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Un modèle intégratif de mâchoire de chimère relie le stress mécanique à la minéralisation localisée du cartilage
No full textLes chondrichtyens possèdent un cartilage tessellé qui se caractérise par une strate de petites plaques minéralisées (i.e., les tesselles) recouvrant le cartilage hyalin. Ce type de tissu compose la majeure partie de l’endosquelette (y compris les nageoires, les arcs branchiaux et le crâne). En prenant l’exemple de l’adaptation des Holocéphales à la durophagie, nous visons à tester la capacité du cartilage tessellé à se renforcer en réponse au stress mécanique. En nous appuyant sur une approche intégrative (incluant des dissections des muscles crâniens, des analyses en éléments finis, des coupes histologiques et des données embryologiques), nous soutenons que les chondrichtyens sont capables de calcifier leur endosquelette en réponse au stress mécanique en imitant les microstructures osseuses (i.e., l’épaississement cortical et la formation de trabécules). En l’absence de cellules osseuses, ce mécanisme repose sur la calcification d’anneaux de Liesegang autour des chondrocytes, qui pourraient ainsi posséder des propriétés de mécanoréceptrices. Cette capacité du cartilage pourrait alors avoir été héritée des premiers vertébrés sans mâchoires avant de jouer un rôle crucial dans l’évolution des chondrichtyens, qui ont perdu le squelette osseux avant de prospérer au travers de 400 millions d’années et à survivre à quatre crises d’extinctions majeures. En effet, une telle propriété cellulaire aurait permis le développement d’une grande diversité d’adaptations biomécaniques chez des vertébrés « sans os ».Chondrichthyans possess a tessellated cartilage which is characterized by a layer of mineralized minute plates (i.e., the tesserae) that sheathe soft cartilage. This tissue type composes most of the endoskeleton (including the fins, the branchial arches and the skull). Using the example of the adaptation of Holocephalans to durophagy, here we aim to test the capacity of the tessellated cartilage to strengthen in response to mechanical stress. Relying on an integrative approach (i.e., cranial muscle dissections, finite element models, histological cross sections and embryologic data), we strongly argue that chondrichthyans are capable of calcifying their endoskeleton in response to mechanical stress by mimicking bone microstructures (i.e., cortical thickness and formation of trabeculae). In the absence of bone cells, this mechanism relies on the calcification of Liesegang waves around the chondrocytes that might possess mechanosensing properties. This cartilage ability may have been inherited from the early jawless vertebrates before it played a critical role in the evolution of chondrichthyans who subsequently lost the bony skeleton before thriving through 400 million years and surviving four major extinction crises. Indeed, this ability to mineralize cartilage would have allowed to grow a high diversity of mechanically demanding adaptations within “bone-less” vertebrates.</p
Un nouveau genre et un nouveau placement tribal pour <i>Ceneus speculiferus</i> Fairmaire, 1879, des commentaires sur <i>Grundmannius</i>, <i>Mirachlaenius</i> et <i>Stenoodes</i>, et une clé pour les genres orientaux et australasiens de Chlaeniina
No full textL’espèce endémique fidjienne Prosopogmus speculiferus (Fairmaire, 1879), initialement décrite dans la tribu Pterostichini Bonelli, 1810, sous le nom de Ceneus speculiferus, est passée en revue. Les caractères morphologiques placent l’espèce dans la tribu Chlaeniini Brullé, 1834 et un nouveau genre est proposé pour l’héberger avec la nouvelle combinaison Lapitachlaenius speculiferus (Fairmaire, 1879) n. comb. Une deuxième espèce endémique de Vanuatu est également attribuée à ce genre L. specularis (Emden, 1937) n. comb. Lapitachlaenius n. gen se distingue de tous les autres genres actuellement reconnus de la sous-tribu Chlaeniina Brullé, 1834 par son élytre avec une zone médiale en forme de miroir, un intervalle 3 avec de grandes piqûres sétifères fovéales et un intervalle 8 interrompu près du niveau du repli élytral. De plus, le disque du pronotum présente des impressions paramédiales larges et peu profondes, semblables à des parenthèses, qui rejoignent les impressions baso-latérales. Ces caractéristiques morphologiques autapomorphes montrent que Lapitachlaenius n. gen. est un membre dérivé de la