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Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices of small household farmers towards heartwater disease and molecular characterization of Ehrlichia ruminantium in Limpopo province, South Africa
No full textMSc (Microbiology)Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyBackground: Heartwater is a disease spread by ticks that is brought on by the obligatory
intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia ruminantium. Heartwater disease is one of the major obstacles to
livestock production as it affects many livestock animals including domesticated animals such as
goats, cattle, and sheep as well as wild ruminants. In Southern Africa, it is spread by Amblyomma
hebraeum ticks, and in the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa, it is spread by A. variegatum ticks. In this
study, epidemiological and molecular features of Ehrlichia ruminantium in Mopani and Vhembe
Districts, from ticks isolated from cattle, goats and sheep were investigated.
Method: A total of 121 small household farmers from different villages in the Vhembe and
Mopani Districts were recruited in the study after they have signed an informed consent. The
participants were interviewed using a questionnaire to collect data related to their knowledge,
attitude and practices towards heartwater disease. Ticks were collected from cattle, goats, and
sheep belonging to 48 households, yielding a total of 244 ticks. Genomic Deoxyribonucleic acid
was extracted from the ticks and analysed using real-time qPCR assay targeting a 226bp fragment
of the PCS20 gene. Finally, a number of samples were sent for sequencing to identify different
strains circulating in the region. Neighbor-joining method was used to infer phylogenetic positions
on the basis of 16S rRNA gene.
Results: According to the findings of the questionnaire evaluation, only about 23.1% of the
participants had some knowledge of heartwater disease. Furthermore, the highest proportion of the
study population (76%) associated heartwater with air-borne transmission and 77.7% of the
participants failed to identify the season in which heartwater commonly occurs. About 69% of the
respondents associated ticks with animal diseases while 49.6 % correctly highlighted that, ticks
are disease carriers. Farmers had a positive attitude towards control and treatment of heartwater
by stating that they would use prescribed medicine 23.9%, vaccines 7.4% or consulting a specialist
2.5%. Few farmers indicated that they use homemade mixtures (0.8%), dipping and spraying
(0.8%) to manage animal diseases. The most preferred method of tick control used by farmers was
spraying of acaricide treatment 63.6%. On account of the poor animal services reported among the
visited rural communities, some farmers opted for removing ticks by hand 28.9% as their
supplementary tick control method. Majority of the farmers fed their livestock at the bush 68.6%
which was the most contributing factor to increased tick infestation as reported by farmers. Several
plants used as medicine to treat various animal diseases were mentioned. These included: Melia
azedarach, Albizia adianthifolia, Gymnosporia senegalensis, Dicerocarryum senecioides etc. The
type of disease affecting the livestock mentioned by the participants was diarrhoea (43.0%) which
is among the list of heartwater symptoms. The study demonstrates that respondents had inadequate
knowledge about heartwater disease. Animal services need to be upgraded in order to help the
farmers improve the quality of their produce.
The results of the PCR test showed that 56.2% of the household farms had E. ruminantium
infection. The distribution of E. ruminantium by source of ticks and animal type revealed that
cattle are more prone to tick distribution 43.5% as compared to other animal sources of ticks.
Nzhelele municipality had the highest prevalence of E. ruminantium (37.0%) compared to the
other municipalities. Prevalence of E. ruminantium by gender of farmers was found to be high
from males 36.7% than females 25.0%. Farmers with household income > R20000 had the highest
prevalence of E. ruminantium (50.0%) than farmers with household income < R500, (14.3%). The
age of the farmers 15 – 20 years old revealed the highest prevalence 46.7 % of E. ruminantium
infection. However, there were no infection among the ticks obtained from animals belonging to
farmers above 60 years old. Farmers who had tertiary level of education showed the highest
prevalence 46.8% probably because of limited time to attend to their livestock. Many clades were
identified by phylogenetic analysis of the E. ruminantium PCS20 genotypes.
