Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca
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In vivo polyamine applications to globe artichoke: Effects on plant growth-development and some bioactive components
Get PDFThe globe artichoke, Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.), is an important member of the Asteraceae family, being used as a food and due to it has certain health-improving qualities in the treatment of various disorders since ancient times. Low molecular weight organic compounds with a role in several crucial cellular and physiological processes of plants are known as polyamines. They participate in processes such as cell division, differentiation, and growth, the sprouting of seeds, root formation, and flower and fruit development. They have been identified as particularly efficient against biotic and abiotic stress factors. The present research aimed that the evaluation of effects of various polyamine (PA) types and concentrations on three different artichoke cultivars by biometric measurements and biochemical analyses. For this purpose, seedlings of three artichoke cultivars (‘Sakız OP’, ‘Bayrampaşa OP’, and ‘Olympus F1’) were sprayed with various concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 250 mg L-1) of three distinct types of significant polyamines, including putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. Several growth parameters were examined in the current research. The effects on the total phenol and antioxidant capacities, as well as changes in the amounts of cynarin and 1,5-O-dicafeoylquinic acid, were also evaluated. The results revealed that there were statistically differences based on cultivars and treatment concentrations. Among the three forms of PA spermine was potent at increasing total phenolic content, while putrescine was effective at increasing total antioxidant content. On the other hand, putrescine, spermine and, spermidine had no positive effects on cynarin and 1,5-O-dicaffeoyquinic acid levels. Results clearly revealed that each biometric data and biochemical content could not be determined by a single polyamine type and concentration. It can be concluded that to improve the biometric values and biochemical content are depending on cultivar and dosage of various PAs.
Biocontrol of Fusarium wilt disease in pepper plant by plant growth promoting Penicillium expansum and Trichoderma harzianum
Get PDFPlant growth promoting fungi (PGPF) were employed in the present study to biocontrol Fusarium wilt disease in pepper plants. Two of the five fungal isolates were chosen based on biochemical characteristics such as their production of hydrocyanic acid, siderophores, and IAA, phosphate solubilization, and in vitro antifungal activities. The most potent fungal isolates were identified as Penicillium expansum (P. expansum) and Trichoderma harzianum (T. harzianum). Using GC-MS, it was found that PGPF extracts contain compounds with antifungal activity, antioxidants, and plant growth stimulators. The combined effect of T. harzianum and P. expansum increased the protection against fusarial wilt by (76.74%), followed by T. harzianum by (50%), then P. expansum by (17.64%). Significant improvement because of using the mixture (T. harzianum and P. expansum) showed an increase in shoot length (59.4%), root length (129%), and number of leaves (52.6%). Chlorophyll A and B levels in infected plants were consistently raised by 28.71% and 67.58%, respectively; as a result of application the mixture (T. harzianum and P. expansum). Also, there was an increase in soluble proteins and carbohydrates in infected plants treated with (T. harzianum) by 25.42% and 31.78% over untreated infected plants, respectively. It could be recommended that the use of targeted PGPF strains, especially a mixture of T. harzianum and P. expansum could be commercially used as therapeutic nutrients against Fusarium wilt of pepper plants
Natural compounds: an effective and eco-friendly strategies for controlling and combating plant pathogens
Get PDFCurrently, the management of phytopathogenic agents is an ongoing challenge globally, as they cause major damage in agricultural plantations. However, the use of synthetic pesticides currently in use has negative effects on the environment and on the living organisms that develop their life cycle in these habitats. For this reason, research in the last decade has led to the identification and exploitation of natural compounds with important antifungal properties as natural alternatives to combat and control pathogens. This review is based on the description of plant extracts, essential oils and natural compounds with important anti-fungal properties. However, their direct application to plants is difficult, because their adhesion and persistence in environmental conditions does not allow this fact. The current challenge is to develop formulations based on natural compounds that retain their properties over time in order to be applied to agricultural crops
Assessing the susceptibility levels of chestnut cultivars/genotypes to Asian chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu)
