Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca
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Evaluation of remobilization rate, grain yield and antioxidant content of maize in reaction to biochar and humic acid amounts under water deficiency stress
No full textIn order to investigate the effect of biochar and humic acid on the rate of remobilization, grain yield and antioxidant content of maize under water deficiency stress, an experiment was conducted as asplit-split plot in the form of a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. The main plot involved water stress with three irrigation levels after depleting 30, 40 and 50% of field capacity, non-stress, moderate stress, and severe stress, respectively, asubplot withbiochar with 2 control levels (no use of biochar) and application of 4 tons in biochar hectares and another subplot having humic acid with 4 control levels (no use of humic acid) and application of 2, 4 and 6 liters per hectare of humic acid. The results showed that the effect of water deficit stress, biochar and humic acid on grain yield, remobilization rate, current photosynthesis, share of current photosynthesis, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes was significant at the level of 1% probability. The highest grain yield was related to irrigation treatment after depleting 40% of field capacity and application of 4 tons per hectare of biochar. In total, the use of 4 liters per hectare of humic acid in moderate moisture stress conditions due to its positive role on the growth and hence on the 42% increase in the yield, compared to severe stress treatment and no consumption of humic acid, can be recommended under arid and semi-arid conditions to save water consumption, and reduce the effects of water deficit stress
Invasive alien forest insect species in south-eastern Romania
Get PDFBiological invasions in forest ecosystems are recognised as a global scale challenge. However, our current knowledge of invasive alien forest insect species (IAFIS) in Romania is still lacking and rather insufficient to support clear policies. The aim of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the distribution of IAFIS in the Muntenia and Dobrogea provinces of Romania. For this purpose, direct observations and insect collections were made two consecutive years, in 76 locations. Of these, 67 sampling locations forming a long field observation route were visited only once, and nine sampling locations were fixed monitoring points with primed traps used in first year for regular collection of insects at 1-2-week intervals. Seventeen non-native forest insect species from five orders and 11 families were detected: Aproceros leucopoda, Cameraria ohridella, Corythucha arcuata, Cydalima perspectalis, Dasineura gleditchiae, Eopineus strobus, Euura tibialis, Gilletteella cooleyi, Hyphantria cunea, Ips duplicatus, Macrosaccus robiniella, Neoclytus acuminatus, Obolodiplosis robiniae, Parectopa robiniella, Phyllonorycter issikii, Prociphilus fraxinifolii and Xylosandrus germanus. Eleven IAFIS species originate from North America, four from Asia and two from Europe. All detected species were previously reported from Romania, but eight species had not been recorded in these two provinces. Seven species live on native tree species, while 10 thrive on exotic trees or shrubs. The highest number of IAFIS was recorded in urban areas. Except for E. tibialis, all found IAFIS have a significant ecological or economic impact across invaded habitats. The risks posed by biological invasions need more thorough consideration that deserves greater attention and scientific support
Taxonomy, distribution, epidemiology, disease cycle and management of brown rot disease of peach (Monilinia spp.)
Get PDFPeach is a temperate fruit and is grown in various edaphoclimatic settings worldwide. Brown rot, caused primarily by Monilinia spp. is one of the most destructive peach diseases. The disease results in severe pre-harvest and post-harvest losses. More than half of the world’s post-harvest losses of peach can be attributed to brown rot disease. Despite the widespread adoption of management strategies such as pruning, removing fruit mummies, eliminating wild plums, chemical control remains an effective strategy for managing brown rot disease. However, environmental and human health impacts of chemical control and fungicides resistance consequences, these management tactics tend to be re-evaluated. The aim of this review is to comprehensively sum up the available information on the taxonomy, distribution, epidemiology, symptomology, molecular and morphological characterization of brown rot disease, and to date management approaches. However, fast paced current research on brown rot disease of peach management should be carefully updated for the full-proof control of the fungi. Nevertheless, more research and review of the information regarding various aspects of diseases management exclusively biocontrol agents are needed to exploit their actual potential, which is the salient objective of this review. This review will open new avenues giving future prospects and research agenda to the scientists working on this serious pathosystem of peach
Modelling plant morphometric parameters as predictors for successful cultivation of some medicinal Agastache species