sous-tribu. Grundmannius Basilewsky, 1965, initialement placé dans la sous-tribu Callistina Laporte, 1834 et récemment inclus dans Lachnophorini LeConte, 1853, est transféré dans les Chlaeniini et placé dans la sous-tribu Chlaeniina. La première femelle du Mirachlaenius barbarae Facchini, 2011, espèce rarement collectée, a été étudiée et ses caractères morphologiques sont présentés. Les glandes pygidiennes, les genitalia et les appareils reproducteurs sont décrits. Chez M. barbarae, le réservoir de la glande pygidiale possède un lobe dorsal distinct, et le réservoir principal est relié au canal efférent par un canal de jonction du réservoir. Cette configuration des glandes pygidiales ne ressemble à aucune autre rapportée précédemment chez les Chlaeniini. Le genre Stenoodes Basilewsky, 1953 originellement classé dans les Oodini La Ferté-Sénectère, 1851, a été récemment déplacé dans les Chlaeniini. Le placement d’origine est rétabli sur la base des modifications des intervalles élytraux 8 et 9 présents chez Stenoodes et d’autres oodines mais absents chez les chlaeniines. Une clé des genres orientaux et australasiens de Chlaeniina est fournie.The Fijian endemic species Prosopogmus speculiferus (Fairmaire, 1879) originally described in the tribe Pterostichini Bonelli, 1810 as Ceneus speculiferus, is reviewed. Morphological evidence places the species in the tribe Chlaeniini Brullé, 1834 and a new genus is proposed to accommodate it with the following new combination Lapitachlaenius speculiferus (Fairmaire, 1879) n. comb. A second species endemic to Vanuatu is also assigned to the genus L. specularis (Emden, 1937) n. comb. The new genus is distinguished from all other currently recognized genera of subtribe Chlaeniina Brullé, 1834 by its elytron having a medial, mirror-like area, interval 3 with large, foveate setiferous punctures, and interval 8 interrupted near the level of the elytral plica. Additionally, the pronotum disc has broad and shallow paramedial, parenthesis-like impressions that join the baso-lateral impressions. These autapomorphic morphological features provide evidence that Lapitachlaenius n. gen. is a derived member of the subtribe. Grundmannius Basilewsky, 1965, originally placed in subtribe Callistina Laporte, 1834 and recently included in Lachnophorini LeConte, 1853, is returned to Chlaeniini, and placed in the subtribe Chlaeniina. The first female of the rarely collected Mirachlaenius barbarae Facchini, 2011 was studied and its morphological characters are also presented. The pygidial glands, genital, and reproductive apparatus are described. Mirachlaenius barbarae has a distinct dorsal lobe of pygidial gland reservoir and a reservoir junction channel linking the main reservoir with the efferent duct. This pygidial gland configuration is unlike any previously reported for Chlaeniini. The genus Stenoodes Basilewsky, 1953 was recently moved to Chlaeniini, though its original placement was in the tribe Oodini La Ferté-Sénectère, 1851. The original placement is restored based on the modifications of elytral intervals 8 and 9 – present in Stenoodes and other oodines but absent in chlaeniines. A key to Oriental and Australasian genera of Chlaeniina is provided.</p
A review of <i>Chamalycaeus</i>, <i>Cycloryx</i> and <i>Dicharax</i> species of the Himalaya and Myanmar and seven new species of Alycaeinae from the Blue Mountain, Mizoram, India (Gastropoda, Caenogastropoda, Cyclophoridae)
No full textIn this paper, we revise the genera Chamalycaeus, Cycloryx and Dicharax of the Himalayas and Myanmar. Another aim of this work was to identify the 13 species of Alycaeinae collected on the Blue Mountain, Mizoram State, northeastern India. Out of the 13 species from the Blue Mountain, seven are new and are described here: Chamalycaeus mizoramensis Páll-Gergely & Aravind sp. nov., Chamalycaeus reflectus Páll-Gergely & Aravind sp. nov., Cycloryx rohiniae Páll-Gergely & Aravind sp. nov., Dicharax praeda Páll-Gergely & Aravind sp. nov., D. semivivus Páll-Gergely & Aravind sp. nov., D. umashaankeri Páll-Gergely & Aravind sp. nov., D. ganeshaiahi Páll-Gergely & Aravind sp. nov. Altogether, 109 species are recognized, and all are figured. Furthermore, 37 new synonyms are reported, 32 of which were described by Godwin-Austen.</p
An illustrated type catalogue of the bee species collected by Alfred Russel Wallace and described by Frederick Smith from Southeast Asia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
