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Assessment of mangrove status and fish community in Pangani estuary
No full textAvailable in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Reducing Climate Change Challenges through Forestry and Other Land Use PracticesA study was conducted in Pangani mangrove forest aimed at assessing mangrove vegetation structure, regeneration capacity and associated fish community. A total of 753 ha of mangrove area were assessed. A 100 m² plots and sub plots of 25m² were established for assessing mangrove regeneration capacity. Fish community assessment was conducted along the estuary starting at 1000 m from river mouth towards upstream. Fishing was done adjacent to the area where transects for mangrove study were established. A monofilament gillnets and seine net with a dimension of 50 m length and 1.5 m width and a mesh size of 2.5 inches were used. Pangani mangrove forest is composed by eight species dominated by Avicenia marina in terms of relative density (29%), relative frequency (29%) and importance value (0.69). Avicenia marina, Rhizophoramucronata and Ceriopstagal had the highest regeneration capacity for juveniles class one (JCI), two (JCII) and three (JCIII) respectively both in terms of dominance and coverage. The highest DBH, height and basal area were shown by Lumnizeraracemosa (49.89±89 cm), Rhizophoramucronata (11.99±1.28) and Lumnizeraracemosa (0.25±0.11 m2) respectively. Seventeen fish species from fifteen families were recorded during this study. Predominant fish families in terms of number were Clupeidae (62%) followed by Mugilidae (13%) and Hemiramphidae (9%). The highest and least contributions in terms of weight were Clupeidae (68%) and Engraulidae (0.19%) respectively. This study indicated that predominant mangrove species have also high regeneration capacity. Furthermore, length frequency distributions of the predominant fish species confirm breeding and nursery role played by mangrove forest. It is therefore recommended that management of Pangani mangrove forest should be strengthened to enhance fisheries production.Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme funded through the Norwegian embassy in Tanzani
Assessment of land tenure and management challenges of reducing climate change impacts in the southern highlands of Tanzania
No full textAvailable in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Reducing Climate Change Challenges through Forestry and Other Land Use PracticesProducing more food for a growing population in the context of changing climate, while at the same time combating poverty and food insecurity, is among the enormous challenge facing Sub-Saharan African. Such factors affect land which forms the most important resource that forms the main part of the mode of production among farm households. The climate change risks, reduce arable land and pose environmental degradation that increases vulnerability to climate change and variability impacts. To reduce climate change impacts and growing land shortage, smallholder farmers in the southern highlands of Tanzania have been shifting to farming systems that are restoring exhausted soils and are increasing food crop yields, household food security, and incomes. However, some of these activities have implication on long-term adaptation and mitigation strategies. This paper reviews land tenure challenges of land use management and development of adaptation and mitigation strategies. The aim is to assess land tenure and management strategies for reducing climate change challenges and increasing food security and environmental resilience. To acquire accurate and detailed information, combinations of both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. The use of two approaches facilitated the triangulation and validation of information collected through various methods. The main focus was on the land tenure challenges in relation to climate variability and adaptation and mitigation measures. Quantitative data compiled and analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel software while qualitative data analyzed during and after data collection using content analysis. The results indicate land fragmentation and high land pressure in the area. This affected crop diversification and implementation of adaptation and mitigation measures, especially for that involve utilization of the large size of land. Also the small size of land resulted in the substance farming with less incentive for commercial farming. The results from Pearson Chi-Square signify the size of owned land value 65.816 with df 44 and Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) .018.And borrowed value 17. 355, with df of 14 and Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) .238. The frequency of the small size of land is higher than the large size forming leaner distribution as divergent to the normal distribution curve. It was further revealed that land acquisition through inherited, redistributed by household heads with few buying have implication on land management and changes on land uses and affects development of mitigation measures. The absence of policy incentives for good land management, high population density and land shortage places excessive pressure on land that increases challenges on management strategies. Also land ownership has an influence on land management for example rented land receive less management incentive, while the owned land can have a long term management measures. A measure that enhances land management and carbon storage both above ground and below ground and induce more effective conservation of above and below-ground biodiversity are essential.Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme funded through the Norwegian embassy in Tanzani
