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DIFFERENCE OF MODERATE AND HARD-BRISTLED TOOTHBRUSH IN PREVENTING PLAQUE AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN
No full textBackground: Oral health is very important, some oral and dental problems occur because we do not maintain oral hygiene and teeth. Plaque is a major etiologic factor of caries and periodontal disease. Efforts to prevent plaque buildup is called plaque control, by mechanical, chemical and natural, mechanical ventilation is a tooth brush. In general, the bristles are soft, moderate, and hard.
Aims: This research aims to know the differences using a moderate and hard-bristled toothbrush againstplaque.
Methods: This is a quasi-experiment with pretest-post-test control group design between the bristles medium and hard bristles using independent test T-test.
Results: Independent t-test for hard toothbrush has an average value of 2.08 decrease in the number of plaques, while the toothbrush being has an average value of 1.35 decrease in the amount of plaque. The pvalue (0.000) <α (0.05), no difference using a toothbrush moderate and hard-bristled against plaque.
Conclusion: There is a difference of tooth brushing plaque by using the medium tough and hairbrush medium tough hairbrush and hairy on the students of class VII B and VII C in Public Junior High School 3 Banjarbaru. The use of hard bristled toothbrushes is better 72.22% than the use of medium toothbrushes is only 47.37%. But a hard hairy toothbrush can cause gums to drop (recession gingival) if done continuously
THE POPULATION OF FLIES IN CIKOLOTOK LANDFILL, PASAWAHAN DISTRICT, PURWAKARTA REGENCY, INDONESIA
Get PDFBackground: The flies act as mechanical vectors of disease to the digestive tract, such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, and others. There are a lot of flies in a variety of habitats, one of the preferred habitat is on landfills. The first step to controlling flies is a preliminary survey with collecting data about the population of flies. In the Cikolotok landfill, it has never done a survey population of flies.
Aims: This study aims to look the number of flies and the priority area for fly control, the most active time of flies, and species of flies in Cikolotok landfill, Pasawahan District, Purwakarta Regency, Indonesia.
Methods: This study was an observational-descriptive research. The flies were observed based on the fly that caught by the flypaper trap and cone trap mounted on 3 areas, i.e. area of sorting garbage, area of stockpiling garbage and area of waste treatment. Data were analyzed by univariate method.
Results: The results showed that the density of flies in Cikolotok landfill per point range between 0- 179 flies/15 minutes in every 2-hour. The area that had the highest number of flies is area of sorting garbage with 528 flies. The most active time of flies was in a span of 7:00-9:00 am. The species of flies were found are Chrysomya megacephala (52%), Musca domestica (45%) and Sarcophaga bullata (3%).
Conclusion: Sorting garbage area has the highest number of flies and C. megacephala more found in landfill because of physical condition of garbage and the condition of area itself. The flies are more active in a span of 07:00-09:00 due to the condition of physical environment. Monitoring, fly control, research about fly-borne disease and relocation of cattle are needed to control the flies and the effects
THE CORRELATION AMONG DURATION OF ORAL CONTRACEPTION WITH THE INCIDENCE OF MELASMA IN SUMBERWUDI, LAMONGAN, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA
Get PDFBackground: An increasing of estrogen in the body including consumption certain pills, excessive exposure to sunlight, or even by pregnancy, may cause various effects such as as melasma, brown pigmentation that can occur in women, appeared in certain organs
Aims: The objective was to analyse the relationship between duration of use of oral birth control pills combined with the occurrence of melasma.
Methods: This is an analytical research using cross-sectional approach involved 17 respondents who were selected by a purposive sampling technique. Inclusion criteria for this study was as acceptor oral pill combinations at least 30 days or have taken one blister. In this study, the research instrument used was an open questionnaire and observation. Data was then analysed by parametric statistic using fisher's exact.
Results: The results found the combined oral pill acceptors complained emergence of black spots on the face in a period of more than 2 years of use whereas previously unheard.
Conclusion: Based on the results, health workers in the provision of counselling to patients about the side effects of the combined oral pill black spots face (melasma). Thus, acceptors got enough for knowledge and able to cope with the occurrence of dark spots face (melasma)
STUDENTS COPING MECHANISM TOWARD STRESS IN WRITING SCIENTIFIC PAPERS AT SARI MULIA MIDWIFERY ACADEMY BANJARMASIN, INDONESIA
Get PDFBackground: Academic roles and responsibilities of students become the cause of stress, but it can be from outside or from inside the students itself. The problem is the students' incapability towards stress, thus they make an adjustment by coping mechanism.
Aims: This study aimed to identify coping mechanisms that have been used by the students toward a stress on in writing scientific papers at Sari Mulia Midwifery Academy Banjarmasin.
Methods: This study was a qualitative research with case study approach. The data was collected from three primary sources: 1) Sari Mulia Midwifery Academy's students who are preparing writing scientific papers, 2) three people who met the study criteria, and 3) nine triangulation persons who are parents, friends, and academic advisor to test the credibility of the data. The data was then processed and analysed through the result of the interview using translation, transcription of data coding organizer, and then conclusion was made based on the data that the writer was obtained.