No full textAlfred Russel Wallace travelled across the Malay Archipelago between 1854–1862, collecting more than 100 000 natural history specimens. Amongst them, the bees were acquired by William Wilson Saunders who sent them to Frederick Smith for description, and between 1857–1865 Smith described 89 bee species from this material. Here, we present a photographic catalogue of Smith’s Wallacean type material for which material is present in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History collection, totalling 84 species. Lectotype designations are formally published for 13 species, as well as for two additional species described by Heinrich Friese. New synonymies are formally made: Megachile clotho Smith, 1860 is synonymised with Megachile tuberculata Smith, 1857 syn. nov.; Megachile placida Smith, 1862 is synoymised with Megachile foliata Smith, 1860 syn. nov.; Megachile albocaudata Friese, 1903 is synonymised with Megachile terminalis Smith, 1858 syn. nov.; Xylocopa insularis Smith, 1857 and Xylocopa bangkaensis Friese, 1903 are synonymised with Xylocopa caerulea (Fabricius, 1804) syn. nov.; and Xylocopa dormeyeri Enderlein, 1909, Xylocopa caeruleiformis Meade-Waldo, 1914, and Xylocopa caeruleiformis var. fusca Meade-Waldo, 1916 are synonymised with Xylocopa tumida Friese, 1903 syn. nov., this being the senior name for the taxon referred to as Xylocopa insularis sensu auctorum. A neotype is designated for Bombus coeruleus Fabricius, 1804 in order to preserve the current usage of this name (as a species of Xylocopa). The presentation of this illustrated type catalogue highlights both the extraordinary ground-breaking work of Wallace and Smith, but also the paucity of revisionary work on bees in Southeast Asia which has been carried out since then, particularly in the Wallacean region; it is hoped that this catalogue will facilitate and stimulate future work in this area.</p
Comprendre la fabrique de l’utilisabilité des indicateurs de biodiversité. Le cas des dendromicrohabitats
No full textLes indicateurs de biodiversité sont des mesures, généralement quantitatives, utilisées pour synthétiser, illustrer et communiquer de manière simple des phénomènes complexes relatifs à la biodiversité. Cet article réfléchit aux critères d’utilisabilité des indicateurs de biodiversité, l’utilisabilité étant entendue comme l’évaluation par les acteurs de leur potentiel à être pris en compte dans les processus de décision publique et de gestion, à partir du cas d’un indicateur de biodiversité forestière, les dendromicrohabitats. Il applique à ce cas d’étude un cadre d’analyse de l’utilisabilité aujourd’hui classique, dans un double objectif : comprendre l’utilisabilité de cet indicateur et discuter les critères retenus par ce cadre d’analyse pour en rendre compte. Nous nous appuyons sur une enquête qualitative auprès de chercheurs qui ont contribué à la construction de l’indicateur dendromicrohabitats, de gestionnaires et de décideurs qui l’utilisent. Nous montrons que les critères d’utilisabilité mobilisés dans ce cadre d’analyse – la crédibilité, la pertinence, la légitimité et la faisabilité – interviennent effectivement dans l’utilisabilité des dendromicrohabitats, mais ne couvrent pas tous les éléments mentionnés par nos informateurs. Nous proposons de compléter le cadre d’analyse de l’utilisabilité de deux manières : premièrement, en étendant le critère de légitimité aux dimensions renvoyant à la légitimité substantielle de l’indicateur ; deuxièmement, en prenant en compte les dimensions sensibles, esthétiques et morales de l’indicateur, apparues comme un élément central de sa faisabilité pour nos informateurs. Notre travail conduit ainsi à défendre une approche de l’utilisabilité des indicateurs de biodiversité attentive à leurs dimensions sensibles, esthétiques et éthiques. Il suggère également que l’utilisabilité d’un indicateur n’est pas absolue mais relative et s’inscrit dans un système dynamique d’indicateurs.Biodiversity indicators are generally quantitative measures used to summarise, illustrate and communicate complex phenomena relating to biodiversity in a simple way. An increasing number of biodiversity indicators have been recently developed to address different aspects of biodiversity, but their use is very uneven. This article examines the usability criteria for biodiversity indicators, where usability is understood as the assessment by stakeholders of the potential of these indicators