International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability
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Evaluation of Fistcher Esterification Method: Synthesis and Modification of Benzocaine; A Local Anaestatic
Get PDFLocal anesthetics, or "painkillers," are a well-studied class of compounds. Chemists have shown their ability to study the essential features of a naturally-occurring drug and to improve on them by substituting totally new, synthetic surrogates. Often such substitutes are superior in desired medical effects and also in lack of unwanted side effects or hazards. This article highlight the synthesis and acetylation as well as characterization of benzocaine; a local anesthetic, using (Fischer esterification method); the resulting products were evaluated using Infrared spectroscopy, Melting point and thin layer chromatography; the %yield of the products(78% Benzocaine and 96% N-acetylbenzocaine) were determined to be highly acceptable and the analytical data from melting point(89-91 for benzocaine and 103 – 105 for N- acetylbenzocaine), Faurier transform infared spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography all confirmed the presence of the products thus ascertaining fischer esterification as an efficient method for synthesis of benzocaine and its acetylation
Isolation and Characterisation of Paraquat Degrading Bacteria from Agricultural Soil in Rigachikun Area of Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Get PDFParaquat is a compound that, in spite of its benefits, may produce a wide range of toxic side effects which pose a potential threat to the environment. This study was conducted to isolate and identify paraquat degrading bacteria from herbicide contaminated soil in Kaduna. The bacteria were isolated, identified and characterized using phenotypic characterization and Agarose gel electrophoresis. The agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the soil obtained from the sample site. A concentration effect of 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.20% was observed and the initial and final cell mass was calculated. In microbial tolerance, it shows that 0.20% of paraquat in both Bacillus subtillis and Staphylococcus aureus, 0.10% of paraquat in Escherichia coli have the highest cell mass while 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.10% have the lowest cell mass respectively. Highest cell mass for each species shows the higher tolerance to paraquat, thus selected for biodegradation test. The spectrophotometric absorbance at 600nm wavelength was measured. Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli had an increase in absorbance for the first 48hours and later start decreasing while staphylococcus aureus had an increase in absorbance for the first 72hours then later started decreasing. Bacillus subtilis had the highest paraquat degrading capabilities, followed by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. However, the optimal conditions for paraquat degradation have to be further studied to maximize the ability of the isolates
Repositioning Science Teacher Education Through Practical Oriented Application in the Teaching and Learning Process for Global Competitiveness: University Undergraduate’s View
Get PDFThe dynamism in educational development today had change holistically so people in charge too need to be proactive to meet the global challenges that can compete with the global world and to meet the global competitiveness if not our educational system will not be in line with the word educational system. This prompts the researchers to look at repositioning teaching and learning process by laying emphases on practical. Forty (40) respondents were used as the pilot study that comprises of six (6) science education lecturer and thirty-four post graduate student of the same department. Sixty-three undergraduate students were randomly selected as the sample population of the study from science education department. A structure questionnaire was design that consist of ten items for data collection using Linkert scale and the result was analyses using frequency counting, mean and standard deviation and t-test at P>0.05. From the result it was observed that repositioning teaching and learning process using practical process is inevitable and that the teacher should ready to adopt practical as one of the cardinal points to teach some of the recommendation proffer includes giving awareness to the need for repositioning teaching and learning of science through practical oriented process and prompt adequate financing of the practical for better understanding of scientific phenomenon
Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fed Processed Moringa oleifera (LAM.) Seed Meal
Get PDFInflating price and uncertain availability of fishmeal entailed the need to focus on utilization of cheaper plant protein source ingredients. Growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fed processed Moringa seed was evaluated for the period of eight weeks. The Moringa seeds were taken to Biology Department, Kaduna State University for identification and authentication. The seeds were soaked in water for 24hours, rinsed and boiled at 100oC for 15minutes, air dried, toasted for another 5minutes and pulverised to obtain Moringa oliefera seed meal (MOSM) used to replace fishmeal at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% inclusion levels. Six diets and a commercial feed (control) were used in the experiment labelled T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6 and T7. Mixed sexes Clarias gariepinus fingerlings of average weight of 5.23±0.06 were used . Twenty one rubber tanks (25liter capacity) were used at the stocking density of 10 fish per tank with three replications. Fish fed 5% and 10% inclusions of MOSM recorded the highest weight of 28.8±0.08 and 28.6±0.08 respectively showing no significant difference between the controls (0% inclusion and the commercial feed) and the experimental diets at p-value (<0.05). The study shows that processed MOSM can be included in Catfish diet at the inclusion level of up to 25%
A Perspective on the Catalytic Treatment of Tannery Wastewater
