Publications of the Indonesian Scholars' Alliance
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The Use of Photo-Essay to Report Advances in Applied Science and Health
Get PDFBackground: In the applied health and science disciples there is an expectation that project work is reported through a publication. The conventional papers written to do this follow a structure that includes sections providing background, methods, results and a discussion or conclusion, supported by figures and tables. Sometimes photographs are included, and with more on-line publications the opportunities have increased for these to be available in full color. Borrowing from the field of photojournalism photo-essays are now a publication option where a series of images are used to tell the story; these are often related to health and well-being.
Aims: To summarize the methodology used to effectively combine a series of images with a brief text, and short reference list to create a visually engaging and informative short report.
Guidelines: Images are taken throughout the project with consent obtained from those whose images will be recognisable. Creative licence is used to compile representative images into a sequence that conveys the background, method, results and outcome(s) of the project. Images need to be of high resolution; editing for light, colour and contrast, and cropping is allowed to increase their clarity and relevance. The ethics of photojournalism apply making inappropriate manipulation of images or erroneous captions unacceptable.
Conclusions: Photo-essays are a novel and informative way to report on an applied health, social or scientific topic. The format is an excellent one to use for a brief report, or to prepare a research presentation for a scientific meeting.
Received: 13 May 2018, Reviewed: 08 June 2018, Received: in revised form 27 June 2018, Accepted: 29 June 2018
HOW TO ENGAGE A COMMUNITY AND IMPROVE CHILDREN'S ORAL HEALTH
Get PDFBackground: Globally, gingivitis (gum inflammation) and dental caries (tooth decay) have a negative impact on the health and quality of life of children. Those from disadvantaged populations suffer disproportionally from poor oral health, yet much of the pathology and associated pain and suffering is preventable if children are taught simple and inexpensive practices that can improve their oral health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has called for more programs to improve children's oral healthworldwide.
Aims: To summarize how readily implemented school-based programs can provide knowledge and teach health practices that promote behaviors that can enable children to improve their oral health through better hygiene and a reduced incidence of gum disease and caries.
Results: The WHO Health Promoting School (HPS) program model is well suited to address poor oral health. The model begins with community dialogue to establish understanding of the cause, adverse effects and approaches to prevention. Next teachers are helped to establish, sustain and evaluate an intervention in the local school. Intervention is based on the two core components of WHO HPS programs; first, teachers add health-related curriculum and visual aid production to classroom activities, and second, opportunities are added for children to participate in health-related practices while at school, for example tooth brushing or tooth stick sessions to clean their teeth after the lunch break.
Conclusions: Poor oral health is an example of a worldwide public health issue of central importance to children where school-based intervention has been shown to have benefits, through changes in behaviors achieved through teaching a combination of simple factual knowledge and inexpensive health practices.
 