Conclusion: This study showed that there is need to further educate small farmers on heartwater
disease. It also showed that indigenous knowledge still contributes significantly to the management
of animal diseases in most rural communities. The application of real time PCR showed a high
prevalence of E. ruminantium infected A. hebraeum ticks from livestock and should be considered
in the continuous monitoring of the animal population in order to avoid heartwater disease
outbreak in the communities which could be detrimental for the local economy. Furthermore,
future vaccine development against E. ruminantium should consider the diversity observed in the
present study. That could be helpful in managing heartwater disease in the areas that were
investigated.National Research Foundation (NRF
Good governance in the provision of municipal services: a case of Vhembe District Municipality
No full textM.AdminDepartment of Public and Development AdministrationThe study focuses on good governance in the provision of municipal services at the Vhembe District Municipality. The local communities judge their municipalities’ performance through the provision of services and the treatment that they get from its officials. The challenge of governance adversely affects the delivery of municipal services. People always expect good governance and service from their respective municipalities. However, it seems as though the municipalities are failing greatly. It is therefore; important for the municipality to adhere to good governance provisions which ultimately manifests through effective municipal service delivery. The study used both quantitative and qualitative research method which is a mixed method underpinned by the pragmatic paradigm as it advocates for the use of mixed methods. Data was collected through questionnaire and interview. The questionnaires were distributed to IDP officials, LED officials, PMS officials as well as other administrative officials and managers, whiles interviews were conducted telephonically with PR councillors of the Vhembe District Municipality in order to gather information related to adherence of good governance in the provision of municipal services. For data analysis, the study adopted statistical and thematic analysis. Information gathered through questionnaires was analysed using Micro-Soft Excel and thematic analysis is used for information collected through interviews. The following research ethics were considered in this study: permission to conduct the research study, informed consent, confidentiality and anonymity, no harm to respondents and voluntary participation. The study will enhance the knowledge of relevant political office bearers and administrative officials regarding the understanding of good governance in the Vhembe District Municipality. The study found that the status of good governance in the Vhembe District Municipality is not at a desired state and as such; it needs requisite improvements. It is also found that there is a relationship between good governance and provision of municipal services and revealed that sufficient municipal service delivery to the local communities is more likely if the provisions of good governance are correctly implemented. The study found that lack of resources makes it difficult for the municipality to resolve municipal service delivery challenges of the local communities in its jurisdiction. Prolonged waiting time for municipal services to be delivered to local communities is one of the major challenges faced by the municipality. The study found that raising awareness on the importance of good governance, community participation and training officials on how they can implement good governance principles can be used as improvement mechanism.
The study recommends for the municipal officials to follow good governance provisions because it positively contributes to the effective and efficient provision of high quality municipal services. It is further recommended that the municipality should set time frames to adequately address prolonged waiting time regarding the delivery of municipal services to the local communities. To address limited understanding of good governance by officials, the study recommends that greater awareness and through training about good governance be instilled with a purpose of enhancing the provision of municipal service delivery. The establishment of monitoring and evaluation mechanism may contribute positively to the provision of municipal services, and as such it is one of the recommended measures.National Research Foundation (NRF
The phenological study of Securidaca longepedunculata, in the Nylsvley Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa
No full textMSc (Botany)Department of Biological SciencesPhenological observations were conducted through analysis of phenological phases and stages of 200 sampled S. longepedunculata plant individuals in the sandy soil areas of Nylsvley Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Phenological stages comprised of onset, peak development and decline; while phenological phase is time spent by those stages for example leaf yellowing (Ruml and Vulic, 2005). Phenological phases patterns were analysed by focussing on vegetative and reproductive phenophases. Vegetative phenophase considered the presence of budding and developmental stages of leaves until they are shed. Reproductive phenophase considered the presence of flowering and developmental stages of fruits until they are shed. Phenological data was mainly collected through direct ground based observation. The results showed that budding, leaf greening and flowering were observed from mid spring in September in response to upcoming summer which is warmer and rainy. Ripe seeds and leaf yellowing were predominantly visible in autumn and winter respectively, as they are in their annual maturity stage. Leaf and seed shedding were observed at their peak development from late winter in June to early spring in August, probably due to the effect of windy conditions on site. Changes in the phenology of S. longepedunculata plant individuals caused by environmental changes resulted in changes at the community level. This shows that thorough phenological pattern monitoring is essential in order to forecast plant species behaviour. Also, it is necessary to provide knowledge on proper management of the reserve and protection of the plant species.National Research Foundation (NRF
Views of professional nurses regarding the new antiretroviral therapy drug tenofovir, lamivudine and dolutegravir in selected clinics of Limpopo Province
No full textMPHDepartment of Public HealthIntroduction: Tenofovir, Lamivudine and Dolutegravir, also known as TLD drug, is a new fixed dose combination Antiretroviral therapy drug that is taken once daily by individuals living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. TLD drug has demonstrated dominance over efavirenz and antiviral drug dependent regimens with greater tolerability, rapid viral load suppression, and a high genetic barrier-resistance. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to explore the views of professional nurses regarding the new Antiretroviral therapy drug TLD in selected clinics in Sekhukhune district, Limpopo Province. Methodology: The study used the qualitative exploratory descriptive design. Permission was obtained from the participants before the study commenced. Fourteen professional nurses participated in the study, and non-probability convenience sampling was used. Riba, Motlolo and Selala clinic were chosen as they are near the mining industry and many of the patients are from the mines. An unstructured interview guide was used as an instrument to provide directions when collecting data and the central question was asked, followed by probing questions. A pre-test using four participants was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the study. An unstructured interview was conducted to gather information using a voice recorder and field notes until saturation occurred. Tesch’s Open Coding Steps were used to analyze the data. Measures to ensure trustworthiness were followed to ensure the quality of data. Ethics were considered to protect the participants from any harm. Results: According to the findings, professional nurses had favorable opinions of TLD since they had seen it work on variety of patients. TLD drug have more benefits: It is time convenient, can be used in conjunction with other medications, reduced pill burden, quick viral load suppression, suitability of drug to all patients and low resistance build up. Recommendations: The study recommended that the department should provide guidelines and policies to facilities before implementing changes for health providers to be well informed and to conduct workshops for professional nurses to impart knowledge on current changes in treatments. Conclusion: The professional nurses have a positive views regarding TLD drug and support it hundred percent.National Research Foundation (NRF
Effects of molasses-enhanced fermentation and exogenous enzymes on the nutritive value of castor bean (Ricinus Communis L) oil cake for growing pigs
No full textMSCAGR (Animal Science)Department of Animal ScienceCastor bean (Ricinus communis L) is highly valued for its oil, which has diverse applications in the pharmaceutical
industry. Castor bean oil cake (CBOC) contains high levels of protein, but contains highly toxic compounds that
require proper processing before feeding to livestock. The aim of the study was to evaluate optimum solid
fermentation for CBOC, and the effects on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, or plasma metabolites of 10% of
the optimally fermented CBOC (FCBOC) in a diet fortified with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. In experiment 1, a
micro-fermentation study was conducted to evaluate the optimum level of supplementary Voermol (Product
V10257; molasses containing 33 g/kg CP, 300 g/kg moisture, 6-9.2 g/kg Ca, 0.8 g/kg P and, 9.5 MJ ME/kg), 75%
BRIX 75) in relation to the period of anaerobic solid fermentation of the CBOC. The experiment followed a
completely randomized, 4 (molasses level; 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) x 4 (fermentation days; 0, 4, 7, and 10-day)
factorial design, replicated three times. The change in proximate and detergent fibre composition was evaluated,
and the pH of the fermented CBOC (FCBOC) measured as an indicator of fermentation intensity and extent, which
are key determinants of silage quality and anerobic stability. Highest (P<0.05) OM was observed in 5% Voermol,
4- day FCBOC, similarly (P>0.05) followed by 10% Voermol, 4% fermented FCBOC, and least (P<0.05) OM in 15%
Voermol, 7- day FCBOC, followed in the increasing (P15%
Voermol, 4-day fermented FCBOC. Treatment effects on ash were inverse to the OM (P<0.05) The fat content