Get PDFThe Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus is a major insect pest affecting chestnut trees worldwide. Due to the galls that it creates on shoots and leaves, this pest prevents shoot development and blooming and decreases the fruit yield. In Türkiye, this pest was first seen in Gacık village of Yalova province in the year 2014. Today, it is seen in orchards and forests in different provinces of Marmara, Aegean, and Black Sea regions. The medium- and long-term control of this pest can be improved by making use of resistant or less-susceptible cultivars and hybrid clones. The susceptibility levels of our cultivars to this pest are not known. For this purpose, by using three infestation indicators, the susceptibility to Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW) of 3 hybrids (Castanea sativa x Castanea crenate) and 20 cultivars/genotypes (C. sativa), which came to the forefront via selection studies, were assessed for five years (2017-2021). The susceptibility to ACGW varied between the tested genotypes/cultivars and, since no gall development was observed in ‘YD-1’, ‘Tülü’, and ‘Ertan’ cultivars of C. sativa species, they were determined to be completely resistant to ACGW. Furthermore, the numbers of ACGW eggs on the buds of cultivars were recorded and it was found that ACGW laid eggs on the buds of all the cultivars. In microscopic analyses, it was revealed that the resistance originated from the prevention of larva development within the bud. The finding that resistant cultivars belong to C. sativa species is thought to be important for future genetic breeding programs
Effect of foliar treatment with chitosan on phenolic composition of ῾Fetească neagră’ grapes and wines
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to determine the influence of chitosan treatments, applied in vineyard for plan protection, on the phenolic quality of grapes. The study was conducted for two consecutive years (2020-2021) in the wine center of Murfatlar, Romania, on ‘Fetească neagră’, an ancient but well-known indigenous Romanian grape variety for red wines. Chitosan is meant to offer an alternative for the classic treatment with Bordeaux mixture (BM), which represented the control variant. A combination treatment with half dose of chitosan and half dose of BM was also applied and evaluated. Chemical composition at harvest time was evaluated by measuring the content of sugar, total acidity, pH, total anthocyanin potential (ApH1), anthocyanins extractable at wine pH (ApH3.2), total polyphenol index, skin tannins, seed tannins and seeds maturity. In wines the colour parameters were determined by spectrophotometry and individual phenolic compounds by UHPLC-HRMS. In grapes, accumulation of anthocyanins increased with the total dose of chitosan applied in the vineyard, with higher values in 2020 when temperatures were higher and the rainfall values were typical for the region. Accumulation of tannins in grape skins followed a similar trend. In wine, chitosan determined a significant 72% increase in colour intensity in 2020. Among the individual phenols gallic acid was predominant, with higher values in the rainier year (2021) and significant increases determined by chitosan treatment (especially in 2021 when it increased by 97% as compared to BM treatment). Catechin and epicatechin recorded important increases in the less favourable year (2021), with confirmed increases in both years elicited by the chitosan. Quercetin and myricetin were not influenced by the chitosan treatment, but their increase was correlated with higher temperatures and inversely correlated to the amount of rainfall. Trans-resveratrol ranged between 4.3-8.0 mg L-1 in 2020 and 5.0-6.5 mg L-1 in 2021, with an important increase determined by the chitosan treatment in 2020 (89% increase compared to BM treatment)
Comparison of the potential of extracts from the flower, fruit pulp, and seed of Cassia fistula L. on MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth and cell migration
Get PDFThis study aimed to determine the anticancer effects of extracts prepared from various parts of Cassia fistula L. (CF), i.e., flower extract (FE), fruit pulp extract (FPE) and seed extract (SE), on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The anticancer effects of the extracts were assessed for cell toxicity, cell proliferation, cell migration, cell apoptosis, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Effective cancer treatments have focused on inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling. Thus, the expression of EGFR protein after extract-treated cells was also determined. Following a 72 incubation, high potential cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells was observed after SE treatment, followed by FE and FPE treatment. FE, FPE, and SE significantly inhibited cell growth at concentrations of 500, 1,000, and 250 µg/mL, respectively. Also, FE, FPE, and SE markedly suppressed migration of MCF-7 cells at concentrations of 500, 500, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. These results can be concluded that SE had the highest potential anticancer effect on MCF-7 cells when compared with FE and FPE. Thus, SE might be a potential source of preventative and therapeutic agents against breast cancer. Since most anticancer drugs cause ROS production in cancer cells and it is known that ROS induce cell death; therefore, cell apoptosis and ROS formation induced by SE were further studied. The results showed SE induced MCF-7 cell apoptosis in a concentration-dependent way. SE caused a significant increase in ROS formation when compared with the control group. Western blot analysis showed low levels of EGFR protein expression after SE-treated cells at 1,000 mg/mL. Therefore, besides ROS formation, it may be concluded that the downregulation of EGFR protein expression is potentially one of the fundamental mechanisms driving the anticancer effects of SE
Determination by UHPLC – UV – MS of polyphenol content of Amaranthus retroflexus