Get PDFResearches carrying evidence for various uses and bioactive principles of Agastache spp. are justifying the upscaling into cultivation of these medicinal species. But, hindrances in their cultivation exist due to the insufficient documentation of their biology under field conditions. Because productivity of these medicinal species (herba) is ensured by the combined contribution of plant agronomic traits, these are related to the feasibility of the crop and therefore, can be used as predictors for successful cultivation. The aim of this study was to evaluate comparatively four valuable Agastache species (A. mexicana, A. scrophulariifolia, A. foeniculum) and one cultivar (A. rugosa ‘After Eight’), in order to identify the favourability for cultivation in local conditions (Romania). Based on the structural indicators of plant morphology (plant height, shoot number, leaf number, leaf length and width, inflorescence length, verticillaster number and flower number), registered over the span of two years, were explored relationships and similarities as well as their implications in previsioning the phenotypic potential. The results showed that studied species acclimatized successfully and all agronomic parameters studied increased in values in the second year. The average plant height in second year (2020) was 109.8 cm and average inflorescences length 9.6 cm. Stable positive correlations between inflorescence length with plant height and shoot number were observed, while differences among species became pronounced as plants become established, evidenced by clearer distinction in the second year. Phenotypic potential in the absence of inputs enables the feasibility assessment for medicinal plants introduced for cultivation in new regions
Biofortification with nanoparticles and zinc nitrate plus chitosan in green beans: effects on yield and mineral content
No full textApproximately 33% of the world's population is affected by Zinc (Zn) deficiency, making it the fifth leading cause of human disease and mortality. An innovative strategy to this problem in the food diet is biofortification. Therefore, the use of nanotechnology emerges as a possible way to achieve the optimal development of plants in a sustainable and precise way. The objective of the present study was to increase the Zn content in bean plants cv. ‘Strike’, through the application of nanoparticles versus Zn nitrate plus chitosan. Two sources of Zn were applied via foliar: Zn nanoparticles and Zn nitrate at doses of 0, 25, 50 and 100 ppm with and without chitosan. The results indicate that the application of Zn favours the biofortification process, finding increases for all the treatments used. The treatments that stood out were Zn nitrate plus chitosan at 50 and 100 ppm, which increased the Zn content in fruits by more than 110%. The application of Zn nanoparticles at 25 ppm and Zn nitrate at 50 ppm favoured biomass accumulation and production. Furthermore, the addition of chitosan helped biomass and yield, especially when combined with Zn nitrate. Finally, indicate that a greater number of studies are required regarding the use of nanoparticles and chitosan in horticulture to determine with certainty their effect on the physiology and nutrition of plants
Assessment of quality and chemical composition of continental halophytic grasslands in south-east Europe
Get PDFContinental halophytic grasslands are known for performing of range of ecosystem services especially remarkable in the regions where they are much distributed – in arid and semi-arid areas. Continental halophytic grasslands of the Central and South-East Europe are not considered as favourable for arable farming, however, traditional animal husbandry plays a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and preserving these natural habitats. The particular interest of this study is the assessment of the chemical composition of biomass and the quality of insufficiently studied halophytic grassland communities of the central Balkans. In addition, the differences in pastoral value were monitored along the geographical gradient, i.e., between grasslands situated in the Pannonian plain (grasslands of Alliance Puccinellion limosae) and those distributed on the south Serbia (Alliance Festucion pseudovinae). The study was carried out at 18 representative sites, focusing on the saline grasslands of the two distinct regions – on the north and on the south of Serbia. The obtained results show that the halophytic grasslands have satisfying quality characteristics (average values: dry matter - 93.67%, crude protein - 8.66%, cellulose - 30.36%, crude fat - 2.27%) compared with other studied grasslands of saline habitats. There were no significant differences in quality and chemical composition of grasslands of the two regions, despite differences in floristic composition, indicating that salinity is the key determinant for pastoral value of the halophytic vegetation. The certain variations were attributed to the specific floristic composition related to ecological conditions and halophytic community characteristics
Alleviation of salinity triggered oxidative damage and photoinhibition in Vigna radiata by individual and combined treatments of selenium and jasmonic acid
No full textExperiments were performed to evaluate the effect of selenium (Se) and methyl jasmonate (Me-JA) in alleviating the salinity (100 mM NaCl) stress triggered decline in growth and photosynthetic in Vigna radiata. Salinity stress significantly reduced the growth measured in terms of plant height and dry mass which was significantly alleviated by Se and /or Me-JA. Treatment of Se and Me-JA increased the synthesis of prototoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), Mg-prototoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX), chlorophylls and carotenoids, increased photosynthesis and PSII activity. Besides, the supplementation of Se and Me-JA significantly declined the reactive oxygen species (H2O2 and O2-) levels causing increased membrane stability. Treatment of Se and MeJA up-regulated the antioxidant system by increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase, and the content of ascorbate and glutathione in both control and salt stress treated plants. The Se and Me-JA treatment significantly increased the synthesis of total phenols and flavonoids reflecting in increased total antioxidant activity. Accumulation of proline, sugars, glycine betaine and the activity of γ-glutamyl kinase was significantly improved in Se and Me-JA treatments affecting the tissue water content. Decline in nitrate reductase activity due to salinity stress was alleviated significantly due to Se and Me-JA treatment. Vigna radiata plants treated with Se and Me-JA accumulated less Na and more K and N compared to salt stressed plants
