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Transcending Challenges of Attaining Distributive Justice in Pro-Poor Activities of Redd-Plus (REDD+): Justice in Brazil, Vietnam and Tanzania
No full textThis thesis is available at http://www.umb.no/brage-enClimate change is a phenomenon whose data has set a base for discussion, debates and research, all
influential to policy and action restructuring at all levels of natural resource use and governance.
Often issues of justice have been highlighted only in justification of conservation and global sharing
of costs and benefits of actions proposed. Little attention has been drawn to locals' perceptions of
justice or rather distributive justice.
The question of mitigation and abatement actions, currently promoted, encourage and exercise
incentive based motivational participation. Payment for environmental (ecosystem) services (PES)
is one of the topped market instruments promoted with believe to ably address participation issues
in conservation and climate change mitigation processes. This payment is also hoped to cause
poverty alleviation and satisfaction (justice and equity) within all participants and concerned
stakeholders in the climate change agenda.
Issues of low education, poor/bad relationships, and unclear property rights arrangements influence
perceptions of distributive justice and choice of distribution channels. Consequently they will
present implications for efforts towards reducing emissions from deforestation and forest
degradation plus conservation (REDD+).
The main objectives of this thesis are; to illustrate variance in perceptions of justice i.e. the
preferred payment formats and channels of distribution, relate to participants’ education, property
(tenure/land) rights and relationships with leaders, and to harness the likely implications for
REDD+. The main question asked is; what are the locals’ perception of distributive justice and how
could these influence REDD+ initiatives?
This thesis continues to examine persistent challenges of using PES schemes whilst need to attain
equity, herein expressed as distributive justice illustrated as preferred payment formats. An
elaborated background, inclusive of key concepts held in the REDD+ agenda, is made to better
understanding of the operations of REDD+ and its justification for use of PES schemes. A crosscontinental
comparative analysis of PES, experimented in REDD+ piloted in Brazil, Viet Nam and
Tanzania, is made to illustrate perceptions of distributive justice in relation to the status of the
participants’ education, relationships and property rights arrangements.
From the literature reviewed, a theoretical understanding of variance in perceptions and definitions
of justice is drawn from a Pluralists approach to distributive justice. This will then be applied as a
base for understanding and justifying the variance in the locals’ perceptions of distributive justice The findings herein emphasize that focus on these factors; education, property rights, relationship
(good leaderships and/ good governance) and test preferences, will yield viable solutions especially
towards achievement of perceived distributive justice.
Distributive justice is a challenge attracting much attention at global spheres of sharing costs and
benefits. However, the attention is here drawn towards justice in a local participant's perspective.
Therefore, this thesis' main contribution, to REDD+ architectural planning and designing of
particularly PES schemes, is to show the perceived distributive justice/equity at local-participant
level. It subsequently emphasizes that distributive justice is attainable by tackling the above
mentioned factors influential and related to one's choice of payment format and channel of
distribution, hoped to deliver distributive justice in benefit sharing schemes such as PES schemes.
The write up here is a comparative desk-top study, based on scholar publications and interactive
opinions from reviewers and the writer
Impact of climate variability on coffee production and farmers coping and adaptation strategies in highlands of Kigoma district, Tanzania
No full textMA-Thesis in Rural DevelopmentWorldwide, climate change and variability have been raising concerns about potential
changes to crop yields and production systems. The present study focuses on the effects
of climate variability on coffee production among smallholder farmers in highland zone
of Kigoma district western part of Tanzania. Specifically, this study aimed at determining
how climate variability affects coffee production and the strategies taken by farmers to
cope with the problem. Also, this study determined farmers‟ perceptions about the climate
change and variability. Rainfall data and coffee production data for the past thirty years
(1981-2010) were used to study the trend relationship between climate change and
agricultural production. Data were collected using household survey, interviews, focus
group discussion, documentary review and field observation. Sampling unit was the
household; a total of 120 respondents were selected from 5 villages. Purposive sampling
technique was employed to get the study wards and villages. Two wards were purposively
selected and five villages from both wards were selected purposively. In each selected
village, 24 households producing coffee were randomly selected from the village register
to make a total number of 120 respondents. Correlation analysis was used to examine the
relationship of rainfall variability and coffee production in the area while a simple linear
regression was used to study the effect of rainfall variability/change on coffee production.
