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Biodiversité des vers de terre (Annelida, Clitellata) des milieux cultivés des Antilles françaises
No full textLes Antilles françaises font partie du « point chaud » de la biodiversité mondiale des îles de la Caraïbe. Le paysage de ces îles n’a cessé d’évoluer et de se modeler en fonction du contexte agricole. Aujourd’hui, les systèmes agricoles sont dominés par les bananeraies, les champs de canne à sucre, les pâturages et le maraîchage qui peuvent abriter une importante biodiversité de vers de terre (Annelida, Clitellata). Plusieurs études se sont intéressées aux vers de terre des milieux agricoles dans des années 1990, mais aucune synthèse n’a été réalisée à ce jour. L’objectif de ce travail est de dresser une liste complète des espèces de vers de terre des milieux agricoles des Antilles françaises en se basant sur une synthèse de la littérature et des nouvelles collectes. Les résultats de la synthèse bibliographique montrent la présence de 10 espèces déjà mentionnées dans la littérature. Les collectes récentes ont permis de recenser sept espèces nouvelles pour les Antilles françaises : Dichogaster (Dt.) annae (Horst, 1893), Dichogaster (Dt.) saliens (Beddard, 1893), Drawida barwelli (Beddard, 1886), Polypheretima taprobanae (Beddard, 1892), Onychochaeta windlei (Beddard, 1890), Periscolex brachycystis (Cognetti de Martiis, 1905) et Periscolex nevoi Csuzdi & Pavlíček, 2009. Ces nouvelles données ont également permis d’étendre l’aire de répartition connue de plusieurs espèces à des îles où aucune mention n’existait dans la littérature à ce jour. L’ensemble de ces données est intégré dans une clé de détermination richement illustrée permettant d’identifier 21 espèces dont la présence est avérée ou fortement probable dans les milieux cultivés des Antilles françaises.The French West Indies are part of the biodiversity “hot spot” of the Caribbean islands. The landscape of these islands has constantly evolved and been shaped by the agricultural context. Today the agricultural landscape is dominated by banana plantations, sugar cane fields, pastures and market gardens, which can harbour an important biodiversity of earthworms (Annelida, Clitellata). Several studies were interested in earthworms in natural environments of Guadeloupe and the agronomic role of earthworms in agricultural environments was also studied until the 1990s; but no synthesis exists to date. The objective of this work is to establish a complete list of earthworm species in agricultural environments in the French West Indies based on a synthesis of the literature and new collects. The results of the literature synthesis show the presence of 10 species already mentioned in agricultural environments. Our recent collections allowed us to identify seven species new for the French West Indies: Dichogaster (Dt.) annae (Horst, 1893), Dichogaster (Dt.) saliens (Beddard, 1893), Drawida barwelli (Beddard, 1886), Polypheretima taprobanae (Beddard, 1892) Onychochaeta windlei (Beddard, 1890), Periscolex brachycystis (Cognetti de Martiis, 1905) and Periscolex nevoi Csuzdi & Pavlíček, 2009. These new data also extend the distribution of several species to islands where no records previously existed in the literature. However, knowledge is unequally distributed among the islands, depending mainly on the sampling effort. The agricultural environments of Martinique are the best known, the rarefaction curve is close to saturation at 16 species reflecting a substantial sampling effort. On the other hand, we can expect the discovery of additional species in the cultivated environments of Guadeloupe because the rarefaction curve is far from the saturation point with only nine species. For the 15 species for which individuals from recent collections were available, the analysis of a mitochondrial gene fragment of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) was performed. This was done in order to constitute a reference library of DNA barcodes whose morphological identification is verified to facilitate future work on the taxonomy of earthworms in this area. All these data are integrated in a detailed determination key allowing to identify 21 species, i.e., the 17 whose presence is confirmed as well as four additional species whose presence is highly probable but not yet attested in the cultivated areas of the French West Indies.</p
Faire gras à Molène : produits laitiers et graisses de ruminants détectés par l’analyse lipidique et isotopique des céramiques du Néolithique final et de l’âge du Bronze ancien du site insulaire de Beg ar Loued (Molène, Bretagne occidentale, France)
