2694 research outputs found
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The use of affixes in Xitsonga standardisation
No full textM.A. (Xitsonga)Department of African LanguagesNdzavisiso lowu wu kombisa swiphiqo leswi nga kona loko swi ta eka timhaka ta vunembeleri ku ringananisa Xitsonga. Xitsonga xa ha ri ku hluvukisiweni loko swi ta eka timhaka ta milawu ya matsalelo na mapeletelo ku ri ndlela yo lava ku ringananisa ririmi. Switiviwa swi ta tekiwa kusuka eka maphema ma vadyondzi. Mikumisiso yi nga komba leswaku mhaka ya ndzinganiso a hi mhaka ya matlangwana. Ku va na swiphiqo swo hlayanyana hikokwalaho ko hambana ka marin’wana lama vanhu va ma vulavulaka. Xikombiso, eka ntsongahato (xinhlokwana na xinhlokwani), vundhawu (axihamban’weni na exihamban’weni) na swin’wana.NR
Prevalence of Injectable Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs and Drug Resistance Amongst TB Patients in The Vhembe District (Limpopo, South Africa)
No full textMSc (Microbiology)Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyBackground: Tuberculosis is one of the most infectious diseases and a major contributor to high
mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. The rise of human immunodeficiency virus cases also
compounds to the tuberculosis burden, as human immunodeficiency virus patients are thought to
be more susceptible to tuberculosis, since the disease is an opportunistic infection and makes an
individual’s immune system less capable of fighting off infections. Drug resistance tuberculosis
makes transmission and combatting of disease challenging, particularly multi-drug resistant
strains that are resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, pre-XDR, resistant to isoniazid,
rifampicin and a fluoroquinolone and extensively-drug resistant, a rare form of multidrug
resistance tuberculosis that is resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, fluoroquinolone, and a secondline
injectable (amikacin, capreomycin, and kanamycin). Resistance to fluoroquinolone and
injectable drugs is not frequently tested due to budget constraints and the ongoing high
tuberculosis burden in developing nations. Furthermore, there is insufficient knowledge about
extensively-drug resistant strains and mutations connected to fluoroquinolone and injectable
drugs in South Africa. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of genetic
mutations in M. tuberculosis obtained from tuberculosis positive patients attending medical
facilities in the Vhembe region of the province of Limpopo, South Africa, with respect to genotype
conferring resistance for INH, RIF, EMB, PZA, FQs, all of which are linked to resistance to
second-line drugs.
Methods: Ethical clearance was obtained, a total of 50 morning sputum samples were collected
from health-care facilities. Structured questionaries were also administered to collect additional
information. Collected data was analysed to investigate the risk factors associated with drug
resistance tuberculosis. Allplex Multiplex polymerase chain reaction permitted simultaneous
amplification and detection of target sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In order to
determine genetic mutations, 8 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were targeted using
MassARRAY (Agena) system.
Results: Among the 50 tuberculosis recruited patients (from the pool of main study August 2022-
June 2023), 60% were males and 40% were females. HIV was highly (66%) prevalent amongst
study population; susceptible tuberculosis 4%, MTB & NTM 28% (co-infection), NTM 58% and
4% drug resistance were observed. Overall, of the SNPs designed only 8 related gene mutations
could be successfully detected. Overall, from the study population, 2 samples were detected to
be pre-XDR (FQ-R and RIF-R + INH-R + FQ-R).