Both rainfall and coffee production showed a decreasing trend. The correlation between
both trends was insignificant at 5% probability level. Given the weak correlation between
rainfall and coffee production and the decreasing trend for both, it can be concluded that,
coffee production was not much influenced by rainfall, but there must be other factors
like shortage of agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides which influenceNon
Trade-Offs between wildlife conservation and local livelihood: evidence from Tanzania
No full textThe document is available in print and electronic formThis article discusses sociological and anthropological factors which either support or undermine conservation endeavor in Tanzania. It is based on a study that was conducted in Saadani and Ruaha National Parks. The overall objective of the study was to understand local people's awareness of resources and conservation of wildlife and identify sociological and anthropological issues related to trade-offs between conservation and development. The findings show that, generally, local people perceive conservation positively and are therefore willing to conserve. However, this is different to local communities surrounding protected areas who seem to be not only critical but also negative with the way in which the conservation process is implemented. The reason behind this negative attitude is brought about by the unbalanced trade-offs between conservation benefits and their means of livelihood. As a result, conservation activities are perceived as being more prescriptive and restrictive than integrative and supportive. Based on the findings, this article concludes that local people understand the importance of conservation and would support it had there been a balance of the trade-offs between conservation and their livelihood, and if they could anticipate some benefits now and in the near future
Assessing the land use fire tradeoffs and implications to livelihoods in REDD+ pilot area of Kilosa district, Tanzania
No full textThe current study was conducted in Kilosa REDD+. pilot area to determine the land usefire
tradeoffs and implication to livelihoods. In this study, fire regimes, uses of fire in landuse
practices as a management tool were assessed and the opportunity cost of fire as a
land-use management tool was determined. Data were collected through the use of
household questionnaire survey, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews.
The collected data were analysed using SPSS and inferential statistics. Net Present Value
was used to determine profitability of land use practices with a discount rate of 10%.
The findings showed that fire usually OCCUlTed twice a year specifically in late August and
early November and these fires were reported as severe causing great loss of ecosystem.
On average, approximately 4ha of forest land was reported to be destroyed in each fire
incidence. Most fires were caused during farm preparations or hunting and there were no
reported cases of fire originating from pastoralists although they have been implicated in
other studies. Regular and intense fire in the area could impact some livelihood strategies
such as fanning and grazing. Economic assessment showed that some land-use practices
such as agriculture, livestock keeping, pit sawing, charcoal making and hunting can be
profitable without using fire as a management tool. On the contrary, profitability from
honey gathering increased with fire. It is recommended that communities have to be
encouraged to engage in modem land use practices that are sustainable and abandon the
conventional practices that demand an input of fire in operation. However, there is a need
of more emphasis on conservation education particularly fire suppression strategies at
community level but also communities in collaboration with the District government
should implement sustainable land management practises and lastly further economic
valuation of environmental aspects in relation to livelihood strategies is necessary.Climate Change Impact Adaptation and Mitigation Programme (CCIAM
Can integrated water resources management increase adaptive capacity to climate change adaptation? a critical review
No full textthis article is available at http://www.scirp.org/journal/jwarpIntegrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is now a global paradigm. While conceptions of IWRM principles vary between contexts, it primarily aims to ensure more coordinated management between different aspects of water issues such as water quality, land management and habitat protection. However, one increasingly significant cross-cut- ting management issue is climate change adaptation which presents multiple problems for IWRM approaches. This pa- per therefore seeks to gauge the extent to which IWRM principles can, and indeed are, enhancing the adaptive capacity of water management through reducing vulnerability and increasing the resilience of social-ecological systems. A re- view of research into vulnerability and resilience to date suggests that IWRM has significant potential for supporting some of the key determinants of adaptive capacity. However, despite IWRM being promoted as an attractive approach, our assessment argues that IWRM, as currently practiced, cannot readily enhance flexibility and adaptability, which is required for climate change adaptation. Normative recommendations for future policy are then provided.European Science Foundatio
Avoiding the Possible Impact of Climate Change on the Built Environment: The Importance of the Building’s Energy Robustness
No full textThis article is available at www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings/Following years of research and design in architecture under bio-climatic,
sustainable and passive-energy concepts, today’s buildings are often well designed and
constructed, responding to determined climate conditions and the user’s requirements for
comfort and, in some cases, they are integrated into the urban environment. However, the
lifetime of a building can be over 100 years and the climate is changing rapidly. This work
investigates the impact of climate change future (2040 and 2070) on the energy
consumption of residential buildings recently constructed, under three possible scenarios.
The scenarios are created considering a low, medium or strong effect of global warming.
Two types of buildings, with comparable consumption results of today, are investigated in
three different cities around the world with a multi-zone type 56 of Trnsys simulation tool.
At the end of the work, the concepts of energy robustness and global thermal effusivity of
buildings are discussed as important strategies to reduce the possible impact of climate
change on the built environment. The use of simulation tools to estimate the sensitivity of
buildings is also analyzed, taking into consideration the recent goals of applying
uncertainty and sensitivity analysis to building performance simulation science
Climate Change Threats to Population Health and Well-Being: the Imperative of Protective Solutions that will last
No full textThis article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.20816Background: The observational evidence of the impacts of climate conditions on human health is
accumulating. A variety of direct, indirect, and systemically mediated health effects have been identified.
