Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca
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Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea isolate collected from gladiolus against selected fungicides, plant oils and botanicals in North India
Get PDFIntegrated disease management is the best and most environmentally friendly technique for managing of a plant disease. Among the nine fungicides tested in vitro against Botrytis cinerea, which causes grey mould in Gladiolus, hexaconazole and a combination of iprodione+carbendazim exhibited complete inhibition of the mycelia growth at all the tested concentrations. In the evaluation of 15 different plant oils against B. cinerea, oils of Mentha piperita, Cymbopogon martini, Pelargonium graveolens, Cymbopogon sp., and Oreganum vulgare resulted in 100% mycelial growth inhibition of B. cinerea at all concentrations ranging from 200 to 1000 ppm. Aqueous extract of cloves of Allium sativum resulted best among the different botanicals and bioproducts tested in vitro with a maximum average mycelial growth inhibition of 57.39%, followed by the leaves of Azadirachta indica (45.47%) at 20, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. In integrated management of the grey mould of gladiolus under in vivo conditions, the combination of quintal + A. sativum + neem oil exhibited the maximum reduction in disease (94.40 %), followed by the combination of contaf + A.sativum + neem oil, which showed 93.19% disease reduction. The treatments viz., quintal +A.sativum + neem oil also resulted in the most superior treatment in enhancing growth and yield parameters of gladiolus with significantly improved plant height (70.34 cm), yield of corms (38.00), spike length (53.17 cm), number of florets (15.65), and number of flowers (32.67). These results indicate that the integrated management approach by using fungicides, botanicals and essential oils could be used for the control of grey mould diseases caused by Botrytis pathogens.
Efficiency of RAPD and SSR markers in assessing genetic diversity in summer onion (Allium cepa L.) genotypes
Get PDFThe genetic diversity assessment of agricultural crops is crucial for breeding programs aimed at enhancing crop yield, resistance to diseases, and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. In the present investigation, a comparative genetic relationship in sixteen onion genotypes was assessed utilizing dominant (RAPD) and co-dominant (SSR) marker systems. Ten RAPD and nine SSR markers showed genetic diversity remarkably and produced 503 and 107 amplicons respectively. Spearman rank correlation was used to compare the different efficiency parameters in two marker systems with respect to sixteen onion genotypes. The genetic relationship based on similarity matrix values between a pair of cultivars was higher for SSR markers than for the RAPD marker system. OPC-04 (RAPD primer) and ACM-004 (SSR primer) witnessed the highest poly-morphic bands along with other polymorphic markers that proved to be useful in grouping onion genotypes. Finally, dendrograms were constructed and compared following the mantel test to find out the genetic diversity among the germplasms. This study will be effective for a selection of efficient primers and suitable marker systems to distinguish the onion genotypes in the future
ZnO nanoparticles improve bioactive compounds, enzymatic activity and zinc concentration in grapevine
Get PDFThe low availability of micronutrients in the soil leads to a deficit of these micronutrients in crops, causing malnutrition in the population. Approximately 3,000 million people in the world have health problems caused by inadequate Zn intake. Agronomic biofortification is a way to produce crops rich in micronutrients and mitigate malnutrition problems. Nano biofortification with zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs-ZnO) is a good strategy to mitigate and increase the nutritional content of the edible part of the plant. The aim was to determine the effect of foliar spraying with NPs-ZnO on yield and biosynthesis of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds and their bioaccumulation. In this study, the effect of foliar fertilization with NPs-ZnO: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L-1, on yield, the content of bioactive compounds and their bioaccumulation in grapevine berries was evaluated. The distribution of the treatments was under a completely randomized design, each treatment consisted of 10 plants, each representing one experimental unit. The treatments were applied by foliar sprays at fruit formation, in veraison and 15 days before harvest. Foliar spraying with NPs-ZnO positively modifies yield, the content of bioactive compounds, and their bioaccumulation. Doses of 50-75 mg L-1 of NPs-ZnO increased crop yield, and oenological parameters. In addition, all doses evaluated modified enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and improving Zn concentration in grapevine berries. Foliar spraying of NPs-ZnO is an alternative to improve grape quality and yield, in addition to enriching its nutritional and antioxidant content
Biochemical, physiological, and molecular responses of diverse olive cultivars to different irrigation regimes