Conclusion: The findings of the study provide valuable insights into the characteristics and
prevalence of tuberculosis, along with associated risk factors and co-morbidities among the study
population in Vhembe district. The emergence of drug resistance highlights the necessity for
continued pattern monitoring and the application of suitable treatment approaches in order to stop
the spread of drug-resistant strains. To draw firm conclusions about drug-resistant tuberculosis
risk factors in patients in the Vhembe region, further information is still required.NR
A Sense-making Perspective of Algorithmic Accountability during Infodemics
No full textM. Com (Business Information SystemsDepartment of Business Information SystemsDuring the pandemic era, enormous amounts of data were available to decision-makers. Much of the data was generated using algorithms in which people did not want to be held accountable for any wrong/false information (misinformation) that was being provided to the public, either on internet websites, social media or television and radios. Algorithmic Accountability examines the process of assigning responsibility for harm when algorithmic decision-making results in discriminatory and inequitable outcomes. Mis-and disinformation about science, technology, and health is neither new nor unique to the COVID-19 era. Amid an unprecedented global health crisis, many journalists, policy makers, and academics have echoed what World Health Organisation has stressed that misinformation about the pandemic presents a serious risk to public health and public action. The biggest challenge is that this misinformation or fake news is drowning official public health advice on COVID-19, making it extremely problematic for the voices of healthcare professionals to be heard; the implications of this may be enormous as it may cause the virus and other pandemics to spread more rapidly within diverse populations. The purpose of this study was to establish the extent of Misinformation during Infodemics, to address the lack of Algorithmic Accountability. A mixed-methods approach was used as the topic required a purposeful mixing of methods in data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of the evidence. The key word is ‘mixed’; this explains that an essential step in this approach is data linkage or integration at appropriate stages in the research process. The researcher used Spyder Python for extracting data from the Twitter API and then used Feedly which is a news aggregator application for various web browsers and mobile devices running iOS and Android; this procedure is also available as a cloud-based service. Python was used to compile news feeds from a variety of online sources for the researcher to customize and share with others; after filtering for the Covid-19 Tweets there were 21 of 508 records. The analysis suggests that misinformation about COVID-19 comes in many different forms, from many different sources, and makes many different claims. The process of misinformation often rearranges existing or accurate content relatively than formulated on a large scale, and where it is manipulated, it is edited with simple tools. Given the breadth of the pandemic, independent media and actions by platforms and others played a vital role in addressing virus-related misinformation. Government websites and the World Health Organization (WHO) can help sort false from true material, and accurate from misleading assertations. With running topic modelling for the data consisting of 21 of 508 tweets, topic modelling provided a way to compress the big data qualitative phase of the research.National Research Foundation (NRF
Assessment of pharmaceutical waste management in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa
No full textMENVSCAdministering of pharmaceutical products is recognized as a crucial component of healthcare services, since these are used to treat, prevent, and cure diseases, however, rapid population growth has significantly increased the demand for pharmaceutical products, leading to a noticeable surge in their waste generation. This poses serious ecological and health risks if not properly managed, as pharmaceutical waste includes hazardous by-products that can contaminate various environmental spheres. Traces of pharmaceuticals have been detected in wastewater treatment plants, which often lack the necessary infrastructure to remove these compounds effectively. Consequently, the management of pharmaceutical waste is a critical concern for regional, national, and international communities, necessitating a thorough understanding of their management and potential eco-toxicological impacts to devise effective handling and containment strategies.
This study was designed to appraise the holistic management of pharmaceutical waste in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. To fulfil this objective, various data collection methods were employed, including questionnaires, on-site observations, and interviews with medical practitioners and waste management personnel. A checklist was used to evaluate compliance with regulatory frameworks, focusing on healthcare facilities and pharmaceutical outlets. Data from observations were analysed descriptively, supported by visual aids like photographs; the interviews were categorized, coded, and abbreviated for easier analysis, while the questionnaire data were processed using SPSS and other statistical tools to generate meaningful outputs.
The study's findings reveal significant deficiencies in pharmaceutical waste management within the Vhembe District. Inadequate waste management practices were observed, marked by the absence of source segregation and the use of suboptimal temporary storage containers chosen for convenience rather than efficacy. The infrastructure for waste storage within some of these facilities proved substandard, thereby, failing to meet regulatory requirements. Most facilities rely on municipal waste collection services and the sewer drainage systems, raising environmental and health concerns. The study also identified a significant gap in education and training regarding pharmaceutical waste management with healthcare professionals, who often perceive their responsibility as ending after writing a prescription. This lack of knowledge and preparedness to manage pharmaceutical waste, in line with legal requirements, is a major concern.