Get PDFHaving a very large area globally, the genus Amaranthus has been known since ancient times and used as a medicinal plant used in the treatment of various ailments. For the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, the main constituents considered active are compounds from the polyphenol class. In order to identify and quantify some of these compounds, this paper briefly presents a UHPLC–UV–MS analysis study of polyphenolic compounds from Amaranthus retroflexus. Through our study we identified a high concentration of rutin. Thus, if rutin is intended to be used in medical practice, only the leaves will be used, the rest of the plant would produce an unwanted dilution. In addition, C₁₆H₁₈O₉, C₉H₈O₄, C7H6O4, C9H8O3 and C10H10O4 were identified. It has been observed that the leaves contain flavonoids in a higher amount than other parts of the plant. Through our study, we contributed to establishing the working parameters necessary to perform the analyses. For the first time, we have indicated the organs with the highest content of flavonoids, from the composition of the plants in the Oltenia area, Romania. For medical practice, the results obtained by us can represent important milestones in the production of pharmaceutical preparations
Silicon increased the growth, productivity, and nutraceutical quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Get PDFTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is considered one of the most important horticultural crops worldwide due to its nutritional and organoleptic properties. Instead of chemical fertilizers, recent research has shown in several plant species the importance of silicon fertilization. Hence, the present investigation aims to evaluate the effect of three different doses (low, medium, and high dose) of silicon on the growth (stem length and diameter, root length diameter, and stem, leaf and root biomass), productivity (polar and equatorial fruit diameter, number of fruits per bunch and plant, and yield), and nutraceutical quality (total soluble solids, titratable acids, and vitamin C) parameters of tomato. The Si treatment affected the evaluated parameters in a dose dependent way in almost all the parameters evaluated. Despite the tomato is classified as a non-Si accumulator, it has a significant response to Si treatment at a low dose of 0.15 g plant-1, medium dose of 0.25 g plant-1, and high dose of 0.35 g plant-1 after 120 d of transplantation in terms of plant growth, yield, and quality parameters. The effectiveness of Si nutrition is dependent on factors such as element source, plant species, and cultivar, and even, the absorption and bioaccumulation capacity of this element could be different between varieties
Deciphering the myth of cold tolerance in soybean: An overview of molecular breeding applications
Get PDFThe soybean is a source of several dietary components, including milk, protein, and oil. Cold stress has significantly curtailed soybean growth and yield in large areas and caused a high risk to global food security. The main objective of soybean breeders is to improve soybean resistance to cold stress. Conventional breeding approaches have made significant progress in developing cold tolerance in soybean; however, the high cost and complex genetic mechanism of cold tolerance hindered the large scale of these techniques. Molecular tools like quantitative trait loci (QTL), genome-wide association studies (GWAS), transcription factors (TFs), genetic engineering, and transcriptome have been used to identify cold tolerant genes/QTL and to develop soybean cultivars tolerant to cold stress. Clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) is used to increase the abiotic stress tolerance in soybean; however, its use to edit the cold tolerance genes in soybean is limited. Mapping of QTL has accelerated the master-assisted selection (MAS) in soybean. This review presents a detailed overview of molecular techniques and their use in developing cold-tolerant soybean cultivars. Using CRISPR/Cas9 would increase the speed of molecular breeding for cold tolerance in soybean. This information will assist soybean researchers in uncovering the basis of cold stress tolerance in soybean and adopting the most suitable way to breed the cold tolerant cultivars which can thrive under the extreme pressure of cold stress
Mineral contents and antioxidant activities of Karakılçık durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) genotypes
Get PDFThe importance of antioxidants and minerals in food has increased with the growing awareness of consumers in recent years. Türkiye is rich in genetic diversity for wheat as it is located at the intersection of three floristic regions and is part of the Fertile Crescent. In this study, the antioxidant activity of Karakılçık durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) populations from 12 different regions of Türkiye was determined using the DPPH method. In addition, the contents of mineral nutrients (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn) were determined in an ICP-OES device with milled wheat. Karakılçık genotypes were sowed in a field using an augmented trial design consisting of five rows and six blocks, with each block containing five control varieties. The result of the study was that the landrace Karakılçık genotypes exhibited antioxidant activity varying between 14.7-40.2 μmol TE g-1. The Ca contents of landrace Karakılçık genotypes varied between 13.0-249.9 ppm, Cu contents 0.6-22.7 ppm, Fe contents 28.7-93.9 ppm, Mg contents 583.7-1194.0 ppm, Mn contents 31.4-87.7 ppm, and Zn contents 22.3-68.5 ppm. The results of the study reveal that Karakılçık landrace genotypes have large differences in antioxidant and mineral content, that these differences have the potential to be used in wheat breeding programs, and that wheat flour obtained from Karakılçık landrace genotypes is important