International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability
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Some Basic Properties of The Identity-Commuting Graph of Multigroups
Get PDFMultigroups are generalization of groups which are based on the multiset structure in which repetition of elements are allowed. The multisets were introduced to remedy the handicap idea of the classical set which does not allow repetitions of elements. In this paper, we study the multigroup G structure through its associated identity-commuting graph Γic(G) which is a simple graph whose vertices V (Γic(G)) are the elements of the multigroup G and two distinct vertices x and y are adjacent if and only if xy = yx = e and e is adjacent to all vertices of the graph, where e is the identity element. Some basic properties of this graph were studied which include: vertex degree, size, connectedness, completeness among others. It was shown that the graph is connected but not complete and condition for completeness was obtained
Production And Process Optimization of Biolubricant from Neem Seed Oil
Get PDFThe current work investigates the conversion of neem seed oil to biolubricant. Furthermore, calcium oxide was prepared from egg shell by calcination and activated with phosphuric acid solution. The activated calcium oxide produced was characterized using FT-IR and TGA. The neem seed oil was transesterified using methanol over activated calcium oxide derived from egg shell as catalyst to produce methyl esters (biodiesel), which was again transestrified with trimethylolpropane (TMP) under reflux at different reaction conditions to produce the target biolubricant and characterized using FT-IR and GC-MS. using the same activated calcium oxide prepared from egg shell as catalyst. Optimization of process parameters for tranesterification of neem seed oil was determined by Response surface based on Box-Beinkhen design. The optimum yield of the biolubricnat (79.60%) was achieved at the temperature, catalyst dose and reaction time of 150 0C, 0.75%wt and 3 hours respectively
Impact of Temperature Variations on Bacteriocin Activity Against Spoilage Bacteria in Melon and Its Fermented Product 'Ogiri'
Get PDFThe efficacy of bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus plantarum NRIC 0383 against spoilage bacteria isolated from melon seeds and their fermented product, Ogiri, was evaluated under various storage temperatures. Traditional fermented foods, such as Ogiri made from melon seeds (Citrullus lanatus), are significant protein sources in rural African communities but are susceptible to microbial contamination, posing public health risks. The study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of L. plantarum bacteriocins against identified spoilage bacteria: Escherichia coli 2013C-3342, Staphylococcus aureus CIP 9973, and Enterobacter cloacae AS10. Isolation and identification of these bacteria were performed using serial dilution and molecular techniques, respectively. Bacteriocin production by L. plantarum NRIC 0383 was confirmed via 16S rDNA sequencing and PCR amplification of bacteriocin genes. Partially purified bacteriocins, obtained through ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis, demonstrated significant inhibitory effects against the test microorganism, with inhibition zones ranging from 10-20 mm. Stability tests revealed that the bacteriocins retained more than 80% of their activity at temperatures between 30°C and 70°C, but activity declined at 90°C and was almost entirely lost at 121°C. These findings suggest that L. plantarum NRIC 0383 bacteriocins are potent bio-preservatives that could enhance the safety and shelf-life of melon seed-based fermented products, offering a natural alternative to chemical preservatives
Comparative Analysis of Biogas Production from Agricultural Wastes
Get PDFWastes from Agriculture have served and will continue to serve as a remarkable energy source for rural and urban inhabitants due to their accessibility and affordability. It can also provide bioenergy and biomaterial products that have contributed immensely to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their associated global warming. In this research, onion leaves and cow dung were poured into two 25-litre digesters in equal proportions for experimental analysis. The result revealed that cow dung has a high cumulative biogas production of 13,422 ml/week in 90 days of retention time compared to onion leaves, demonstrating the efficiency of our research. The biogas observed a high calorific value of 9.41kcal/m3 from cow dung with 0% carbon monoxide and 10.97% methane content. Onion leaves obtained a pH value of 6.97 before anaerobic digestion at 30oC, while cow dung was measured to be 6.61 at a temperature of 29oC. All these parameters show that cow dung and onion leaves are suitable substrates for biogas production. However, in this regard, cow dung has outstanding potential and merit in methane production, which is explosive over onion leaves to replace kerosene and coal for domestic application.  