No full textLes stratégies de subsistance des premières communautés agricoles ont été mises en évidence depuis le début du Néolithique grâce à de nombreuses études sur les résidus lipidiques des récipients en céramique menées dans diverses parties de l’Europe continentale. En revanche, très peu de données sont disponibles pour la fin du Néolithique et le début de l’âge du Bronze sur la côte atlantique, en particulier en contexte insulaire. Cet article présente les résultats de l’analyse de résidus lipidiques provenant de 129 fragments de poteries de Beg ar Loued (Molène, France), un site insulaire dont les principaux vestiges datent de l’âge du Bronze ancien (c. 2700-2600 à 1800 BCE). Dans le but de comprendre l’utilisation des récipients, les pratiques culinaires sur ce site et d’appréhender les techniques de finition des céramiques, des analyses de résidus visibles carbonisés, de tessons, et de surfaces/couches d’engobe ont été effectuées via des analyses chromatographiques (n = 174) et isotopiques (n = 24), après extraction des lipides par solvant (n = 174) ou méthanolyse acide (n = 31). Les résultats démontrent l’utilisation extensive de produits terrestres (carcasses de ruminants et produits laitiers), comprenant occasionnellement des produits végétaux (avec un mélange probable de différentes cires), alors que la détection des produits aquatiques est faible. Comparés aux données fauniques, ces résultats indiquent donc que les produits terrestres, tels que la viande de ruminant et les produits laitiers, sont transformés en utilisant des récipients en céramiques, tandis que les produits aquatiques semblent de préférence exploités sans avoir recours à une poterie. Ces résultats démontrent l’importance de l’analyse des résidus lipidiques pour connaître le rôle des récipients en céramique dans la production et la consommation d’aliments sur les sites de la côte atlantique.The subsistence strategies of early farming communities have been highlighted since the beginning of the Neolithic, thanks to numerous studies on lipid residues from ceramic vessels conducted in various parts of continental Europe. However, after the Early Neolithic, evidence of subsistence strategies along the northern Atlantic coast are still lacking, especially for island contexts. This paper presents the results of lipid residue analysis of 129 potsherds from Beg ar Loued (Molène, France), an island site dating primarily to the Early Bronze Age (c. 2700-2600 to 1800 BCE). Aiming to understand the use of vessels, vessel treatment and culinary practices on the settlement, analyses of visible charred residues, sherds and ceramic surfaces/coating layers were carried out using chromatographic (n = 174) and isotopic techniques (n = 24) after lipid extraction by solvent (n = 174) or acid methanolysis (n = 31). The results demonstrate the extensive use of terrestrial products (ruminant carcass and dairy) in pottery, including occasional plant products (with possible mixtures of different waxes), while the detection of aquatic products is limited. Thus, combined with evidence from faunal remains at the site, the results indicate that terrestrial resources like ruminant meat and dairy products were preferentially processed in vessels, and aquatic products mostly without the use of ceramics. These findings demonstrate the significance of lipid residue analysis for studying the role of pottery in food production and consumption at sites along the Atlantic coast.</p
Morphological and genetic analyses verify the occurrence of the butterfly <i>Graphium chironides</i> (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in Peninsular Malaysia and resolve the confusion on the validity of its subspecies <i>malayanum</i> Eliot, 1982
No full textGraphium chironides malayanum Eliot, 1982 was described as a taxon occurring sympatrically with G. bathycles bathycloides in Peninsular Malaysia. However, the validity of the subspecies has been questioned in a recent publication that was based on a study of DNA and morphology, implying that G. c. malayanum is a synonym of G. b. bathycloides and G. chironides is absent from the Peninsula. A re-examination of male wing morphology, genitalia and DNA shows that G. c. malayanum is a valid taxon distinguished from G. b. bathycloides by wider discal markings, a less falcate forewing, distinct differences in the arms of the harpe in the male genitalia and clearly divergent mtDNA COI genes. In the DNA analysis, G. c. malayanum formed a monophyletic clade closely related to G. chironides from China, and both were well-separated from the G. b. bathycloides clade. An examination of characters used in the previous study showed that the conclusions reached were due to misinterpretation of diagnostic characters, misidentification of specimens and the absence of G. c. malayanum among the specimens examined. When these characters were correctly interpreted, each specimen was readily assigned to the correct taxon. Diagnostic morphological characters are reclarified based on the current data.</p