to be taken into account in public decision-making and management processes, using the case of a forest biodiversity indicator, namely tree-related microhabitats. We have applied a now classic usability analysis framework to this case study, with a twofold objective: firstly, to understand the usability of this indicator; and secondly, to examine the capacity of the chosen analysis framework to account for it. Interviews with producers and users of the tree-related microhabitats indicator revealed that the usability criteria used in this analysis framework –credibility, relevance, legitimacy and feasibility– do play a role in the usability of tree-related microhabitats. However, they do not take into account important elements mentioned by the informants. In order to address these limitations, we propose two modifications to the usability criteria. Firstly, we suggest extending the legitimacy criterion to encompass dimensions pertaining to the substantial legitimacy of the indicator. Secondly, we propose incorporating the sensitive, aesthetic and moral dimensions of the indicator, which emerged as a central element of its feasibility for our informants. Our findings therefore lead us to recommend an approach to the usability of biodiversity indicators that attends to their sensitive, aesthetic and ethical dimensions. They also suggest that the usability of an indicator is not absolute but relative, and is embedded within a dynamic system of indicators.</p
Description of five new species of <i>Schellencandona</i> Meisch, 1996 (Ostracoda: Candoninae) from the southern French Alps, a highly diversified area for groundwater ostracods
No full textWe describe five new species of the genus Schellencandona Meisch, 1996 (Ostracoda, Candoninae) collected in the southern French Alps. Four of these species, S. danielopoli sp. nov., S. capderreyae sp. nov., S. mercantourensis sp. nov., and S. claretae sp. nov., are related to S. simililampadis (Danielopol, 1978), a species previously described from southern France. The fifth species, S. malardi sp. nov., is related to the species of Schellencandona present in the Northern Alps. These five new species were collected in the interstitial habitats of rivers, generally deep inside the bedsediment (i.e., at a depth of about 90 cm into the sediment), and show some morphological characteristics linked to a specialisation to live in groundwater (e.g., long aethetascs, large oocytes). Schellencandona danielopoli and S. claretae have a large geographic distribution and a wide altitudinal range. Schellencandona mercantourensis is present at high elevation in two different rivers. The last two species, S. capderreyae and S. malardi, occur at low-elevation sites in a single river. They can be considered vulnerable to future climatic changes in the Mediterranean region.</p
Revision of the genus <i>Bryopharsos</i> Quate, 1996 (Diptera: Psychodidae) with the description of nine new species
No full textIn this study, we revise the genus Bryopharsos and describe nine new species. These include B. curvum Jaume-Schinkel sp. nov., B. gorgona Jaume-Schinkel sp. nov., and B. tetracanthus Jaume-Schinkel sp. nov. from Colombia; B. insperatum Jaume-Schinkel sp. nov. from Costa Rica; B. asymmetricum Jaume-Schinkel sp. nov. and B. septenacula Jaume-Schinkel sp. nov. from Ecuador; B. bitenacula Jaume-Schinkel sp. nov. and B. chuspi Jaume-Schinkel sp. nov. from Peru; and B. bifidum Jaume-Schinkel sp. nov. from Venezuela. Additionally, we report new geographical records of B. am azonensis Bravo & Araújo, 2019 from Colombia and Ecuador and new records of B. clavigum Quate, 1996, B. claviformosum Quate, 1996, and B. palpiculum Quate, 1996 from Ecuador. These new records correspond to the first report of Bryopharsos from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Furthermore, we provide the first description of a Bryopharsos egg along with the redescription of the female of B. palpiculum. We also make available the first DNA barcodes for several species including Bryopharsos asymmetricum, B. amazonensis, B. clavigum, B. claviformosum, B. palpiculum, and B. septenacula. Lastly, we update the identification key to the known species, present a distribution map of the known taxa, and discuss the potential distribution of the genus in the Neotropical Region using a species distribution model.</p
Révision taxonomique du groupe de plantes du sud malgache appartenant au complexe <i>Aloe deltoideodonta</i> Baker (Asphodelaceae)
