International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability
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Evaluation of Sensory Qualities of Awara and Performance on Yield and Functional Properties of Fresh and Dried Soy-curds
Get PDFAluminium sulphate (sample A), Lime juice (sample B) and Ruwan-tsami (corn liquor, sample C) were used as coagulants to produce awara. The three samples were evaluated for their yield, functional properties and sensory qualities. The results revealed that sample lime juice gave the highest yield of 95% followed by corn liquor (sample C), 51% and then Aluminium sulphate (sample A) 48.39%. From the result of functional properties, water absorption, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity and swelling capacity of the three sampled show no significant difference at p < 0.05. Bulk density increased from 0.64g/ml for sample A, to 0.66g/ml for sample B and 0.68g/ml for sample C. However, result of the sensory analysis in terms of Colour, taste, aroma of all the samples were the same, but the texture and overall acceptability differs. Samples A and C were the most acceptable recording the highest mean value of 6.64
An Implicit Two-Step Hybrid Block Method based on Chebyshev Polynomial for Solving First Order Initial Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations
Get PDFThis research focuses on the derivation of new implicit two step block hybrid method for the solution of first order IVPs in ODEs. The new methods s derived based on multistep collocation using Chebyshev polynomials as a bases functions at some selected points to get a continuous linear multistep method. The continuous methods are evaluated at some off-grid points to generate the discrete schemes for step number k = 2 which conveniently constitutes the block method. Basic properties of the developed method is examined and the method is found to be zero stable, consistent, convergent and of uniform order 6. The efficiency of the method is tested on some numerical examples in the literature. On comparison, the method developed performed favorably when compared with the existing methods. Therefore, the method is recommended for the solution of general first order initial value problems in ordinary differential equations
Comparative Study on Biogas Production Using Cowdung, Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Camaldulensis. Dehnh) and Mixture Wastes
Get PDFEucalyptus camaldulensis. Dehnh trees are widely grown in most forest reserves in Nigeria especially in savanna agro-ecological zone for paper and construction industries. The waste (leave litters) generated during wood processing are often wasted. Therefore, comparative study was carried out to compare biogas production using Cow dung, Eucalyptus waste and mixture of the two. Rubber buckets (10 liters) were used as digester, slurry was prepared (3kg dung: 3000ml water, 1kg eucalyptus: 5000ml water and 2kg mixture: 4000ml water), digesters were fed in triplicates and subjected to anaerobic digestion for 6 weeks. Biogas was measured using water displacement method. Bacterial count was monitored by spread plating method using blood agar at 106 dilution factor, incubated anaerobically and viewed using microscope. Cow dung recorded highest volume of biogas 3136cm3 at week 3, eucalyptus 2383cm3 at week 4 and then mixture 2259cm3 at week 3. Highest bacterial counts were 367x106 cfu/ml at week 3, 352x106 cfu/ml at week 4 and 383x106 cfu/ml at week 3 for cow dung, eucalyptus and mixture respectively. The data obtained were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Statistical software (SAS), biogas yield and Bacterial count were significant at (P<0.05). Caloric values and percentage of some gases were also determined for biogas produced using NDIR Gas analyzer, methane content and caloric values were (53.35%) & (249.58 KJ/m3), (34.79%) & (125.98 KJ/m3) and (34.58%) & (124.60 KJ/m3) for eucalyptus, mixture and cow dung respectively. This research has proven the potentiality of biogas from the samples especially eucalyptus which recorded highest methane contents
Phytochemical Screening, In vitro Antioxidant Activity and Polyphenolic Content of the Leaves of Nigerian Ziziphus spina – Christi (L.) Willd
Get PDFZiziphus spina is a neglected and underutilized species characterized as a multipurpose plant as different parts of the plant is being used for diverse trado-medicinal purposes. The study evaluated the phytochemical composition, 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoids content of the hydromethanol leaf extract and fractions with a view to validate its folkloric usage. Gallic acid, quercetin and ascorbic acid were used as the positive controls for the total phenol content, flavonoid content and the DPPH assay respectively. The result of the phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoid, tannins, saponins, phenolics, reducing sugars among others. While the standard antioxidant (ascorbic acid) had superior DPPH antioxidant capacity, n-butanol had better activity when compared to the crude extract and other fractions. Using the gallic acid and quercetin equivalent plots, the n-butanol fraction contained a higher concentration of total phenols and flavonoids in comparison with the crude extract and other fractions. There was a significant correlation between the DPPH antioxidant activity and the phenolic and flavonoid contents in the extracts. The results of this study showed that the leaf extracts of Z. spina possess promising antioxidant property capable of being exploited by pharmaceutical companies for the development of therapeutic agents aimed at treating free radical implicated diseases