Get PDFOlive is an essential industrial crop in the Mediterranean region with valuable economic and agricultural concerns. Despite its drought resistance, its productivity is restricted by extreme drought stress. Olive cultivars display considerable variation in response mechanisms to drought stress. Accordingly, the impact of mild and extreme water deprivation over two seasons compared to full irrigation requirements on growth and physiological characteristics of three diverse olive cultivars. Three olive cultivars, ‘Manzanillo’, ‘Eggizi-Shami’, and ‘Tofaahi’, were evaluated under three irrigation regimes 100% ETc, 75% ETc, and 50% ETc. Characteristics of shoot and root, as well as physio-chemical constituents, were determined. Besides, the gene expression of dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB), dehydrin (DHN), and catalase (CAT) genes in olive cultivars were explored under different irrigation regimes. The results indicated a substantial impact of irrigation level on all studied parameters. The mild and extreme drought stress treatments caused a gradual reduction in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content, relative water content, root and shoot length, root and leaf numbers, branch count, and leaf area across both seasons. Conversely, proline content was considerably increased under drought treatments compared to well-watered conditions. Similarly, the assessed cultivars exhibited significant variation in all studied parameters, with ‘Eggizi-Shami’ demonstrating superiority. Under mild and extreme drought stress conditions, the cultivar ‘Eggizi-Shami’ displayed the highest proline content and most growth characteristics. Besides, the real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis displayed significant alterations in gene expression of the tested three genes related to drought response (DHN, DREB, and CAT). The RT-qPCR analysis revealed that under drought stress conditions (75% and 50% ETc), ‘Eggizi-Shami’ exhibited higher expression compared to the other two cultivars (‘Tofaahi’ and ‘Manzanillo’). Combining the results of morphological and physiological parameters with gene expression analysis of drought-related genes can offer highly validated information about drought-tolerant olive cultivars. This integrated approach serves as an innovative methodology to identify and confirm genes involved in abiotic stress
Jointly soil properties affect N and P uptakes and utilizations in Pinus tabuliformis Carr. and Quercus liaotungensis Koidz. subjected to growing media with decomposed litter
Get PDFMonocultured pine plantation is suffering ecological degradation that is highly associated with low regeneration. Decomposed litter is an important soil amendment for enhancing regeneration through promoting nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptakes and utilizations. It is necessary to detect key soil attributes that contributed to this positive effect for regenerations in pine plantations. In this study, in-situ soils and litter were collected from local Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) plantations (objective) and secondary forests dominated by Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.) (control). Soils were used for culturing one-year-old Chinese pine and Liaodong oak seedlings with a prolonged photoperiod in a greenhouse. Litter was composted with effective microorganisms and mixed to soils at ratios of 0% (control), 25%, and 50% (v/v). Compared to the control, the 25% ratio decreased shoot height and root-collar diameter, and the 50% ratio decreased the comprehensive seedling quality. Decomposed litter addition reduced shoot biomass and P content in pine seedlings and utilizations for N and P in both species. Multivariate linear regression indicated that high pH in growing media impaired root P content and biomass increments in shoot and root parts, and high organic matter content inhibited N content and concentration in shoots. Overall, the addition of decomposed litter resulted in overdoses of nutrient supply for both species. Our results contradict the argument that N and P released from decomposed litter are both beneficial for regenerations in plantations, neither did in secondary forests
Water ecological requirements of Characeae taxa in eastern Spain
Get PDFPresence of Characeae taxa is limited by the existence of clear and oligotrophic waters. Some other chemical water parameters can also influence the distribution of taxa, which can thus be used as ecological bioindicators. The area of eastern Spain contains a high diversity of water basins in both coastal and inland habitats that allow the study of ecological gradients. This work aimed to identify the most relevant and significant water chemical parameters that determine the distribution of Characeae taxa, and establish their optima and tolerance ranges for each parameter in eastern Spain. Ninety-six records corresponding to unpublished old and recent samplings of the presence of 17 taxa belonging to the genera Chara, Nitella, Tolypella and Lamprothamnium were related to water parameters that included salinity, pH, electric conductivity, total water hardness, alkalinity, concentrations of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42-, and Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio. Principal Component Analysis showed that salinity was the major factor that determined the distribution of Characeae taxa, followed by concentration of Mg2+, Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio and alkalinity. When previously published records from the same area were added, non-parametric tests showed significant differences among taxa only for salinity, water hardness, and Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio. These statistical analyses, along with optima and tolerance ranges for each parameter showed that Characeae taxa, especially Lamprothamnium papulosum and Tolypella spp., could be used as bioindicators in eastern Spain, although their ecological differentiation is not clear in many cases
The role of medicinal mushrooms as gastroprotective agents: A short narrative review
Get PDFThis review examines the possible clinical uses of extracts from mushrooms with medicinal properties, particularly their role as gastroprotective agents. After conducting a thorough examination of the literature, we identified and chose publications that presented six distinct types of mushroom extracts. These extracts have been experimentally demonstrated to have gastroprotective effects in animal models. Animals like rats or mice were used as subjects in experimental models to generate stomach ulcers through various approaches, such as chemical induction or inducing stress. Studies have shown that mushroom extracts are efficacious in facilitating the healing process of stomach ulcers. Several fundamental modes of action include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, along with enhanced preservation of stomach mucus. No clinical trials pertaining to this topic have been uncovered. However, the initial positive outcomes gained serve as a basis for additional investigation on this subject