Additionally, the study revealed participants’ challenges related to understanding waste categories and regulations, hence, emphasizing the need to sensitize healthcare professionals
about these regulations. The results showed that 71% of consumers were aware of pharmaceutical waste, but only 20.1% understood its associated environmental and health risks. Alarmingly, 71.8% consumers lacked essential information about the consequences of pharmaceutical waste, and 80% frequently had surplus medications due to practitioners’ over-prescribing or discontinuation of treatment, contributing to waste accumulation. Furthermore, 86% of participants did not segregate pharmaceutical waste from general household waste. A significant 58.3% disposed of pharmaceutical waste in standard trash bins, leading to landfills and potential soil and water contamination through leaching and migration.
The study also highlighted the absence of dedicated regulatory measures addressing pharmaceutical waste; they are often categorised under the broader healthcare waste management framework. The existing framework suffers from a disconnect in policy development, implementation and enforcement, with regulations frequently formulated by different stakeholders who do not effectively collaborate. This lack of clarity makes it challenging for stakeholders to understand their separate roles and responsibilities, necessitating improved stakeholder engagement, education, and clear regulatory measures. Future efforts should focus on holistic approaches, proper stakeholder engagement, and stringent regulatory compliance to enhance proper pharmaceutical waste management and conserve the environment for future generations.National Research Foundation (NRF
Development of guidelines to prevent complications and mortality during traditional male initiation and circumcision in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province
No full textPhD (Psychology)Department of PsychologyBackground: Traditional male circumcision is a cultural practice which is constitutionally accepted in South Africa and according to community members, it reflects values and beliefs. Although practiced over the years, it has been characterised by numerous health complications.
Purpose: The aim of the study was to develop guidelines to prevent complications and mortality during traditional male initiation and circumcision in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province.
Method: Phase 1 followed a qualitative approach and used an exploratory descriptive research design which was useful to summarize and understand an area of interest in this study. The study was conducted in the Vhembe District Municipality, a category C municipality in the northern part of Limpopo Province. Purposive sampling made it easier for the researcher to locate traditional surgeons and more participants were recruited through referrals. A sample of 10 Tshivenda and Sepedi-speaking traditional surgeons participated in the study. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview guided by an interview guide. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data and the researcher ensured that ethical codes were followed to prevent harm towards the participants and to promote fairness and human rights. Phase 2 was the development of guidelines from the findings of Phase 1 using the WHO development guideline model. Phase 3 was the validation of the developed guidelines.
Findings: The findings indicated that the first step is to connect with the ancestors through a ritual called u “phasa” to have a successful traditional season of initiation and circumcision. The findings show that all the participants in this study became traditional surgeons through an ancestral calling and were trained by their own biological fathers. The findings also show that traditional surgeons receive additional professional training from the Limpopo provincial government prior to each initiation and circumcision season. Traditional leaders have the power to appoint traditional surgeons in the areas in which their forefathers were previously involved. The parents of the initiates were reported to be uninterested in disclosing their children's chronic illnesses before they were initiated, and this contributed to the development of complications.
The findings showed that traditional surgeons did not fully comply with the Limpopo Initiation Schools Act (2016) regarding the minimum age for admission and the issue of parental consent. They admitted a high rate of initiates per season, circumcising between 200 and 350 initiates per time frame, and applied all the Limpopo Department of Health's guidelines and recommendations on infection control. Some traditional surgeons referred initiates for medical treatment as needed.NR
Experiences of student midwives regarding application of Ubuntu principles during provision of midwifery services in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province
No full textM.A. (Nursing Science)Department of Advanced Nursing ScienceBackground: Ubuntu is a primordial African philosophical paradigm premised on the fundamental principles of sharing, passionate humanness, respect, caring, compassion, as well as ensuring a qualitative human community in the spiritual life of an individual, family, and community. Poor implementation of Ubuntu in nursing and midwifery services reflects negatively on professional ethics.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of student midwives regarding the application of Ubuntu principles during provision of midwifery services in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province.