An Appraisal of Socio – Economic Benefits of Irrigation Agriculture in Rigasa, Kaduna Metropolis Northern, Nigeria
Get PDFThe main aim of this study is to appraise the socio-economic benefits of irrigation agriculture in Rigasa, Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna State. The study used Focus Group Discussion and interview methods to collect data. The study used 30 respondents from five farming communities. Thus, 6 respondents were drawn from each of the five farming communities. Simple random sampling was applied in selecting the respondents. The research with the help of assistant researcher contacted the respondents at different times for relevant information. Secondary source of data was also used to lay hand on maps, journals, books and other related materials. The study was designed to assess the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, their income increase, ownership of land cultivated by the farmers and acquisition of the means of mobility. The data was analyzed by the use of percentages, table andbar charts. The results of the finding ascertained that most of the farmers that practise irrigation agriculture in the study areas are adults. Their level of education is not up to secondary school. Irrigation agriculture benefited the farmers in different dimensions such as increase in their income, acquisition of farm lands through purchase, ability to own personal means of mobility among others. The following recommendations are made: empowerment to the adult Should be made to boost their irrigation agriculture as they are the dominant irrigation farmers. Loans and other financial supports should be encourage in order the farmers to acquire farmlands for farming policy makers and extention worker should provide a means of buying the farm produce from the irrigations farmers so as to boost their income. Finally, mobility is very vital for farmers, there special loan inform of vehicle loan should be put into consideration in order to allow the irrigation farmers to have easy access of ownership of mobility for easy transportation of their farm produce
EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF ORDINARY LEAST SQUARE AND POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION WITH RESPECT TO SAMPLE SIZE
Get PDFThe evaluation of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and polynomial regression (PR) on their predictive performance was studied. We used simulated data to evaluate the performance of estimators using small and large sample. However, the mean square error (MSE (????̂ 0 ); MSE(????̂ 1) and MSE(????̂)) ware used to find out the most efficient among the estimated models. The results show that, for ???? = 1000 the OLS is efficient than the PR due to having the least MSE (????̂ 0 ); MSE(????̂ 1) and MSE(????̂) on both normal and log-normal distributions. Whereas for ???? = 3000 the values of MSE (????̂ 0 ); MSE(????̂ 1) and MSE(????̂) of PR are little bit lower than that of OLS which indicates the efficiency of PR over OLS on both distributions. Finally, For, ???? = 5000 the values of MSE (????̂ 0 ); MSE(????̂ 1) and MSE(????̂) of PR are much more lower than that of OLS which shows that PR is efficient than OLS on both distributions. Overall, the results suggest that OLS is more efficient than PR for smaller sample sizes and PR is more efficient for bigger sample sizes
Mathematical Model for the Transmission Dynamics of Typhoid Fever Infection with Treatment
Get PDFIn this paper, we develop a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of typhoid fever infection and applied optimal control strategy for controlling the spread of the disease. We considered two control strategies such as sanitation and treatment of the infected individuals in order to minimize the transmission of the disease so as to maximize the number of susceptible and recovered individuals. We found the necessary conditions for the optimal solution for controlling the spread of the infection using Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle (PMP). Runge-Kutta of order four was used for the numerical simulation to demonstrate the achievability of the control strategies in curtailing the transmission dynamics of the disease
Anti-Trypanosomal Activity Of Acetone Crude Kolaviron (Garcinia Kola Fruit Extract) In Trapanosoma Brucei Brucei Infected Wistar Rats