Results: The result showed that students used an adaptive coping mechanism to confront the stressful event like a writing scientific paper with doing some effort to solve the problem.
Conclusion: Students get stress when they are preparing for writing scientific papers and students do adaptive coping mechanism. As having social support from their closest persons can do adaptive coping mechanism to face the stress. That is important to the school to pay attention to students' adaptive coping mechanism in order to improve students' performance, even under high pressure and stress.
 
EFFECTIVENESS OF PREGNANCY EXERCISE ON PAIN REDUCTION AMONG WOMEN IN THE FIRST STAGE OF LABOR
Get PDFBackground: Every woman who gave birth should feel pain during childbirth. One of the ways to reduce labor pain is non-pharmacological method is through pregnancy exercise. From the observations conducted by researchers in March 2016 obtained from 10 nulliparous laboring women, there are three people experiencing mild pain, five people experiencing moderate pain and two people experiencing severe pain during the progress of delivery.
Aims: This research aimed to know the differences of the mean level of pain during the first stage of labor between women who performed pregnancy exercise and those who did not.
Methods: The design of this research was quasi-experiment. This research conducted in midwive practice Yenni Fitri in Bukittinggi Padang-West Sumatera between March to August 2016. A total of 16 pregnant women and joined the class of pregnant women was selected using purposive sampling method and be asked to fill observation sheet.
Results: The result showed that there was a significant different in labor pain during the first stage of labor (p value < 0.001). The mean pain level among pregnant women who participated to pregnancy exercise was 4.03, lower than the control group (6.25).
Conclusion: Exercise during the third trimester of pregnancy was the good way to the mother to adapt the pain during delivering baby. Pregnant women can do routine pregnancy exercise from the first trimester of pregnancy. This research is expected to recommend health service providers, especially midwives, to deliver the information and the advantages of pregnancy exercise to the women, and to facilitate exercises on third grade pregnant women since exercise during pregnancy is effective and cost-effective in reducing pain and discomfort during the first stage of labor if done regularly
THE DURATION OF PERINEAL WOUND HEALING BETWEEN BASTE AND INTERRUPTED SUTURE AMONG POSTPARTUM MOTHERS IN BANTUL, YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA
Get PDFBackground: Suture is a most used technique to heal perineal wound after delivery baby. Midwives often offer baste and disconnected suture for the healing process.
Aims: This study aimed to determine the duration of perineum wounds healing between the two suture techniques, baste and disconnected suture.
Methods: The study employed a quasi-experimental methods with a longitudinal approach. A total of 24 postpartum mothers who suffered perineum wounds degree II, no smoking, 20-35 years old, no obese, no DM, and no infections, was taken using random sampling. Seven validated parameters in assessing the perineum wound healing process were asked by the researchers during the observation including the status of the stiche, openess, festering, swollen, redness in the skin around the stiches, pain, and smell. The data was then analyzed by independent T-test.
Results: The results showed that the average length of the perineum wound healing in a private midwife clinic BPM Umu Hani by baste suturing technique was 7.42 days, and it was significantly shorter (p value = 0.003) than the healing by interrupted suturing technique (9.33 days).
Conclusion: Disconnected suturing technique can be a preference for perineal wound healing after delivery baby. However, the midwifery should pay attention to the needs of the postpartum mothers before propose the technique
MODE OF DELIVERY, HOSPITAL OWNERSHIP AND PREDICTORS MATERNITY LENGTH OF STAY IN TWO HOSPITALS IN JAKARTA
Get PDFBackground: Length of stay (LOS) is one of the most common indicator used for hospital performance assessment. The longer LOS for mothers giving birth can increase the risk of nosocomial infections and cause some psychological problems.
Aims: This study aims to analyze the determinants of maternal length of stay which can be used to evaluate the hospital efficiency and quality care improvement.
Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in two hospitals in Jakarta. We used the medical records of women who underwent delivery during the period of January 1 to December 31, 2011. Multivariate linear regression analysis with stepwise method was used to predict length of stay.
Results: The study found 2727 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The overall mean length of hospital stay was 3 days and the mean of mother's age was 29,9 years old. Among all of the covariates, mode of delivery had largest impact on LOS, with cesarean section increasing LOS by 1.2 days on average (Coef=1,21; P=0,000), followed by hospital ownership with private hospital reducing LOS 0,79 days on average (Coef = 0,79; P=0,000).
Conclusion: Mode of delivery and hospital ownership were the strong predictors for maternal length of stay in two hospitals in Jakarta
OCCURRENCE OF PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND RECEIVING WATER BODIES IN BANGKOK, THAILAND
Get PDFBackground: Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been frequently detected in aquatic environments worldwide and suspected for potential ecological consequences including adverse health effects on humans. However, occurrences, sources and potential risks of PPCPs residues have rarely been investigated in Bangkok, Thailand, one of the most densely populated cities in the world.