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF INPATIENT UNIT "ANGGREK PAVILION” AT RSAL DR. MINTOHARDJO IN 2014 - 2017 USING MANAGEMENT APPROACH
Get PDFBackground:. The increasing number of hospitals built by both private and government parties to make patients can choose the hospital they want, so that will lead to increased competition between hospitals. It requires a hospital to be ready to compete and be more creative in developing its services. One of the most important elements in a hospital is the management department who play an active role. This study aims to explain the relationship between the five M's of management with the performance improvement of an inpatient unit ”Orchid Pavilion”. So the other hospital with a low performance may be more concerned with the five management factors at the hospital and this study can be a good example which can be applied by other hospitals.
Methods: This research was conducted at inpatient unit "Orchid Pavilion”Rumah Sakit Angkatan Laut (Navy Hospital) Dr. Mintohardjo. The research was conducted by qualitative method, that is to conduct in-depth interview with Head of Orchid Pavilion and Deputy Head of Orchid Pavilion, and study data obtained from Medical Administration Department Rumah Sakit Angkatan Laut (Navy Hospital) Dr. Mintohardjo.
Results: The results show that there has been an improvement of performance in inpatient unit "Orchid Pavilion” and many improvement on the five M's in management (Men, Money, Materials, Machines, and Method) resulting in significant increase of Bed Occupancy Ratio value in the room.
Conclusions: Improvements in five M's in management greatly affect the improvement of performance in inpatient unit "Orchid Pavilion” Rumah Sakit Angkatan Laut (Navy Hospital) Dr. Mintohardjo. The five M's in management (Men, Money, Materials, Machines, and Method) have a strong role in improving the performance of inpatient unit "Orchid Pavilion”
THE ROLE OF CLINICAL PATHWAY IN IMPROVING HOSPITALS COST EFFICIENCY
Get PDFBackground: Clinical Pathway (CP) is a method of clinical documentation that reflects clinical practice standards for physicians, nurses and other members of healthcare team. Clinical pathways are collaborative guidelines for treating patients focused on diagnosis, clinical problems and stages of care. The advantage is any intervention given and the development of the patient recorded systematically based on the time criteria set and is expected to improve the quality of service and to lower hospital costs. The aim of this narrative review is to assess the role of CP in improving the efficiency of hospital costs.
Methods: Narrative review was performed by analyzing the scientific articles obtained through Electronic Library provided by the University of Indonesia through online database list and chooses Science Direct as a search. The keywords used in the search were "Clinical Pathway and Hospital Cost". Search strategy was conducted by searching for articles related to CP role on hospital cost efficiency. Articles were selected using inclusion criteria and through several stages.
Results: Acquired as many as 1.324 articles conducted search through Science Direct. From the results of the screening finally 4 scientific articles were chosen relevant to the topic of writing and the criteria of inclusion or exclusion. After the analysis, it was found that the use of CP in the management of patients can lower hospital costs.
Conclusions: Implementation of clinical pathway for the management of patients in hospital can improve hospital cost efficiency
THE ASSOCIATION OF UNINTENDED PREGNANCY WITH STUNTING ON CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OLD: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Get PDFIntroduction: One of the complex causes of stunting is an unintended pregnancy. Children from unintended pregnancies are at greater risk for stunting than children born from intended pregnancies. This study aims to analyze the association of intended pregnancies with stunting events in children under 5 years old.
Methods: This systematic review used PRISMA-P protocol (Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) in 2009. Studies were collected through search in the source data Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed from January 2015 through May 2018. Keywords search used PICOS (Population Intervention Compare Outcome-Study design) technique. 278 studies were found and five studies were included in this study.
Results: From the 5 studies reviewed, it was found that unintended pregnancies can be the cause of stunting in the range 1.25 to 2.19 times higher than the intended pregnancy.
Conclusion: We found a significant relationship between unintended pregnancies among 5 countries (Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Northern Malawi, and Indonesia) with stunting in children under 5 years' old.
 
PERCEPTION OF MEDICAL DOCTORS ON CHEST TUBE THORACOSTOMY SIMULATION MODEL
Get PDFBackground: Chest tube thoracostomy is a common procedure that offers in patients with medical emergency conditions. Severe complications or even death can occur to the patients if medical doctors do not well perform and skillfully. This study aims to find medical doctors' perception of the realistic features of the chest tube thoracostomy simulation model, which was developed by researchers.
Methods: Fifteen Myanmar medical doctors were voluntarily to enroll in a half-day, chest tube thoracostomy workshop. Data of medical doctors' perception was collected using a 5-points Likert's scale self-evaluation survey form. In addition, the participants were asked to write their comments or suggestions for the realistic features of the chest tube thoracostomy simulation model.
Results: Medical doctors' perception on the realistic features of the chest tube thoracostomy simulation model was positive by responding as agree and strongly agree. All experts perceived as strongly agree in cost effectiveness of the model (100%) and using the model in the procedural training (100%). The postgraduate doctors responded to similar human sensations and complying procedural steps as agree (92.3%) in both statements. All experts rated to self-confidence (100%) as agree whereas thepostgraduate doctors responded to it as agree (84.6%). Participants preferred the structures of the simulation model and its educational values for the chest tube thoracostomy procedural skills training. They suggested to use this simulation model for training medical students.
Conclusion: The perception of the medical doctors on the realistic features of the chest tube thoracostomy simulation model showed that this simulation model could use as an effective educational tool in the procedural skills training
MAIN SOURCES OF SUGAR INTAKE OF ADOLESCENTS IN DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA PROVINCE, INDONESIA
Get PDFBackground: There was 16.9% of population in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) Province with excess sugar intake, higher than national prevalence 4.8%. Nevertheless, there has not been studied yet about sugar intake of adolescents in this province. The adverse effects of excessive sugar intake leads to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus, directly and indirectly through body weight and fat gain in later life. Twenty to forty percent of overweight adolescents are twice likely todevelop CVD and seven times greater risk of atherosclerosis. Thus, it is important to prevent NCDs since the behaviours established during adolescent have life-long consequences particularly regarding NCDs in DIY Province. This study aims to assess the daily sugar intake and the main sources of sugar of adolescents in DIY province, Indonesia.
Methods: This is an observational study with cross sectional design with the targeted population of all the adolescents aged 15 to 17 years old in urban and rural area of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. Four schools were chosen with the total sample of 380 students. Four instruments were used in this study i.e. general information questionnaire, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ), digital weighing scale and BIA analysis, and microtoise. Mann Whitney test was used to analyze the difference of daily sugar intake between urban and rural area. Statistical tests were considered as significant at P <0·05.
Results: Means of daily sugar intake of adolescents were 107.0 g and 87.4 g in urban and rural area respectively. In urban area, the minimum intake of sugar was 15.2 g/day and the maximum intake of sugar was 317.2 g/day. Whereas in rural area, the minimum intake of sugar was 17.2 g/day and the maximum sugar intake was 87.4 g/day. There was a significant difference between average daily sugar intake of adolescents in urban and rural area (P= 0.004).
Conclusion: The main sources of sugar intake of adolescents both in urban and rural area were sweetened beverages, additional foods and sweet snacks respectively.
 