Get PDFTanning is the transformation process which converts animal hides and skin into stable products called leather generated highly turbid, colored and foul smelling waste water. The tannery waste water contains highly recalcitrant chemical pollutants such as chromium-complexed collagen, surfactants, sulfides chlorides and salts. In addition, tannery waste water often contains high concentration of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) suspended solids (SS), nitrogen, many researchers reported that several conventional methods namely, coagulation-flocculation precipitation, oxidation, ion exchange and membrane filtration, ozonation have been utilized to treat tannery wastewater. These methods have associated shortcomings such as high cost of reagents, generation of toxic sludge, low efficiency, not only that organic pollutants were only transfer from one phase to another and may even become more toxic than the compounds. In the recent times, heterogeneous photocatalysis involving the use of metal oxide such as CdS, CuO, ZnO, SiO2 and Fe2O3 have received considerable attention among researchers due to capability to degrade numerous organic contaminants into carbon dioxide and water. Among the aforementioned metal oxide nanocatalysts, ZnO nanoparticles have emerged as the candidate in photocalysis due to its low cost availability, excellent chemical stability, non toxicity and high initial rate of activities. Similarly, ZnO nanoparticles are relatively cheap and have the ability to absorb a wide range of UV spectrum compared to other metal oxides. The review highlighted all these details and simultaneously provided insights into directions for further investigations
Unholy Stigma and Control of Leprosy a Mathematical Modeling Approach
Get PDFThe disease that essentially affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract and the eyes. It is frequently surrounded by frightening, undesirable social stigmatization to them and their families and tales of leprosy patients being shunned as outcasts. In this paper, a deterministic mathematical model of the dynamics of disease is developed. The epidemic thresholds and equilibria for the model are determined and stabilities analyzed. Results from the analysis of the reproduction number propose that treatment will somehow contribute to a decrease in disease cases. This result recommends that, the control of the disease should lie more on treatment and public health education. Numerical simulations show the dynamics of the transmission of disease
Determination of Functional Properties and Moisture Sorption Isotherm of Dried Bean Flour
Get PDFBeans flour was produced and characterized in terms of functional properties and the moisture sorption isotherm. The results obtained from the functional properties indicate that Water absorption capacity is 2.58±0.60%, Oil absorption capacity is 3.05±0.20%, bulk density is 0.62±0.63kg/m3, swelling capacity is 431.37±10.89% and Gelatinization temperature is found to be 64.30±0.90OC. Sorption data were analysed according to the equation proposed by Oswin and Halsey and a linear graph was plotted which is use to estimate the constant C and n of each models. These constants are used to estimate the various water activity and the calculated values of equilibrium moisture content. The calculated values were then compared with the experimental value and were found to compare well. The calculated value obtained was used against aw to plot an isotherm curve. The isotherm curve obtained fit in to a sigmoid and floury huggins shape isotherm of type II and III. Both Oswin and Halsey equation gave a fair coefficient of correlation (0.6571 and 0.6762) respectively. Therefore, both equations are considered fit
Optimal Investment Problem in a Financial Institution: The Effect of Risk Aversion and Market Price of Risk Parameters on Optimal Investment
Get PDFThis research work looked at how to optimally allocate the total wealth of a financial institution in asset portfolio that is made up of three assets, which are treasury, security and loan. In the financial institution’s portfolio optimization problem, the interest rate is stochastic, the volatility of the security price is assumed to be described by the model of Heston stochastic volatility. By applying stochastic optimization theory, we obtained the optimum investment policy or strategy for the financial institution for the case of utility function which is constant relative risk aversion (CRRA). Numerical examples were also given to illustrate the dynamics of the optimum investment policy
Assessing of Air Pollution Tolerance Index of Plant Species in Aliero Local Government Area, Kebbi State North-Western Nigeria
Get PDFGreen plants along roads can provide eco-friendly effective structure to improve air quality and to reduce human exposure to air pollutants. However, the plants used for the development of green vegetation must be tolerant to air pollutants. The present study compares the air pollution tolerance index (APTI) of different plant species found in the vegetation traffic barriers in the Aliero area, Kebbi State. Biochemical and physiological parameters (relative water content, leaf extract pH, total chlorophyll and ascorbic acid) were analyzed. The finding revealed that, Azadirachta indica had the highest (p<0.05) content of Ascorbic acid (9.60±.10), Relative water contents (88.8±.31), and pH (7.53±.02) but low (p<0.05) chlorophyll contained (18.48±.06) when compared with other plant species at the experimental site (polluted site). All the plant species at experimental site demonstrated tolerance to air pollution based on APTI index. Highest APTI value (p<0.05) was observed in Azadirachta indica (33.85 ± 0.2) followed by Mangifera indica (23.57±0.5). Azadirachta indica was expected as an excellent tolerant plant to air pollution on the basis of APTI value. Higher levels of ascorbic acid content, high pH value and low chlorophyll content observed at polluted site as compared to control site, were sign of stress condition. Plant species with highest APTI value could be used in cost effective green vegetation management for reducing the levels of atmospheric pollution
Assessment of Heavy Metals Accumulation in Lactuca sativa and Amaranthus caudatus Grown with Manure from Refuse Dumping Site in Gusau Local Government
Get PDFLocal farmers nowadays gathered manure from dumped sites to grow vegetables. Due to this fact, this research was conducted to assess the health risk of growing vegetables using manure contaminated with heavy metals, by using the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). In this research, vegetables (Lettuce and Amaranthus) were grown on three different pots (A, B and C) that comprises the control soil, contaminated soil from dumped sites and the mixed of control and contaminated soil. The harvested vegetables were digested using wet acid method and prepared for metal analysis using AAS and the data was analyzed using Minitab version 16.0 and the results was expressed as mean ± standard deviation and the mean values were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) recommended dose. The findings revealed that Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) exceed WHO permissible limits of 0.2mg/L and 1.3mg/L respectively. The order of accumulation varied from plant to plant. Lettuce has the following: Zn > Cr > Cd > Ni > Pb > Cu. While that of Amaranthus is: Zn > Cu > Cd > Cr > Ni > Pb. Also, in comparison with lettuce, amaranthus absorb and accumulates more heavy metals