Aims: Two separate studies were carried out to evaluate the levels of some PPCPs in domestic wastewater treatment plants as well as in receiving water bodies in Bangkok, Thailand during 2009 – 2012, including six canals, and Chao Phraya River.
Methods: Solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry- mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technique were used to detect eight and fourteen pharmaceuticals during the two studies including acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, atenolol, caffeine, ciprofloxacin, diclofenac, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, naproxen, roxithromycin, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfathiazole and trimethoprim.
Results: Levels of pharmaceutical residues in WWTP influents on average were the highest for acetylsalicylic acid (4,699.4 ng/L), followed by caffeine (2,250.5 ng/L) and ibuprofen (701.9 ng/L). In effluents, the concentration of caffeine was the highest (307.1 ng/L), followed by acetylsalicylic acid (260.5 ng/L) and mefenamic acid (251.4 ng/L). In surface water, acetylsalicylic acid showed the highest levels(on average 1,355 ng/L in canals and 312.6 ng/L in the river).
Conclusion: Removal efficiencies of WWTPs for roxithromycin, sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethazine were determined negligible. For several compounds, the concentrations in ambient water were higher than those detected in the effluents, implying contribution of sources other than WWTPs. While the risks in Chao Phraya River are relatively low, several pharmaceutical residues were detected at high levels in canal waters of Bangkok, clearly indicating that the canals in Bangkok area are at potentialecological risks, warranting appropriate management decisions with efforts to be made to identify the sources and implement effective measures for mitigation.
 
DEVELOPMENT OF MYANMAR CARBOHYDRATE COUNTING BOOKLET
Get PDFBackground: Diabetes mellitus is one of the major challenging problems in Myanmar. Even with its high occurrence, the prevalence of good glycemic control was relatively low. According to Myanmar food culture, most of the foods that Myanmar people daily consumed are carbohydrate-based. Therefore, a nutrition education tool that can raise the awareness of amount of carbohydrate in foods and provide scientific but comprehensible dietary information about carbohydrate counting is necessaryin all arenas to combat diabetes: prevention, promotion and management.
Aim: The aim of this study was to develop Myanmar carbohydrate counting booklet.
Method: The first phase developed the booklet and then the acceptance of the booklet was assessed in the second phase by an experimental study.
Results: In the first phase, the booklet named "Basic Carb Counting for People Living with DM” was developed. It was 14.5 í— 20.5 í— 1 cm in size and of 103 pages. It contained illustrated facts and information about diabetes, about basic carb counting and carb choices of different food items along with respective food photographs. In the second phase, 36 people with diabetes participated in the study with the mean age of 48.4 ± 10.7 years, 47.2% of male and 52.8% of female. The results showed that the knowledge score of diabetes, carbohydrate and total scores increased significantly (p <0.05) between pre-test score and post-test score. The participants' satisfaction level with the newly developed booklet was somewhere between "very satisfied” to "extremely satisfied” giving the mean and median responses of between 5 and 6 on a 6-point Likert scale.
Conclusion: The developed carbohydrate counting booklet was accepted by people with diabetes in Myanmar and the contents in the booklet were understandable to witness the improvement in the knowledge of the disease and basic carbohydrate counting concept as well
HEALTH EDUCATION TO PREVENT DIABETES; A STUDY AMONG STUDENTS WITH PREDIABETES IN SURAKARTA, INDONESIA
Get PDFBackground: Pre-diabetes is a condition where blood glucose above normal, called as a pre-diagnosis diabetes. Without any effort to prevention, pre-diabetes will become diabetes within 5-10 years. From the preliminary study, there are 61 students in Nursing Program of Health Polytechnic Surakarta diagnosed with high blood glucose level. Early prevention with health education on the prevention of diabetes, namely physical activity and diet.
Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of health education to prevent diabetes among students with high blood glucose level.
Method: This research employed a quasi-experimental design with one group pretest and posttest. The fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured before and after health education. A total of 30 students, with pre-diabetes risk, from Nursing Program of Health Polytechnic Surakarta, selected by purposive sampling, was involved before and after the program. The blood glucose level was measured using blood glucose meter, with three replications. Health education was given using SAP (Events Unit Extension), leaflet and power point slides. Material of the health education program on primary prevention of DM was provided for 20 minutes only 1 time. Paired T-Test was used to find the significant differences of average levels of fasting blood glucose levels before and after given health education.
Results: The level of fasting blood glucose levels respondents before being given health education was 95.30 ± 2.67 mg/dL. While after given health education, the glucose level decreased 1.52 mg/dL to the level of 93.77 ± 2.94 mg/dL. Through paired T-test, it is noted that the decline was significant (p value = 0.014). However, the drop of fasting blood glucose levels among students diagnosed with pre-diabetes cannot ensure the level to the non-diabetes risk.
Conclusion: This results supports the provision of health education on the prevention of diabetes. It suggest the need of providing health education for early prevention