decreased (P<0.05) with 7, and 10-day fermentation, while 15% Voermol inclusion decreased (P<0.05) the fat
content. The lowest pH (3.89) was achieved with 5% Voermol inclusion and 7-day fermentation. In experiment 2,
the effects of including 10% inclusion of the optimally (5% Voermol, 7-day fermentation) fermented FCBOC in the
pig's diet, and the efficacy of fibrolytic enzymes were investigated. Experimental diets were a standard maizesoybean
diet (0% FCBOC), and an iso-nutrient, 10% FCBOC diet, each with (+) and without (-) 500g/tonne of
Ronozyme® WX CT (EC-3.2.1.8, 1000 FXU/g endo-1,4-β-xylanase). Eight growing (31.88 ± 1.63 kg live weight)
male Large White x Landrace pigs in metabolic cages were assigned to diets in a randomized 2 (diet) x 2 (enzyme)
factorial arrangement within a two balanced 4 (period) X 4 (diet) Latin squares. Each feeding period consisted of 9
days dietary adaptation, plus five days of feed intake measurement, and the total collection of faeces and urine,
from which nutrient digestibility, and parameters of N balance (Nitrogen intake, Urine Nitrogen Output, Feacal
Nitrogen Output, Total Nitrogen Excretion, Absorbed Nitrogen, Nitrogen Retention, Nitrogen Utilization, Biological
Value Feed Protein , and Apparent N digestibility were calculated. Blood was collected by jugular venepuncture
into 10ml serum vacutainers on the last day of each period, from which Glucose, Urea, Creatinine, total protein,
albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin,
cholesterol and triglyceride were analysed. In conclusion, based on the depletion of organic substrates, intensity
and extent of CBOC fermentation, optimum fermentation was considered to be through 5% supplementary Voermol
and 7-day ensilage. The 10% dietary inclusion of the optimally fermented FCBOC was not detrimental to nutrient
digestibility, nitrogen balance, or plasma metabolites, which were not affected by the fibrolytic enzymes.National Research Foundation (NRF
Factors associated with anaemia in pregnancy: a case study of Matibidi Village, Ehlanzeni District, Mpumalanga, South Africa
No full textMCurDepartment of Advanced Nursing SciencePregnant women who have anaemia are more likely to experience preterm birth, low
birth weight, perinatal and n eonatal mortality, which is one of the major public health
issues. In the South African province of Mpumalanga, in the Matibidi Village of the
Ehlanzeni District , the study's goal was to explore and identify risk factors for anaemia
in pregnancy. It was do ne using a qualitative approach that combined descriptive and
exploratory designs. The population consisted of pregnant women of age 18 years
years and above. A Non probability purposive sampling method was used because
the participants were aware of the risks associated with pregnancy. Immediately after
receiving permission from the U niversity of Venda Research Ethics C ommittee
( UVREC), the researcher sought permission to access the villages from the Ch ief and
Ward Councillor of Matibiti Village . I n depth one to one interview s were conducted
using a semi structured approach . D ata saturation was reached at participant number
16, however, the researcher continued to interview a total of 20 participants. Fo ur
criteria , dependability, conf i rmability, transferability, and credibility were used
to ensure trustworthiness. Te s ch's six steps were applied to analyze the qualitative
data . The findings showed that various factors in Matibiti Village contribut e to anaemia
in pregnant women. These included the socio economic status, pre existing maternal
chronic conditions, and religious and traditional beliefs and cultural practices of the
participants R ecommendations were made based on the study's findings.
R ecommendations included the need to start administering intravenous supplements
like Ferramed to pregnant women who are anaemic to help improve their haemoglobin
levels; health workers should be aware of religious and cultural practices interfering
with a dherence to the proper pregnant health care so that they emphasi z e the ir
urgency during health talks.NR
The right to sexual orientation and LGBTIQ+ rights: a case study of Zimbabwe and Nigeria
No full textLLM in Human RightsIsmail Mahomed Centre for Human and Peoples RightsThe Constitution of Zimbabwe and the federal Constitution of Nigeria do not protect the right to sexual orientation and LGBTIQ+ rights. In fact, same-sex relationships between consenting adults have been criminalised in both states. This study analyses discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation and examines which human rights are infringed in these states by the sodomy laws. Although sexual orientation is not specifically enumerated as a prohibited grounds of discrimination in the Zimbabwean and Nigerian Constitutions, this study argues that international human rights law is evolving to include sexual orientation as a prohibited ground of discrimination.
To support this conclusion, relevant findings of international human rights treaty bodies, such as the Human Rights Committee, and regional instruments including the African Charter are examined. Further support is found in landmark judgments of national courts in other jurisdictions, such as Botswana, and other regional human rights courts, which, although not authoritative in Africa, have persuasive value. This research explores how, and, to what extent, these international human rights law obligations are binding on Zimbabwe and Nigeria.