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH FINANCING MECHANISM AND MORTALITY RATE IN SANTA MARIA PEKANBARU HOSPITAL
Get PDFBackground: The main challenge of the health financing mechanism in Indonesia is the allocation of health spending which is still dominated by the private sector, whereas the largest proportion comes from out of pocket payments. The system are a significant barrier in accessing health services. Many individuals with chronis diseases postpone the search for medical services because of high health care cost. The consequences of the delay is the loss of opportunities to overcome chronic illness. This research was aimed to analyze the relationship between health financing mechanism and mortality rate (GDR and NDR) in Santa Maria Pekanbaru Hospital.
Methods: This cross-sectional study involves GDR and NDR of patients using out of pocket payment and those using health insurance in the year between 2014 - 2017. Data analysis was performed by independent samples t-Test (significance level p < 0,05).
Result:The result of independent samples t-test analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between GDR and NDR of patients using out of pocket payment and health insurance patients (p < 0,05). GDR score of patients using out of pocket payment was 9.58 times higher than health insurance patients. The NDR score of patients with out of pocket payment 6.79 times higher than health insurance patients.
Conclusion: The health service outcome in patients with out of pocket payment is lower than health insurance patients. The out of pocket payment financing mechanism is one of the major problems in the transition to Universal Health Covered. It is recommended that our government must increase the health budget which is at least in accordance with the rule of law and improve the allocation of public sector health funds at least 2/3 of the total health budget to reduce the proportion of out of pocket to total health expenditure. Health care providers should do efficiency in all areas to reduce the cost of health services. Patient who do not have health insurance will have to rearrenge the allocation of their household expense to pay premium insurance and implement the healthy life habits.
 
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LEAN STRATEGY TO ALLEVIATE OVERCROWDING IN EMERGENCY ROOM: NARRATIVE REVIEW
Get PDFBackground: Emergency Room (ER) of hospital worldwide undergoes significantly challenging problems; overcrowding patient leads to block the access, causes discomfort and increases demands to be served by medical personnel immediately. To overcome these problems, the ER needs to implement lean strategies. This study presents a narrative review aimed to identify whether there is a positive impact of the lean implementations in overcoming the overcrowded ER or not.
Methods: This narrative review explores the current literature from an online database and highlights the lean strategies adopted by several ER to reduce overcrowding and delaying and to streamline patient flow. Literatures without data on waiting time, length of stay (LOS), and untreated patients leaving the ER, will be excluded from this review. The types of intervention were grouped into team triage, streaming, fast track, point-of-care test (POCT), and nurse-requested x-ray.
Results: The evidence of lean intervention is beneficial in reducing patients' waiting time and length of stay (LOS). Fast track reduces the length of waiting time, LOS, and the number of untreated patients by physician. Team triage consisting of appointed doctors and nurses also has a positive impact on shortening the waiting time. There is not enough evidence to suggest that streaming, POCT early in arrival, and x-rays by nurses can reduce waiting times and LOS.
Conclusions: The implementations of lean strategy have a positive impact in shortening the waiting time and LOS, and help speed up the patients' flow and access to other supporting units.
 
DETERMINANTS OF EARLY MARRIAGE IN INDONESIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Get PDFBackground: Early marriage is a formal or informal marriage that entered by individuals before the age of 18. In Indonesia, the marriage age is legally regulated in the Marriage Law with age limit of 16 years for female. This phenomenon contributed to the high number of early marriages and its impacts on maternal and child health. This study aims to examine the determinants of early marriage in Indonesia.
Methods: Journal articles were collected by searching in academic article database, such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Pubmed from 2016 to 2018. Authors used the PRISMA-P protocol (Prefed Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) in 2009 as systematic writing guidelines.
Results: Determinants of early marriage in Indonesia were unwanted pregnancy, peer influence, parent role, education level, knowledge of reproductive health, family economic status, culture, and media exposure.
Conclussions: Reviewing Indonesian marriage law is needed to reduce early marriage cases in Indonesia. Improving quality of reproductive health services, improving women's education and improving the economic status of the family is equally important to prevent early marriage and improve maternal and child Health in Indonesia.