Nutritional standards through Integrated Differential Diagnosis (IDD) in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)
Get PDFThe foliar analysis is a useful tool to detect the nutritional status of plants, predict future problems in the reproductive cycles of fruit production and implement preventive and corrective measures to achieve a mineral balance in fruit trees, obtaining higher productivity. There is little information available on nutrient sufficiency ranges in pomegranate leaf and the literature reported differs due to diverse cultivation practices, cultivars, and agroecological conditions. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the mineral content of ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate leaves for each the nutritional elements and the cation balance, and to establish the nutritional standards using Integrated Differential Diagnosis (IDD). The mineral content of the pomegranate leaves was determined and based on the results, nutritional standards for macro elements, cation balance and microelements were generated through the IDD, which evaluate whether there are mineral and/or physiological imbalances. The macro elements in the cultivation of the pomegranate were the following: NO3 3747.5 µg g-1, Total Nitrogen 1.35%, P 0.14%, K 0.88%, Ca 1.65%, Mg 0.19%, Na 0.006%. For the cation balance, the optimal values were: (Ca+Mg)/K 4.48 mEq 100 g-1, Ca/(K+Mg) 2.13 mEq 100 g-1, Mg/(K+Ca) 0.16 mEq 100 g-1, Ca/Mg 5.06 mEq 100 g-1, K/Mg 1.36 mEq 100 g-1. Finally, the optimal values for the microelements were: Fe 59.5 µg g-1, Mn 31.4 µg g-1, Zn 6.3 µg g-1, Cu 6.1 µg g-1. The values obtained for the micro and macro elements were like those reported. In the case of cation balance and foliar nitrate content, they have not been previously reported. The IDD is a promising and effective auxiliary tool to characterize the nutritional status of pomegranate trees and, in turn, an alternative to conventional methods of nutritional diagnosis with the advantage of establishing a nutritional deficiency (soil-plant relationship) or a physiological imbalance (relation plant - climate) for this crop
Phytoremediation potential of native plants: Biomonitoring approach in contaminated soils
Get PDFPhytoremediation has been used to remediate contaminated site. This study aims to investigate the potential of the selected native plants to accumulate and tolerate chemical pollutants. Two sites were selected in Southern Tunisia lands (Gabès), i) Gannouch located near the chemical industrial complex and ii) Zerkineis around 35 kilometres far from the industrial activities. Soil and plants were sampled and analysed for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and fluorine (F) concentrations. The native plants were Bassia indica and Chenopodium album, with no obvious morphological toxic symptoms. Results indicated that the upper soil layers were alkaline and salt affected with low organic matter content. The highest levels of fluoride and heavy metal were found in Ghannouch. The contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and F in the roots, stem and leaves of the native plants exceed the normal ranges and the phytotoxic level. Bioconcentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF), and biological accumulation factor (BAF) were determined for each element. Based on these factors the selected plants were classified as excluders, indicators, and accumulators for each element. The native plants, studied herein, seems to have significant potential for phytoremediation, thus they may be used as biomonitors in contaminated soils. Bassia indica identified as Cd, Cu and Pb accumulator, could be an excellent candidate for phytoextraction and phyto stabilization because of its F excluder performance
Impacts of heat shock on productivity and quality of Triticum aestivum L. at different growth stages
Get PDFThe transitional phase of climate change is becoming a threat worldwide. Fluctuations in temperature are frequently observed in the life cycles of field crops. The current study was intended to evaluate heat stress (HS) at sensitive stages on four wheat cultivars’ growth, grain yield, and quality traits during two consecutive seasons. The experiment included four spring wheat cultivars that were exposed to HS durations (i.e., 0, 48, 96 and 144 h) at booting and anthesis stages. Pots were kept in an open-air, and labeled pots were moved to the glasshouse at the respective growth stage. After HS treatments, pots were moved from the glasshouse to the original position in the open air. The results showed that the cultivars differed in yield and grain quality traits, but their collective mean effect was significantly expressed with HS and HS duration (HSd) on the measured traits. Spike length was significantly affected by HS at the anthesis in comparison to those obtained from the control. However, the increase in HSd did not cause a significant effect on spike length compared to other treatments. Spike weight was significantly decreased in plants exposed to HS at booting and anthesis as well as by increasing HSd. In addition, grain weight and numbers were decreased in plants exposed to HS at booting and anthesis stages with a similar pattern by increasing HSd. Moreover, a reduction in amylose content was observed in grains of plants exposed to HS at booting and anthesis stages or when plants as exposed to a longer period of HSd. Nonetheless, amylopectin, wet gluten (WG) and grain N (GN) showed an increase in plants exposed to HS at booting and anthesis stages and/or extending HSd. This study concludes that plants exposed to different HS treatments during the life cycle had lower values for spike length, grains weight, and grains number per spike including amylose content in comparison to those obtained from the control. The decrease was significantly noted in the yield and grain quality of wheat when plants were exposed to HS at the booting stage in comparison to those exposed to HS at anthesis