As a consequence of the criminalisation of sodomy laws in Zimbabwe and Nigeria, LGBTIQ+ people face stigmatisation, arrest, imprisonment and violence, and their rights to privacy, human dignity, health, and equality are infringed despite that these rights are guaranteed to everyone. Moreover, homosexual couples do not enjoy the same rights as heterosexual couples regarding marriage, choosing a life partner, adopting children, and forming a family.
In answering the research questions, the doctrinal method of legal research is utilised. The study concludes with making recommendations to strengthen the constitutional and legal framework to protect the rights of LGBTIQ+ persons in the two states.NR
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Men Regarding Prostate Cancer in Thulamela municipality, Vhembe District
No full textMPHDepartment of Public HealthProstate cancer is one of the men`s killer diseases globally and the number of fatalities attributed to it is on a rise. This study adopted a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive survey design to investigate men's knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding prostate cancer in Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District. A sample size of 280 was calculated using an automated web-based online Raosoft sample size calculator. Random sampling was used to select 280 men aged 40 years and above from Ha Budeli village. A questionnaire containing close-ended questions was used to collect data. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were ensured. Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 25.0 was used to analyse data. Data were summarised descriptively and presented in frequencies, tables and charts. Chi-square and Phi and Cramer’s V tests were used to test for association and effects size respectively at 0.5 level of significance. Respondents’ knowledge as an explanatory variable and attitude and practice as response variables were assessed. Ethical measures were considered throughout the study.
The findings of this study showed that 65% of men had adequate knowledge of Prostate Cancer risk factors and symptoms, while just 35% showed inadequate knowledge of Prostate Cancer. The results also showed that 65% of respondents have a positive attitude towards Prostate Cancer. However, the results show that the practice of men regarding Prostate Cancer is negative with only 6% of respondents saying they have visited a clinic to consult about symptoms that made them think they had Prostate Cancer. Furthermore, the study found a significant association between knowledge and attitudes. The relation between these variables was significant, X2 (4, N=285) = 29.09, p = .001. Therefore, the study recommends widespread awareness campaigns that target raising awareness about the importance of screening and influence men to regularly go for check-ups especially those at high risk.NR
Strengthening the performance of progressed learners in Grade 12 at Vhembe East District
No full textDEdDepartment of Educational StudiesIn the context of this study a progressed learner refers to learner who has failed Grade 11 twice and cannot be kept in this grade but must be permitted to go to Grade 12. Moreover, progressed learners are learners who do not meet the pass requirements and find themselves repeating the grade and who are likely to stay in a phase for more than four years, who need special attention in order to move to the next grade. A learner must meet all National Senior Certificate (NSC) criteria in order to be given the matric certificate at the completion of the Grade 12. This research aims to explore the requirements, analyze the performance and find out the intervention strategies that may be utilized to enhance the performance of progressed learners in Grade 12 in the Vhembe East District. Recorded interviews along with field notes and a review of documents such as circulars concerning progressed learners, minutes of the School Management Team meetings, schedules, and quarterly outcomes statistics were utilized to gather data. The population in this study consisted of secondary school principals, SMT members, Grade 12 teachers of progressed learners, circuit managers, and curriculum advisers. Using purposeful sampling, the researcher selected three secondary school principals with a high enrollment of progressed learners, three SMT members, each from three different circuits in Vhembe East District, three curriculum advisors from different circuits, six educators from different circuits, and three circuit managers. This study's findings will assist school principals, School Management Teams, circuit managers, curriculum advisers, and educators in developing, implementing, and monitoring intervention strategies to improve the performance of progressed learners in Grade 12 in South African and international schools.National Research Foundation (NRF
Modelling of Air Pollution and Evaluation of the Human Health Implication in Phalaborwa, Mopani District, South Africa