Early Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA
No full textA collection of 1149 otoliths of the Ypresian and Ypresian–Lutetian transition (early Eocene) from 18 sites across five states in the eastern and southern regions of the USA was analyzed. In total, 33 otolith-based taxa are documented, of which 27 are identified at the species level. Nine of these are introduced as new species: “Conger” biaculeatus sp. nov., Bauzaia gibbosa sp. nov., Ampheristus brevicaudatus sp. nov., Symmetrosulcus virginicus sp. nov., Neobythites longesulcatus sp. nov., “Neobythites” pamunkeyensis sp. nov., “Neobythites” stringeri sp. nov., Waitakia dorsogibbosa sp. nov., and “Haemulon” ypresiensis sp. nov. The assemblages are distinct when compared to their younger Eocene counterparts in America. This distinction is primarily characterized by the high proportion of the newly introduced species or exclusive Ypresian species. Additionally, we highlight the presence of 10 amphi-Atlantic species originally described in European deposits. Significantly, the composition of the otolith collection supports the interpretation of a shallow-water environment for the sampled sites during the Ypresian. This ecological setting appears to persist into the subsequent middle and late Eocene within the same geographic region.</p
Diamonds in the rough: <i>Ibotyporanga</i> (Araneae, Pholcidae) spiders in semi-arid Neotropical environments
No full textAbstract. Ninetinae are a group of small and short-legged pholcids that are largely restricted to dry habitats where they lead reclusive lives in and under objects on the ground. They have long been rare in collections and poorly studied. The genus Ibotyporanga Mello-Leitão, 1944 previously contained five species: four from the Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga biomes, and one from northern Venezuela. Based on recent focused collecting in Brazil and northern Colombia, we describe 19 new species, all based on males and females: Ibotyporanga ziruma Huber sp. nov., I. walekeru Huber sp. nov., I. piojo Huber sp. nov., I. itatim Huber sp. nov., I. xakriaba Huber sp. nov., I. xique Huber sp. nov., I. camarai Huber sp. nov., I. kanoe Huber sp. nov., I. imale Huber sp. nov., I. sertao Huber sp. nov., I. guanambi Huber sp. nov., I. capivara Huber sp. nov., I. payaya Huber sp. nov., I. tuxa Huber sp. nov., I. atikum Huber sp. nov., I. kiriri Huber sp. nov., I. ouro Huber sp. nov., I. itajubaquara Huber sp. nov. and I. canudos Huber sp. nov. In addition, we describe the previously unknown females of I. diroa Huber & Brescovit, 2003, and I. ramosae Huber & Brescovit, 2003, and present comprehensive SEM data of eight species. We analyze CO1 barcodes of 41 Ibotyporanga specimens representing 21 described and one undescribed species. Genetic distances among specimens and a species delimitation analysis suggest that some nominal species may in fact represent two or more species. A first morphological cladistic analysis of the genus strongly supports the monophyly of Ibotyporanga and suggests several clades within the genus, including one that is characterized by a strong elongation of the male palpal procursus. Geographically, the genus shows a disjunct distribution in Brazil and northern South America, separated by the Amazon biome. While plesiomorphic taxa (with a short procursus) are found in both regions, derived taxa (with an elongated procursus) are limited to Brazil. Species distribution modeling suggests that Ibotyporanga might also occur in poorly sampled regions of Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. In addition, a strong sampling bias towards the proximity of access routes suggests that the genus is much more diverse even in Brazil and Colombia. Two karyotyped species shared the diploid number of 2n♂ = 30 and an X1X2X3Y sex chromosome system.</p
Issid planthoppers from Bach Ma and Phong Dien in Central Vietnam. I. Tribe Parahiraciini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae)