Multi-Class Road Defects Detection and Classification System Using Transfer Learning-Based Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Get PDFThe road’s infrastructure is crucial for growth, development, and forming the backbone of any country's economy. The accurate detection and classification of road defects for optimal road maintenance is a challenging task due to the varied types of road defects of different severity. This paper presents a transfer learning model for the detection and classification of road defects based on types of defects (cracks and potholes) and severity. A new local dataset was introduced consisting of road surface images (defects and non-defects) of Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria. The types and severity of the defects were grouped as non-defect, low-pothole, low-crack, moderate-pothole, moderate-crack, high-pothole, and high-crack. The model was developed by extracting the features using pretrained VGG19 and EfficientNetB3. The extracted features were concatenated and evaluated on the locally gathered datasets. The pretrained EfficientNetB3 achieved an accuracy 98.1% higher than the 97.9% accuracy of VGG19. The concatenated model (VGG19+EfficientNetB3) achieved 98.5% accuracy, which outperformed the two pretrained models, VGG19 and EfficientNetB3. This study demonstrated the benefit of combining the strengths of VGG19 and EfficientNetB3, for improved performance and efficiency in road defect detection and classification tasks
Morphological, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of the Causal Agent of Bacterial Panicle Blight Disease of Rice (BPB) In Selected Rice Production Zones of Zamfara State
Get PDFBacterial panicle blight (BPB) is an emerging rice disease in Nigeria, causing up to 75% yield loss and widespread globally. In the 2019 season, rice farmers in Zamfara State's Gusau, Talata Mafara, Maradun, and Bakura communities reported significant yield declines due to an unidentified disease. Infected samples suggested BPB as the cause, yet the pathogen had not been identified in Nigeria. A trial was conducted to identify and characterize BPB pathogens in Zamfara State, aiming to screen rice germplasm and find resistant sources. Infected rice grains from the region were collected and cultured on King's B medium at 37°C for 48 hours in the microbiology lab of Federal University Gusau. The bacteria were purified to single colonies and analyzed morphologically and via polymerase chain reaction (PCR), identifying the strain as Burkholderia glumae. This strain produced toxoflavin, a compound linked to its pathogenicity. PCR amplification of a 1079-bp fragment using gyrB-specific primers confirmed B. glumae as the BPB agent in Nigeria. A pathogenicity test was performed on three commercial rice varieties (Faro 44, FARO 56, and FARO 59) using the syringe inoculation method at the Biological Garden, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Gusau. All inoculated rice varieties exhibited typical BPB symptoms within three days, similar to those seen in naturally infected rice panicles. This confirmed B. glumae as the causative pathogen and highlighted the urgent need for resistant rice varieties
Modelling Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product – A Modified Vector Autoregressive Model (MVAR) approach
Get PDFOn yearly basis, the total value of all goods produced and services rendered in a country is referred to as GDP. It is an indicator of a nation’s standard of living and a measure of its economic status. The insecurity level cum poor economy of the country which has grossly affected the standard of living of Nigerians necessitated this study. We adopted a Modified Vector Autoregressive (MVAR) modelling approach based on the absolute values of the mean deviation to capture the relationship between the main effect and interaction effects of Agriculture, Trade and Industry on Nigeria’s GDP. Due to the non-stationarity of the process, the random walk transformation technique was considered. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test confirmed that the process is stationary after transformation. The diagnostic tests showed that the data were not highly correlated and no presence of heteroscedasticity. The study confirmed that the MVAR model gave a better fitting of Nigeria's Gross Domestic Product compared to the usual VAR model due to its lower AIC and BIC values
Mixed Convection Flow of a Magnetized Nanofluid with Viscous Dissipation in an Oscillatory System
Get PDFThis paper attempts to investigate the impacts of mixed convection and viscous dissipation on buoyancy-induced heat and mass transfer of a nanofluid flow through a semi-infinite flat plate in a magnetized oscillating system. The implications of various flow parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration distribution of the nanofluid, as well as the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number has been solved semi-analytically using regular perturbation method. The basic governing equations is obtained by employing appropriate transformations techniques which result in high nonlinear coupled differential equations with physical conditions. Different types of nanoparticles are considered, and the salient characteristics of all the embedded parameters on the flow fields have been demonstrated graphically and discussed in detail. It is revealed that, raising the levels of mixed convection and viscous dissipation parameters enhance the fluid velocity respectively. This model has practical applications in the fields of chemical and engineering processes, biomedicine, resonance imaging and so on
Heavy Metals Seasonal Variation in Soil Near Jakara River, Kano State, Nigeria
Get PDFMany food crops have the potential to absorb substantial amounts of heavy metals while thriving in contaminated soil. Wastewater irrigation, excessive use of agrochemicals, air deposits and other anthropogenic activities stirring excessively around the Jakara River continue to stock the soil in the vicinity of the river with poisonous heavy metals. The food crops produced along the river remain the vehicle for transmitting those heavy metals to humans. The objective of the research is to determine the effect of season and location on the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cr and Hg in the soil around Jakara River. Composite soil samples were collected from Airport Road, Jaba and Kumantaka monthly for 12 months from January to December 2022. The soil samples were digested and subjected to heavy metals analysis using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results revealed that Pb, Cd, Ni, Co and Cr are present in all the soil samples collected during the research period. The highest concentration of Pb was found in November, Cd in March, Ni and Co in December and Cr in October. Soil samples collected from Airport Road have the highest accumulation of Pb, Ni and Co and those collected from Jaba have the highest accumulation of Cd and Cr. The Cr content of soil samples collected from Jaba exceeded the WHO permissible limit
Epidemiological Review of Avian Pox Diagnosed in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria (2016-2022)
Get PDFModified: Avian pox, a highly contagious disease affecting chickens, turkeys, and other birds, is caused by the Pox virus and presents as nodular lesions on the skin and diphtheritic lesions on mucous membranes. A seven-year retrospective study (2016-2022) was conducted on clinical cases of Avian pox presented at Aliyu Jodi Veterinary Clinic (AJVC) and the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto (VTH-UDUS). During this period, 7,014 cases of poultry infectious diseases were recorded, with 2,066 (28.34%) identified as Avian pox. Specifically, VTH-UDUS documented 1,269 infectious cases, with 622 (49.02%) being Avian pox, while AJVC recorded 6,020 cases, with 1,444 (23.99%) attributed to Avian pox. The highest annual occurrence of Avian pox was in 2016 (38.43%), with the lowest in 2020 (12.61%). Seasonally, the disease was more prevalent during the wet season (61.42%) compared to the dry season (38.58%). Among the affected birds, turkeys showed the highest incidence (60.60%), followed by chickens (23.09%), and pigeons (16.31%). The study concludes that Avian pox was the most prevalent infectious disease during this period, particularly in 2016, during the wet season, and among turkeys. The study recommends increased efforts in disease prevention through vector control and vaccination