Methods: A qualitative approach, with exploratory and descriptive research designs was adopted. The sample was 30 Level 4 midwifery students from both the Thohoyandou Nursing Campus and the Department of Advanced Nursing Science, University of Vendaselected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through individual interviews guided by semi-structured interview guide, and thematically analysed according to Tesch’s eight steps.
Results: The study found that student midwives had positive and negative experiences of Ubuntu. The positive experiences were characterised by teamwork, patient support, respect for patients and non-discrimination. The negative experiences were characterised by discrimination, disrespect, psychological and physical abuse, shortage of staff and poor infrastructure. The study also found that Ubuntu was important to ensure quality care provision which was holistic, where midwives advocated for patients and in-service training on Ubuntu should be provided. Ubuntu principles were also significant for the establishment and maintenance of relationships between student midwives and registered midwives.
Recommendations: It is recommended that training on Ubuntu aspects should be included in the midwifery curriculum. Moreover, to improve midwifery services Ubuntu principles should be inculcated in midwifery service provision by all healthcare workers in all maternity units.NR
Mapping activities of stakeholders along selected value chains in Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa
No full textAGMARDInstitute for Rural DevelopmentFarmer’s, transporters and retailers are major key players along the vegetable value chains in South Africa and globally. Their roles and activities along the vegetable value chain are affected by lack of capital, resources, transportation, storage, packaging materials, education and high transactional costs. This is evidenced by high levels of dissatisfactions along the vegetable value chain and is contributing to high loss of jobs in the vegetable industry, shortage and high cost of vegetables and increasing number of vacant farms. Thus, this study was carried out to Map activities of stakeholders along selected vegetable value chain in Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa.
The quantitative research approach was adopted. Stratified simple random sampling technique was used to select 185 respondents. Self-administered structured questionnaire consisting of closed-ended questions was used to collect primary (raw data). A 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 5 (strongly agree) to 1 (strongly disagree) was also used in the process. The study used descriptive analysis, (mean, median, and mode), range variance, standard deviation and some inferential statistics for the analysis.
The data was analysed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Science version 28.0.1.1. Atlas t.i version 8 was also used to create diagrams for analysis. Cronbach’s alpha was used to ensure reliability and high internal consistency of Likert-type scale. The study shows that players need various sources of assistants as to ensure sustainable vegetable value chain. The study further reflects that though they are faced with various challenges players are striving to ensure food security, sustainable vegetable value chains, good nutrition and to achieve goal 2 (ending hunger, achieving food security and promoting sustainable agriculture) of the SDG’S
Optimal design of a stand-alone photovoltaic water pumping system for small farms in remote area
No full textPhD (Physics)Department of PhysicsAfter a continuous failure of several solar water pumping systems all over the
world as they dry-up quickly, it was clear that the main contributing factor was
poor design. Poor designs have exasperated the heavy burden of high costs attached
to maintenance and additional power supply for the farms. Among the
causes other than poor design, including the local meteorological and hydrological
conditions should be considered in the planning phase of the solar water pumping
system. The current study managed to combine a number of causes in one model
to determine an optimal design, customised to the project site. A three-stepped
design method was deployed to design a sustainable direct-coupled water pumping
system. The design starting with site assessment to determine the feasibility of the
desired system by looking at both the weather and groundwater yielding capacity.
Since the solar radiation in not always readily available everywhere, temperaturebase
empirical model, the Hargrieves-Samani (H-S) was deployed to estimate it and
compare it with ground-based measurements and two satellite-based data.