No full textNous revoyons ici la taxonomie des plantes du complexe Aloe deltoideodonta Baker originaires du sud malgache. Nous commençons par un rappel de la succession d’erreurs ayant affecté ce groupe, puis procédons aux modifications taxonomiques nécessaires. Suite à la confirmation par le comité de nomenclature de l’illégitimité du nom A. horombensis J.-P.Castillon au profit de A. subacutissima G.D.Rowley, certaines anciennes sous-espèces de A. horombensis (ou variétés de A. deltoideodonta) sont transférées sous le nom A. subacutissima (A. horombensis subsp. ruffingiana (Rauh & Petignat) J.-P.Castillon et A. horombensis subsp. amboahangyensis Rebmann) tandis que d’autres sont élevées au statut d’espèces : Aloe albescens J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon, nom. nov. en remplacement de A. deltoideodonta var. candicans H.Perrier, auquel est transférée la variété A. deltoideodonta var. fallax J.-B.Castillon et Aloe andavakana J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon, nom. nov. pour A. horombensis subsp. andavakana J.-P.Castillon nom. illeg.This article reviews the taxonomy of the plants in the Aloe deltoideodonta Baker complex (Madagascar) native to southern Madagascar. We begin by recalling the succession of errors that have affected this group, and then proceed to make the necessary taxonomic changes. Following confirmation by the Nomenclature Committee of the illegitimacy of the name A. horombensis J.-P.Castillon in favour of A. subacutissima G.D.Rowley, certain former subspecies of A. horombensis (or varieties of A. deltoideodonta) are transferred to the name A. subacutissima (A. horombensis subsp. ruffingiana (Rauh & Petignat) J.-P.Castillon and A. horombensis subsp. amboahangyensis Rebmann) while others are elevated to species status: Aloe albescens J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon, nom. nov. to replace A. deltoideodonta var. candicans H.Perrier, to which is transferred the variety A. deltoideodonta var. fallax J.-B.Castillon and Aloe andavakana J.-B.Castillon & J.-P.Castillon, nom. nov. for A. horombensis subsp. andavakana J.-P.Castillon nom. illeg.</p
Revisiting the tarantula genus <i>Neischnocolus </i>Petrunkevitch, 1925 (Araneae, Theraphosidae): new insights on male palpal bulb morphology and description of three new species
No full textWe reassess the palpal bulb morphology and taxonomy of Neischnocolus Petrunkevitch, 1925 based on the examination of several types of previously described species and the description of three new species (N. moraspungo Cisneros-Heredia, Peñaherrera-R., Guerrero-Campoverde, León-E., Gabriel & Sherwood sp. nov., N. samonellaacademy Peñaherrera-R., León-E., Guerrero-Campoverde, Gabriel, Sherwood & Cisneros-Heredia sp. nov., and N. tiputini Guerrero-Campoverde, Peñaherrera-R., León-E., Gabriel, Sherwood & Cisneros-Heredia sp. nov.) from Ecuador. A new keel structure is named and herein considered as a valid diagnostic feature for the genus, previously identified as a prolateral inferior keel. The rest of the keel identification of Neischnocolus is also relabelled in concordance with Bertani’s (2000) keel homology hypothesis. Amended diagnoses of almost all the species are provided, leaving only Neischnocolus obscurus (Ausserer, 1875) since the type material has not been located.</p
The ant-like litter beetle fauna from the Wumenshan National Nature Reserve, China, with description of eight new species (Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
No full textThis paper reports the occurrence of the subfamily Pselaphinae in the Wumeng Mountains, Yunnan, Southwest China. A total of eight species have been recognized, all of which are described as new: Arthromelodes punctiventris sp. nov., A. weii sp. nov., Batrisiella ordinaria sp. nov., Batrisocenus asper sp. nov., Tribasodites ocellus sp. nov., and T. pectoralis sp. nov. of the tribe Batrisini Reitter, 1882; Nipponobythus flamma sp. nov. of the tribe Iniocyphini Park, 1951; and Triomicrus wumengmontis sp. nov. of the tribe Brachyglutini Raffray, 1904. Illustrations depicting the habitus and diagnostic features of these species are provided to facilitate accurate identification. Additionally, a key to the species of Pselaphinae of Wumengshan is included. A related species, Arthromelodes pengzhongi (Jiang & Yin, 2017) comb. nov., is transferred from Batriscenellus Jeannel, 1958 to Arthromelodes Jeannel, 1954.</p