Get PDFtrypanosomiasis is one of the major obstacles to livestock production in africa and chemotheraphy with available drugs is less efficient. preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out, followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (gc-ms) analysis, which revealed 9,12-octadecanoic acid (z, z)- to be the most abundant compound. a total of twenty eight (28) rats were used for the study., ld50 was determined using lorke’s method. fifteen (15) rats were divided into five (5) groups of three (3) rats. groups 1-4 were inoculated with 1x103 t. b. brucei, and group 5 was a negative control. group 1 was treated with 100mg/kg, group 2 with 500 mg/kg, group 3 with 0.2ml of acetone solvent only, group 4 was a positive control. there was a 100% mortality rate in groups 3 and 4 due to parasitemia (p<0.05).groups 1, 2 and 5 all reached the time the experiment was terminated. parasitemia in groups treated with 100mg/kg and 500mg/kg showed continuous decreased parasite level (p< 0.05) and extended the life span of wistar rats from 11 days in the positive control group to 55 days in the treated groups. blood parameters of treated groups showed a significant increase (p<0.05) compared to positive control group (p>0.05). organ histopathology showed no damages but regeneration, where damages occur in groups 1 and 2, whereas group 4 showed degeneration of organ’s tissues. it was concluded that acetone extract of G. kola extract was trypanostatic. the anti-trypanosomal activity might be attributed to the chemical detected by gcms
Comparative Analysis of Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) and Ammonium Hydroxide 1.0 (NH4OH) Concentrations on the Release of Cellulose from Isolated Cell Wall Component of Corn Husk and Corn Cob
Get PDFThe scarcity and high price associated with fossil fuel has motivated countries to research resources for alternative energy sources. Biofuels like bioethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass (corn cob and corn husk) are considered potential alternatives. Cellulose composition from isolated cell wall material of corn cobs and corn husk were studied under two different pre-treatments using H2SO4 and NH4OH at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. Cell wall not treated acted as control. Colorimetric anthrone-assay followed by absorbance reading at 625nm revealed the presence of fermentable sugar (glucose) in corn cob (19.30µg/ml) and corn husk (17.25µg/ml) with corn cob showing more cellulose content. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences between pre-treated samples and untreated (control) corn cob samples at p≤0.05. Acid pretreatment showed better glucose yield compared to alkali pre-treatment with results revealing 20% (19.37µg/ml) H2SO4 to be the optimal concentration producing highest glucose yield. Results for corn husk showed a pattern of increased yields with pre-treatment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant difference at p≤0.05 between treated and control samples for both sulphuric acid and alkaline pre-treatment of corn husk. Alkalinebased pre-treatment slightly favoured more glucose yield in corn husk compared to acid-based pre-treatment with optimum yields obtained at 40%; 19.00µg/ml and 18.77µg/ml respectively. The study reveals the potential of corn cob and corn husk as a lignocellulosic feed stock for biofuel production
Biochemical Charactarization of Lectin Isolated from the Seeds of Shear Butter Tree (Vitellaria Paradoxa)
Get PDFThe study on biochemical characterization of lectin isolated from the seeds of shear butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) was carried out. The plants materials were obtained fresh from Kaduna metropolis. Seeds extracts from different plant sources were assay for the presence of lectins. Haemagglutinating activity of the crude extract was determined. Blood samples of 5ml each were collected from the three healthy donors belonging to the A, B and O blood group within Kaduna metropolis for its specificity in agglutination in all human erythrocyte type. Biochemical characterization of V. paradoxa seed lectin was also determined. Hemagglutinating activity of lectin from V. Paradoxa seeds was monitored using human erythrocytes. V. Paradoxa showed no specificity for human erythrocytes of ABO blood groups. It was concluded that lectin was inhibited by D-glucose and fructose making it a super-lectin since it was able to recognize structurally two different sugars. Its maximum agglutinating activity was obtained at pH of 7.5 and temperature of 25OC. It is recommended that lectins need to be isolated, purified and characterized to ascertain any similarity or difference in their properties between them and that of the seed. The molecular analysis also needs to be carried out on the lectins from the various plant parts. It is only from the genes that it can be ascertained that the lectin from the seed, leaf and stem back of V. paradoxaare the same or differ. The isolated lectin can also be tested against micro-organisms to ascertain if it has any anti-microbial property