Excessive daily heat exposures create direct effects, such as heat stroke (and possibly death), reduce work
productivity, and interfere with daily household activities. Extreme weather events, including storms, floods,
and droughts, create direct injury risks and follow-on outbreaks of infectious diseases, lack of nutrition, and
mental stress. Climate change will increase these direct health effects. Indirect effects include malnutrition
and under-nutrition due to failing local agriculture, spread of vector-borne diseases and other infectious
diseases, and mental health and other problems caused by forced migration from affected homes and
workplaces. Examples of systemically mediated impacts on population health include famine, conflicts, and
the consequences of large-scale adverse economic effects due to reduced human and environmental
productivity. This article highlights links between climate change and non-communicable health problems,
a major concern for global health beyond 2015.
Discussion: Detailed regional analysis of climate conditions clearly shows increasing temperatures in many
parts of the world. Climate modelling indicates that by the year 2100 the global average temperature may have
increased by 3 48C unless fundamental reductions in current global trends for greenhouse gas emissions are
achieved. Given other unforeseeable environmental, social, demographic, and geopolitical changes that may
occur in a plus-4-degree world, that scenario may comprise a largely uninhabitable world for millions of
people and great social and military tensions.
Conclusion: It is imperative that we identify actions and strategies that are effective in reducing these
increasingly likely threats to health and well-being. The fundamental preventive strategy is, of course, climate
change mitigation by significantly reducing global greenhouse gas emissions, especially long-acting carbon
dioxide (CO2), and by increasing the uptake of CO2 at the earth’s surface. This involves urgent shifts in energy
production from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, energy conservation in building design and urban
planning, and reduced waste of energy for transport, building heating/cooling, and agriculture. It would also
involve shifts in agricultural production and food systems to reduce energy and water use particularly in meat
production. There is also potential for prevention via mitigation, adaptation, or resilience building actions,
but for the large populations in tropical countries, mitigation of climate change is required to achieve health
protection solutions that will last
Supply Chain Management in View of Climate Change: An Overview of Possible Impacts and the Road Ahead
No full textThis article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.883Purpose: The paper aims to provide a general overview of the impacts of climate change upon
supply chains and to analyze the implications of climate change for supply chain management
in terms of strategic and operational planning. A roadmap of fruitful research approaches is
also presented.
Design/methodology/approach: The paper makes use of a general review of the relevant literature
and, based on a systematic categorization of the findings, looks for useful insights towards the
issues of climate change and supply chain management. A framework is drawn for
systematically assessing the impacts of climate change upon supply chains and their
management, while making suggestions for future research.
Findings: Supply chain networks run physical, operational and reputational risks attributed to
climate change. Escalation in regulations, market forces and stakeholders’ pressures are paving
the way for the decarbonization of supply chains with obvious implications for supply chain
management. Supply chain managers should pay special attention to the impacts of climate
change on supply chains and academics should further explore the interrelationships between
climate change and supply chain design and operations.
Research limitations/implications: Additional qualitative research based on grounded theory is
suggested for validating and interconnecting the findings with empirical data. Practical implications: The paper provides several insights towards the issues of supply chain
management in view of climate change and may serve as an initial basis for exploring future
research directions by academics. Practitioners, especially those drafting value-creating supply
chain agendas, may also find these insights useful for improving their managerial practices.
Originality/value: By providing an original structured overview of the impacts of climate change
upon supply chain design and operations management the paper substantiates the need for
management improvements and provides research directions that may prove valuable to
researchers
Climate change: impact of increased ultraviolet radiation and water changes on eye health
No full textThis article is available at http://www.scirp.org/journal/health/Global climate change, a significant addition to
the spectrum of environmental health threats,
is projected to have widespread adverse effects
on the earth over a multi-decadal time period.
Consequently the planet’s geological, biological
and ecological systems, including human biology
and health are expected to be altered. These
effects are set to include an increase in adverse
climate and weather events. The developing
world carries a disproportionate burden of
health implications that result from extreme climate
and weather events, largely because they
have limited capacity to respond to the cumulative
impacts resulting from climate change. The
developed world, however, is not immune to the
impacts of climate change despite being highly
industrialised and well serviced. In addition,
there are a range of documented health impacts
associated with climatic factors and a growing
number of papers theorising how long-term climate
change could impact on health. This article
examines literature on the impact of climate
change, specifically ultraviolet and water changes
on eye health. Geographic and environmental
factors that influence eye health, such as location
and the spread of blindness causing diseases
such as trachoma (bacterial infection of
the eye) and onchocerciasis (parasitic disease in
the eye) are also examined. The article aims to
provide valuable information on the impacts of
ultraviolet and water changes that are related to
climate change and to propose recommendations
that contribute to public health
Resilience of Outdoor Spaces in an Era of Climate Change: The Problem of Developing Countries
No full textThis article is available at www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainabilityThis paper recommends expanding research on the interrelations between climate change, cities, culture and the way climate change influences participants‟ thermal, emotional and perceptual well-being in public spaces as a key step in developing contextual design codes for outdoor public spaces. Proposing a general framework to address climate challenges in developing countries, the paper advocates focusing on the developing world, where outdoor spaces are extremely vulnerable and available studies are scarce