No full textEight species of Issidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) belonging to the tribe Parahiraciini, were collected in recent years in Bach Ma National Park and Phong Dien District in Thừa Thiên-Huế Province in Central Vietnam. A new genus Cyclopissus gen. nov. is erected to accommodate a new species Cyclopissus corticalis gen. et sp. nov. from Bach Ma National Park. Three new species of the genus Flavina Stål, 1861 are described: F. bachmana sp. nov. from Bach Ma National Park and Da Krong Nature Reserve (Quang Tri Province), and F. lami sp. nov. and F. quangi sp. nov. from Bach Ma. Two new species of the genus Pseudochoutagus Che, Zhang & Wang, 2011 are described: Ps. lindae sp. nov. from Bach Ma and Ps. trungi sp. nov. from Phong Dien. One new species of the genus Pusulissus Bourgoin & Wang, 2020, Pu. bachmaensis sp. nov., is described from Bach Ma. Gelastyrella litaoensis Yang, 1994 is recorded from Quang Tri and Thừa Thiên- Huế provinces in Central Vietnam and from Thanh Hoa and Ninh Binh provinces in North Vietnam, for the first time. These eight species represent the first records of the family Issidae for Thừa Thiên-Huế Province and hence, the Vietnamese fauna now counts 58 species in 13 genera. An identification key to the Vietnamese genera of Parahiraciini is given.</p
Les Bryophytes de France. Volume 2 : Pleurocarpes et Sphagnales
No full textCet ouvrage est le deuxième volume d’une série encyclopédique traitant des bryophytes de France. Il est consacré aux Pleurocarpes et aux Sphagnales.Chacune des 285 espèces fait l’objet d’une monographie illustrée,comprenant une description morphologique détaillée, incluant les critères microscopiques indispensables aux diagnoses, la répartition en France, les habitats et les espèces compagnes. Avec plus de 2 200 photographies, ce guide très complet constitue un outil précieux pour l’étude des bryophytes.Les points forts de cette flore orientée vers le terrain sont :Des clés simplifiées et illustrées pour l’identification par étape des familles, des genres et des espèces.Une présentation exhaustive des 249 taxons de Pleurocarpes et des 36 espèces de Sphaignes connues en France sous forme de monographies illustrées.Des planches d’illustrations pour chaque espèce regroupent tous les critères pour faciliter leur identification.Des notes portant sur les risques de confusion avec des taxons proches, des conseils pour la reconnaissance sur le terrain et des rappels synonymiques font de cet ouvrage un outil volontairement pratique pour ses utilisateurs.La France incluant 68 % de la bryoflore d’Europe, l’œuvre dépasse largement le cadre d’une flore française. Une référence indispensable, vouée à motiver le développement de la bryologie.</p
Monitorage de la biodiversité urbaine par l’établissement d’un bilan évolutif du capital naturel existant dans les projets
No full textAvec le constat général de disparition massive et récente de la biodiversité causée essentiellement par les activités humaines de transformation et d’exploitation des écosystèmes naturels terrestres et aquatiques, l’établissement d’un concept général de restauration des écosystèmes devient incontournable à l’échelle planétaire. Les publications proposant des stratégies d’approche écosystémique visant la restauration de la biodiversité dans tous les milieux exploités par l’homme se multiplient mais utilisent le plus souvent des visions fortement anthropocentrées des services écosystémiques de la nature. Avec le besoin de nature en ville, reconnu depuis une bonne dizaine d’années, les projets de villes vertes se multiplient et incitent de nombreux promoteurs à suivre des concepts de labellisation écologique. Ils y sont notamment encouragés par la nouvelle loi Climat et Résilience (2021) et l’application de l’objectif Zéro Artificialisation Nette (ZAN) qui prévoit la restauration des écosystèmes dégradés en milieux urbains. La modélisation spatiale des constructions et des aménagements extérieurs d’un projet est possible en s’appuyant sur l’analyse du potentiel écologique développé par chaque élément du site du projet. Il en résulte une méthodologie de travail qui établit des règles d’analyse et d’évaluation des apports écologiques possibles dans les multiples situations qui se présentent dans les projets de construction. Cette modélisation pondérée permet le suivi évolutif de la valeur écologique des étapes de construction et de gestion à long terme des espaces naturels urbains. Au-delà des aspects de biophilie et de savoir-faire des constructeurs attestés par des labels, elle atteste surtout de l’importance réelle de la contribution écologique d’un projet à l’environnement urbain.With the general observation of massive and recent disappearance of biodiversity caused essentially by human activities of transformation and exploitation of natural terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, the establishment of a general concept of ecosystem restoration becomes essential at the scale planetary. Publications proposing ecosystem approach strategies aimed at restoring biodiversity in all environments exploited by man are multiplying but most often use strongly anthropocentric visions of nature’s ecosystem services. With the need for nature in the city, recognized for a