No full textPhDENVDepartment of Geography and Environmental SciencesAir pollution has increased public health concerns and is currently a scientific research interest in both developed and developing countries due to its critical impacts being instigated on man, animals, water, and the entire environment. Thus, may become the major environmental basis of mortality worldwide. Availability of multiple sources from various economic growth has posed negative impact given opportunities for policy reduction and the context for policy creation. This study was aimed at investigating air pollution levels and the associated human health implication in Phalaborwa, Mopani District, South Africa. Emission inventories were developed within Phalaborwa region to identify and quantify the major emissions sources (including domestic solid fuels, vehicles, mining, fugitive, and biomass burning) of criteria pollutants using United State Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) methodology. The emission factors used for each source were adopted from literature. Spatio-temporal distribution as well as the impact of meteorological data on the particulate matter were studied using statistical functions (R statistical tools) and Kruskal Wallis test, respectively. The potential sources were studied using bipolar variations. The American Meteorological Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) dispersion modelling was used to model the dispersion of major emission sources of PM2.5 and PM10 within the community. The AERMOD model uses the five pathways including control, sources, receptor, meteorological and output to generate the spatial and temporal variation of pollutant concentrations. The percentage relative source contribution and the seasonal contributions were studied using Microsoft Excel package version 2305. Sensitive receptor locations were chosen to estimate their concentrations. The potential health risk of the studied pollutants was estimated using US EPA methodology known as human health risk assessment tool (HHRA). The emission sources identified were domestic burning, mining, fugitive dust, open biomass burning and vehicle. Annual estimated emission of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NOx and CO in the area are 1.1, 3.4, 0.1, 0.5, and 2.2 ktons/yr, respectively. Mining sources were identified as the highest contributor to all the pollutants studied except PM2.5. The highest emitted pollutant is PM10 (47%) which shows the generation of dust while the least emitted pollutant is SO2 (1.5%) as its emissions is majorly from the mining source. Thus, fine particulate and dust emissions exist within the Phalaborwa region. The diurnal variation for measured PM2.5 and PM10 showed two major peaks matching morning and evening, while the monthly peak showed the maximum peak during winter season. Spearman rank correlation analysis of PM2.5 and PM10 established a strong positive association of 0.90. The Kruskal Wallis test showed that the meteorological variables have high influence during winter season (test statistics is 31401 at P < 0.001). The potential source of the emission are open bare places, paved roads occurring from south-east wind
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direction. The spatial and temporal dispersion of the model showed high concentration at surface of the mine and tailings. The validation of the model performed by comparison of the observed and modelled concentrations using fractional bias (FB), fractions of predictions (FAC2), and normalised mean square error (NMSE). AERMOD evaluation showed good agreement between the observed and modelled concentrations. The relative contribution results showed that wind-blown dust significantly contributed 71% and 52% to the predicated total PM2.5 and PM10 concentration, respectively. The least contributor to the total predicted concentration were biomass burning source (PM2.5 with 4%) and residential wood burning (PM10 with 1%). Moreover, the seasonal contribution indicated that windblown dust contributed largely to winter season, domestic wood burning also exhibited minimum contribution during winter, while biomass burning contributed to autumn season for both pollutants. For the health studies, the daily PM2.5 (17.49 μg/m3) and PM10 (40.42 μg/m3) as well as the annual PM2.5 (11.74 μg/m3) and PM10 (26.06 μg/m3) measured average concentrations were below the 24-hours PM2.5 and PM10 (40, 75 μg/m3) and yearly (20, 40 μg/m3) South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), respectively. The measured concentrations were above the daily (15 μg/m3) and annual (5 μg/m3) World health Organisation (WHO) guidelines except PM10 daily concentration that is below. The hazard quotient for chronic exposure under the normal and worst-case situation would likely have negative effects in all exposed age group (HQ >1) for the measured predicted concentration. Moreover, the study contributes for the first time the identification and estimation of emissions from solid fuel use, their determining factor factors to promoting modern energy, linking to sustainable development goal 7 (SDG 7). The interactions of major sources of air pollutants within Phalaborwa region has been established. The outcome of the modelling scenarios from the sources will promote safe human settlement (SDG 11). The estimation of probable health risk will aid the health and wellbeing of the community residents (SDG 3). Thus, it is recommended that development of framework to reduce pollutions and provide evidence-based recommendations to lower air pollution from such as windblown dust, domestic burning, vehicular movement, and tailings is necessary. Also, more potable, and mobile devices adaptable for real time air pollution monitoring is necessary. This will complement the function of stationary air pollution monitoring instrument, particularly, in identified sensitive locations with high concentrations. Additionally, green solutions to air pollution reduction using high air pollution tolerance trees or plants and performance indices around untarred road as well as unvegetated bare soils are recommended in rural areas.NR