employed. Various reports have surfaced which demonstrate the utilization of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to improve abiotic stress tolerance of plants. The focus of this review is on the promising and effective applications of transgenic plant breeding for enhancing environmental stress tolerance and crop productivity, as well as its recent developments
Pomological and physicochemical properties of traditional pear cultivars in Karlovac County, Croatia
Get PDFTraditional pear cultivars are mainly found as hereditary single trees in backyards, yards, gardens, or as solitary trees in parks, along roads and on forest edges. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pomological and physicochemical characteristics of 13 traditional Croatian pear cultivars, studied in Karlovac County area, in central Croatia, and to filter out potential cultivars for further cultivation or breeding. The analyzes traits showed that the cultivars differed significantly in the characteristics studied, i.e., fruit weight, height and width, fruit index, peduncle length and thickness, fruit firmness, number of sound and empty seeds in relation to the weight of sound seeds, soluble solids content, acidity, ratio of soluble solids to total acidity, pH. The cultivars ‘Krasanka’ and ‘Dugačka’ stood out for their fruit size and harmonious ratio of soluble solids and acids, while the cultivar ‘Tepka’ stood out for its high soluble solids content, which makes it a valuable raw material for distilling. Considering the diversity of pomological characteristics, their potential as sources of genetic variation, and their possible tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress factors, it is important to preserve traditional pear cultivars as a source of quality fruit for consumption or processing, protecting these valuable genetic resources together to the biodiversity of the area where they grow
Effect of pre-harvest application of salicylic acid, potassium silicate, and calcium chloride, on storability and quality attributes of table grape
Get PDFPre-harvest application of potassium silicate, calcium chloride and salicylic acid as spraying treatments is a promising strategy for the management of fruit quality and exhibits a high potential in controlling post-harvest losses of horticultural crops. The aim of this study was to investigate the storability of ‘ARAA18’ cultivar after some pre-harvest treatments that were applied during two consecutive growing seasons. The ‘ARRA 18’ table grape variety is one of the ‘ARRA’ group varieties that have been recently introduced to Egypt. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at three different stages during the growing season before harvest. The plants were sprayed with potassium silicate (K2SiO3), salicylic acid, and calcium chloride, while untreated vine trees sprayed with water served as control. Mature clusters were harvested, then placed in carton containers and stored in cold storage at 0±1 °C to study the storability of ‘ARRA18’. Records of physical and chemical quality parameters were taken at 7-day intervals. All treatments reduced weight loss, berry softening and decay incidence comparing to control under storage conditions. K2SiO3 generally showed the highest significant effect compared to other treatments and control. Hence, the use of (K2SiO3) at both applied concentrations and (SA) at 100 ppm, significantly proved to be the most effective treatments in keeping the overall quality of stored grapes
Influence of eight rootstocks on fruit quality of Morus multicaulis cv. ‘Zijing’ and the comprehensive evaluation of fruit quality traits
Get PDFMulberry (Morus L.) has become an important crop throughout the world due to its fruits have been industrially exploited for various commercially valuable products. Many studies on mulberry related to genetic diversity, fruit quality, and breeding programs have been carried out, but little information on mulberry rootstocks is available, especially the possibility of applying grafting to improve the fruit quality. Here, we evaluated the effects of 8 different rootstocks on the fruit quality of ‘Zijing’ mulberry. Twelve fruit quality traits were extremely different except for the fruit shape index (FSI). ‘Zijing’ on ‘Zheza 2’ had the highest fruit weight (FW) and size, as well as titratable acidity (TA), but lower levels of other compounds content except the total soluble solids content (TSS) were detected. ‘Yuesang 51’ exhibited the highest soluble sugar content (SSC), reducing sugar content (RSC), SSC/TA ratio, anthocyanin content (AC) and the lower TA. In contrast, the lowest TSS, SSC and RSC were shown in ‘Guisang 5’. Moreover, ‘Guisang 12’ exhibited the highest TSS and soluble protein content (SPC). The highest vitamin C content (VC) was observed in ‘Guisang 6’. ‘Tang 10 × Lun109’, Zhenzhubai seedlings, ‘Yuesang 11’ together with ‘Yuesang 51’ had the lowest and similar levels of TA. Most importantly, these fruit quality traits were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA), and ‘Yuesang 51’ with good comprehensive fruit quality was screened out, followed by ‘Guisangyou 12’. Overall, these results contribute to evaluating the roles of different rootstocks on improving fruit quality of mulberry
A survey of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ isolates in the Czech Republic based on imp gene genotyping
Get PDF‘Candidatus Phytoplasma spp.’ are pathogenic bacteria that infect many plant species. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’, one of the members of the 16SrX group causes pear decline disease that adversely affects pear crops. To describe the prevalence of ‘Ca. P. pyri’ genotypes in the Czech Republic, 143 pear samples were collected from 41 locations including commercial orchards as well as trees along roads. Phytoplasma was detected by PCR in 115 samples, and it was possible to determine imp gene genotype in 84 samples. The most frequent genotypes were A1, B1, and C, which were identified in 71% of phytoplasma positive samples. ‘Ca. P. pyri’ was present either alone or as a mix of two populations in 88% of genotyped samples, and in another 6% of samples it was found in a mixed infection with ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’. A sole infection with ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ was observed in 6% of samples. As for symptoms, 19% of symptomatic samples were found to be phytoplasma negative, and 74% of asymptomatic samples proved to be phytoplasma positive; leaf roll was more often observed in phytoplasma positive samples, while leaf narrowing rather indicated the absence of phytoplasma. The mildest symptoms were observed in samples infected with ‘Ca. P. pyri’ of the A1 imp genotype
Experimental research on the variation of microclimate factors in healing tunnels designed for grafted vegetable seedlings
Get PDFDuring the healing process, the scion and the rootstock must establish vascular connection, which is considered the most critical process in the production of grafted vegetables. Therefore, the healing process must be carried out in a monitored and controlled environment, in special healing areas, where parameters characterizing the microclimate must be maintained at the optimal values, ideally with great precision. The main objective of the current experiment was to analyse the variation of microclimate factors in the curing and acclimatization chambers of grafted vegetable seedlings during specific technological phase. The measurements of different abiotic factors such as relative humidity, temperature, light radiation intensity and CO2 concentration were carried out inside an experimental research healing tunnel situated inside a greenhouse. After grafting, the grafted seedlings were placed in specialized enclosures for their healing and the results shown that variations of the plants density and determined microclimate factors significantly affect the quality of seedlings. Because the stages of obtaining grafted seedlings are relatively short, fluctuations in environmental factors can have dramatic effects on the quality and quantity of grafted seedling production. Such a study of the prediction of microclimate factors must lead to the development of a versatile prediction model that can be used in any climatic conditions, at any time of the year and in any geographical location