The second part of site assessment was to determine the borehole characteristics
through borehole testing method resulted in a pumping rate, Q of 69.12 m3/day
to be the optimal required to keep the discharge-recharge balance and keep the
borehole with water for a longer time. The calculated solar radiation values from the
temperature-based model, cell temperature, Q and HT were used as input variables
in the PVWPS customised-design model to determine the required peak power to
run the submersible pump. The peak power of 1.86 kW for the designed system
was determined by MATLAB simulation was compared with 1.36 kW, 1.35 kW
and 1.4 kW of H-Q curve or pump selection curve, system sizing calculation and
PVsyst simulation software, respectively. The annual average peak power of 1.86
kW was a little bit higher than the PV array power output of 1.77 kW. An opensource
OVH SCADA: Irrigation 4.0 mobile application (App) was developed for
the user to operate, control and monitor remotely. The user can switch the pump
“ON/OFF” when it is necessary, but the control system’s primary function was to
use the sensors that have been attached to different components to automatically
react according to their changes. The method used in this research can be adapted
to any location and be used to design customised systems for local conditions.NR
Member-perceived Determinants of Resilience of Stokvels Operating in selected Rural Areas of Vhembe District, South Africa
No full textMRDVInstitute for Rural DevelopmentStokvels play crucial roles in the lives of poor households, in particular those that are faced with financial challenges. They contribute to enterprise development, improvement of housing and enhance access to credit and funding of education. However, members of stokvels often experience challenges within their groups and beyond. The current study was designed to explore the factors influencing the resilience of stokvel groups in selected rural areas of Vhembe District. Eighteen respondents were selected through a snowball sampling procedure. An interview guide was used to collect data. Cross-tabulation and thematic content analysis were conducted using IBM SPSS version 27 and Atlas-ti version 8. About 78 % of the respondents were female. The need for expanding stokvels in terms of investments and stock of members; survival and continuity in the hope of transferring legacy to the next generation; and members’ mutual growth such as financial capabilities and family well-being were found to be the major constructs when assessing resilience of stokvels. The constructs were drawn from seven resilience determining factors, namely disciplinary measures, risk-averseness, cohesiveness and team-support, enrolment approach, operating standards, trust and commitment. While factors determining resilience of stokvels are discussed in the literature, the three key resilience constructs present a new line of thinking because little is said about them. It was recommended that stokvels operating in Vhembe District should consider instilling high moral standards among their members and law suits targeting those who might default in payment of monthly premiumNR
Effect of Avocado (Persea americana Mill) oil inclusion in the Tris-based extender on the quality of Boer goat semen stored at different temperatures
No full textMSCAGR (Animal Science)Department of Animal ScienceSemen extenders are chemical mediums used for preserving, and protecting spermatozoa against different shocks while processing, storing and transportation for use in artificial insemination (Raheja et al., 2018). There are challenges with the preservation of goat semen for Artificial Insemination (AI). Spermatozoa with poor viability were observed when goat semen was extended with egg yolk and skimmed milk because of the seminal plasma secreted by the bulbourethral gland (Cabrera et al., 2005). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Avocado oil on Boer goats semen quality parameters during liquid storage (5˚C,17 ˚C and 24˚C). Semen samples collected from four matured Boer goats were pooled and Tris-egg yolk extenders were supplemented with Avocado oil at 0, 1, 2 and 3%. The samples were then stored at 5˚C,17 ˚C, 24˚C and several sperm parameters (motility, viability, morphology, and DNA fragmentation) were assessed at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h intervals. Results showed that the supplementation of Tris egg yolk with 1%, 2% and 3% Avocado oil improved total motility, progressive motility, morphology, and viability when stored at 5˚C for up to 72 hours and when stored at 17˚C for 24 hours. However, non-fragmented DNA improved when 3% of Avocado oil was added to the Tris egg yolk when kept at 5˚C from 24 hours. Therefore, it was concluded that the Boer goat spermatozoa quality could be preserved for 72 hours at 5˚C when adding 2% and 3% of Avocado oil to the Tris egg yolk extender. Semen with inclusions of Avocado oil in Tris-egg yolk can preserve Boer goat semen for 24 hours or less when stored at 17°C.National Research Foundation (NRF