good ten years, green city projects are multiplying and encouraging many developers to follow ecological labeling concepts. They are particularly encouraged to do so in France by the new Climate and Resilience law (2021) and the application of the Zero Net Artificialization (ZAN) objective which provides for the restoration of degraded ecosystems in urban environments, respecting in particular the “Avoid – Reduce – Compensate” sequence as provided for by the impact study procedure. The environmental modelling of the buildings and exterior fittings of a project is possible based on the analysis of the ecological potential developed successively by each element and then by the entire project site. Thus, in each development project, the share of «Natural Capital» resulting from the integration of known environmental constraints and ecological developments implemented by the project is evaluated. The result is a working methodology which establishes rules for analyzing and evaluating in stages the possible ecological contributions in the multiple situations that arise during the development of construction projects. This modeling of the overall ecological efficiency of a site, based on the factorial weighting of Quality, Capacity and Functions, allows the evolutionary monitoring of the ecological value obtained by the stages of construction and long-term management of the urban natural spaces. Beyond the aspects of biophilia and the know-how of the builders attested by labels, it above all attests to the quantified importance of the contribution of a project to the natural capital of the urban environment concerned.</p
On new genera and species of crack-leg spiders (Araneae, Udubidae) from Madagascar
No full textTwo new genera, Tabiboka gen. nov. and Zorascar gen. nov., are described to accommodate five new Udubidae species from Madagascar: Tabiboka milleri gen. et sp. nov. (type species; ♂♀), T. milloti gen. et sp. nov. (♂♀), T. polotowae gen. et sp. nov. (♂♀), Zorascar pasunepipe gen. et sp. nov. (type species; ♂♀) and Z. pasunepomme gen. et sp. nov. (♀). In addition, two new species of Zorodictyna Strand, 1907 are described: Zorodictyna almae sp. nov. (♂♀) and Z. silvadavilae sp. nov. (♂♀). Uduba inhonesta Simon, 1906 is declared to be a junior synonym of Zorodictyna oswaldi (Lenz, 1891). The descriptions of the new species are complemented with a phylogenetic analysis to tentatively place them into an existing phylogenetic framework. Phylogenetic analyses based on COI and 16S rRNA genes and morphological data show that they are separate species and confirm their familial and supraspecific placement within the Udubidae. The new species are further described using high quality colored photographs, drawings, SEM and (for Zorascar gen. nov. ssp.) by the use of X-Ray micro-computed tomography to recreate virtual 3D models without destroying the original specimens. A dichotomous key to identify Malagasy Ububidae is provided. Whereas many undescribed Udubidae remain in Madagascar, the phylogenetic and generic arrangement that we present here succinctly summarizes the higher classification of Madagascar Udubidae.</p
The deep-sea species of Triphoridae (Gastropoda, Triphoroidea) from Guadeloupe, sampled by the Karubenthos 2 expedition
No full textThis study aims to evaluate the taxonomic composition of the deep-sea triphorids from Guadeloupe obtained by the Karubenthos 2 expedition, which comprised 159 marine sampling events. The Karubenthos 2 sampled 14 deep-sea species of Triphoridae (i.e., species typically found below 200 m), which increases the number of deep-sea triphorids from Guadeloupe to 15. Three new species are described (Strobiligera picta sp. nov., S. variabilis sp.i nov., S. cupella sp. nov.), six species were previously known only from the northern Caribbean or adjacent areas, one species (S. cf. delicata Fernandes & Pimenta, 2014) was previously known from SE Brazil, another species (S. dinea (Dall, 1927)) is widespread in the West Atlantic and only “Inella” longissima (Dall, 1881) was already recorded from Guadeloupe; two other morphs (Strobiligera sp. A, Strobiligera sp. B) remain without specific determination, requiring additional material. I formalize Norephora Gründel, 1975 syn. nov. as a junior synonym of Subulophora Laseron, 1958, which is probably related to Inella Bayle, 1879, but Strobiligera Dall, 1924 is regarded as a recent and derived group, restricted to deep waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Other taxonomic novelties in this study are: Costatophora numerosa (Jousseaume, 1898) comb. nov.; Euthymella sculpta (Hinds, 1843) comb. nov.; Strobiligera carioca sp. nov. (described from SE Brazil); Strobiligera colon (Dall, 1881) comb. nov.</p