The pivotal role of biochar in enhancement soil properties, morphophysiological and yield characters of barley plants under drought stress
No full textDrought is one of the most harmful abiotic stresses in arid and semiarid regions, so, field experiments were performed to examine biochar impact (15 or 20 t ha−1) on soil properties, physiological, morphological, and yield of barley under drought conditions. Our results displayed that drought caused a remarkable decrease in stem height and leaf area. Additionally, relative water contents (RWC%), chlorophyll a and b concentrations, as well as yield parameters were significantly reduced under drought. Conversely, lipid peroxidation (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL%), and enzymatic activity were significantly augmented in the stressed plants during both seasons. Application of biochar led to improve leaves number (15.3), stem height (57%) and leaf area. Also, physiological characters like chlorophyll (72%) and RWC (33%), as well as yield, were increased considerably. Contrariwise, MDA and EL were reduced significantly (47 and 54%) under biochar application; furthermore, biochar led to regulate peroxidase and catalase activity in the stressed plants. It is concluded that biochar treatment can significantly improve soil properties, particularly soil EC (dSm-1), soil organic matter % and soil pH as well as increase yield characters via improving stress tolerance of barley under drought conditions; the best treatment was 20 t biochar ha−1 in the plants irrigated twice
Palynological diversity of highly medicinal rare, endangered, and threatened plants from Western Himalaya, India
Get PDFThe present study investigated the palynological diversity of highly medicinal Rare, Endangered, and Threatened (RET) plant species dwelling in higher altitudes of Western Himalaya, India. The pollen morphology of 32 plant species covering 29 genera, 23 families, and 18 orders of Angiosperms was analyzed by Light Microscopy (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The families of the studied plant species have been arranged and discussed following the evolutionary sequence as per the updated version of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ІV. The studied pollen characters were found to be helpful in the delimitation of taxa at the species level. In the studied monocots, the species belonging to order Zingiberales, Asparagales, and Liliales followed the general trend of having primitive inaperturate to advance monosulcate pollen except for Alismatales which had inaperturate pollen and placed after the orders mentioned above in the APG ІV classification system. The pollen aperture of the eudicot group in the present study followed the evolutionary pattern from tricolpate to tricolporate and triporate, which corroborated previous reports. All the investigated species of both monocot and eudicot groups had monad pollen units suggesting their primitiveness on the evolutionary scale except for the Rhododendron companulatum (Ericales), having evolutionarily advanced tetrad arrangement. The current study found primitive exine ornamentation in Ranunculales to advance in Asterales, Lamiales, Gentianales, and Boraginales and confirms the results of the previous studies. The data on the pollen morphological features of the studied species generated in the present study will help understand these important high-altitude plant species' reproductive biology and conservation aspects
Colletotrichum siamense infection caused transcripts involved plant hormone signal transduction and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis varied in strawberry
Get PDFColletotrichum siamense infected the petiole and crown of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), and this anthracnose threatens strawberry production heavily in Hubei province. Characteristic the variation of transcript caused by C. siamense is important for anthracnose control of strawberry. In this study, RNA-seq analysis was used to monitor the strawberry transcripts in response of C. siamense at 0- and 6-days post-inoculation based on lesion measurement and hypha observation. The number of clean reads achieved for each sample was ranged from 5.68 to 8.12 Gb. The 0DPM vs 0DPI group had seven significantly differentially expressed transcripts, whereas the 6DPM vs 6DPI group exhibited 12,097 significantly differentially expressed transcripts. The differentially expressed transcripts of 6DPM vs 6DPI group were enriched in ‘metabolic process’ and ‘biological process’ in the biological process category and ‘oxidoreductase activity’ in the molecular function category by GO analysis. While ‘Starch and sucrose metabolism’, ‘Plant hormone signal transduction’ and ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’ pathways were significantly enriched by KEGG analysis. The expression of MYC2 in JA, the ETR in Eth and, the SnRK2 and ABF in ABA signal transduction pathways were promoted, whereas expression of the PR1 in SA, JZA1 in JA, and ERF in Eth signal transduction pathways were inhibited. In addition, the transcripts that encode enzymes involved in the ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’ pathway, such as PAL, CYP73A, CSE, 4CL, HTC, GSE and COMT were all inhibited showed by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. This study provided basic information of strawberry responding to C. siamense infection