Integrating conservation and livelihood activities towards community adaptation to climate change challenges along Wami-Ruvu mangrove ecosystem, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
No full textProceedings of the International Conference on Reducing Climate Change Challenges through Forestry and Other Land Use Practices, 2014The health condition of mangrove ecosystems in Bagamoyo district is largely threatened by over-exploitation from various human uses and high vulnerability to climate change impacts. Poverty level within communities in the district has accelerated unsustainable resource use in quest for daily living and livelihoods. It is difficult to isolate local communities from mangrove exploitation which they depend on as major source of generating income. Fighting Against AIDS Poverty and Environment Conservation (FAAPECO), which is a non-governmental organization working in Bagamoyo district embarked on dealing with some of these challenges since 2005. FAAPECO conducted a research on exploitation of mangrove for different uses by communities in Magomeni and Makurunge villages in Bagamoyo District. The findings showed that average mangrove use in a year was firewood (28%), charcoal (30%), building (14%), timber (18%) and others (11%). Though the percentage did not reached even 50% for a specific use but a combination of percentages for the uses is that threatens the future of mangrove ecosystem. Following these results, FAAPECO developed a project that accommodated community livelihoods and conservation initiatives among its core activities. It involves a wide local community stakeholder’s awareness raising on sustainable mangrove forests conservation in association to climate change impacts. Other activities included participatory mangrove replanting in degraded areas, strengthened alternative livelihood opportunities through promoting beekeeping and strengthened natural resources governance. Capacity building was conducted at different local leadership levels. The project covered Magomeni Ward with focus on three villages: Mjimpya, Razaba and Kitame within the Wami-Ruvu rivers mangrove ecosystem. Training and awareness campaigns were conducted to 100 community members. Trainees were facilitated to form four groups for implementing a pilot alternative livelihood activity of beekeeping using 80 modern beehives. The four groups and quantity of beehives provided are Utondwe (15), Chanyuki (15) Tuwepamoja (25) and MACAG (25). Based on this work by FAAPECO it is obvious that community based initiative contribute significantly on natural resources conservation income to associated local communitiesClimate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme funded through the Norwegian embassy in Tanzani
Tanzania CMIP5 climate change projections
No full textAvailable in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Reducing Climate Change Challenges through Forestry and Other Land Use Practices. Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme.This paper presents updated climate change projections for Tanzania based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) using Mid-Century Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. A total of twenty global circulation models (GCMs) were downscaled based on the eleven Tanzania climatological zones using thirteen synoptic weather stations. For each climatological zone, the skill score test of the 20 GCMs was done against the observed rainfall and the threshold of 80% except for one zone, which used threshold of 75%, to select GCMs for projecting future rainfall and temperature. It was found that in all the climatological zones the number of GCMs which performed above the threshold ranged between five and twelve. Rainfall and temperature of skilled GCMs were then down-scaled by Delta method and then evaluated for uncertainty. The skill score test showed that climatological zones in the western part of Tanzania had higher skills and higher agreement compared to zones located in the eastern side. Stations in the bimodal rainfall zones such as Musoma and Same showed high level of uncertainty in the projected future rainfall and temperature. Temperature uncertainty was ± 0.4oC for Same, Musoma and Dodoma stations followed by Songea and Mbeya at ± 0.3oC. On average, temperature was projected to increase by about 0.9oC and also rainfall to increase but mainly in the month of April in the central and southern zones.Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme funded through the Norwegian embassy in Tanzani
Drought pattern along the coastal forest zone of Tanzania
No full textAvailable at http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2014.43037This study focused on identifying drought patterns particularly during the growing seasons along the coastal zone of Tanzania in order to facilitate the determination of drought impacts on forest Ecosystem. The growing seasons were March, April and May (MAM) referred as long growing season and October, November and December (OND) which is known as short growing season. The main data were precipitation from 16 weather stations covering the coastal zones of Tanzania. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used to establish meteorological drought patterns. The duration of records was between 34 and 59 years depending on the available data on the concerned stations. The SPI time series of 3 and 12 months showed that the coastal region of Tanzania experienced frequent drought conditions ranging from mild, moderate, severe and extreme drought during both short and long growing seasons. It was found that the coastal zone of Tanzania experienced higher drought duration, severity and intensity with frequent extreme events after 2000 than before. Despite that Kisarawe area revealed low frequency of drought events (88%) than other study areas. Higher drought duration (40 months) and severity (sum of SPI-36) were observed for precipitation data from Julius Nyerere International Airport areas displayed higher drought intensity (SPI value of 1.9). Generally, Tanzania coastal zone was never completely without drought or anomalously wet conditions at any time scale during the period of record. The coastal zone was nearly entirely in drought periods especially the last decade after 2000. This suggests that the vegetation in the coastal zone might have experienced the impacts of these droughts within the period. The magnitude of the impacts will be understood by tracking changes of biomass and forest cover along the coastal zone within the last decade from 2000 to 2011 in addition to the 1990/92 which experienced drought dominance for Pemba
Policy brief climate change and livestock production in Tanzania
No full textPrintTanzania ranks third in terms of number of livestock in Africa, and the sector has a good contribution to the national economy. It is estimated to have about 19.2 million cattle, 13.7 million goats, 3.6 million sheep, 1.9 million pigs and 36 million local chickens and 23 million improved chickens (URT, 2010). The livestock industry contributed 4.6 % of the National Gross Domestic product in 2012. Given the large number of livestock and the abundant land and forage resources the country is endowed with, the contribution of the livestock sector to the growth of the national economy, food security and poverty reduction can be substantial.
Climate Change is change in the state of the climate that can be identified (i.e. by statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period typically decades or longer
Approximately 95% of ruminant livestock in Tanzania are kept under traditional production systems depending mostly on pastures and crop residues as the main feed sources. Therefore, at the household level, livestock keeping is an important and integral part of agriculture based livelihoods for a significant proportion of the Tanzania population.
Tanzania, like other countries of which many economic sectors are climate dependent, has been impacted significantly by climate change. In this regard, efforts must be done to address adapt to the impacts associated by climate change in pastoral and agro-pastoral landsUnited Nation Development Programm
Change on maize and beans production and compatibility of adaptation strategies in Pangani River Basin, Tanzania
No full textClimate change present new development challenges particularly in Sub-Saharan countries where the majority of the population depend on climate-sensitive activities such as rain-fed agriculture. Africa's vulnerability to climate change impacts is underscored by the severe droughts experienced recently in the Sahel in 2012 and the Horn of Africa in 2011. All these
bring into focus the serious impacts of climate change and compatibility of adaptation as a way of providing sustainable solutions to reduce the vulnerability of the majority of poor Africans.
This study employed Ricardian approach to assess the impacts of temperature and rainfall variability on the net revenue from two main food crops (maize and beans) from Pangani River Basin produced primarily under rain fed agriculture. The study also employed the gross margin to assess the compatibility of irrigation adaptation strategy. The results indicate that increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall has decreased the net revenue from maize and beans production and raised rent for irrigated farms particularly in the middle and low altitudes of the
basin. Increase in temperature has increased the net revenue from maize and beans production in the upper altitudes of basin. The results clearly demonstrate that climate change have affected the
livelihood of the majority of the poor small scale farmers found in the middle and lower altitudes and improved that of farmers living in the upper. They also demonstrate that irrigation is a significant technique for adaptation to climate change in the basin
Integrated monitoring and assessment framework of regional ecosystem under the global climate change background
No full textThis article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/896453Global changes are driving ecosystem alterations, and the effects are becoming more and more obvious. Ecosystem management
clarifies the fundamental supporting functions of ecosystems for human survival and sustainable development. Integrated
ecosystem monitoring and assessment has become a popular topic of ecology study. However, many scientific questions need to
be addressed, including what assessment contents and methods are optimal for temporal and spatial measurements. Therefore, the
development of a scientific evaluation framework that includes certain core contents and indicators is very important.This paper
proposes a regional integrated ecosystem assessment framework involving comprehensive monitoring. Satellite images are the main
data source for different ecosystem and ecological parameters, and these need to be supplemented with the help of surveys or field
observation data. A healthy ecosystem is the basis of human survival and sustainable development, and ecological service should
be taken as the core of integrated ecosystem assessment. This is decided by the spatial distribution, classification, and patterns
of regional ecosystems. That is to say, ecological service, together with ecosystems distribution and pattern, ecological problem
indicators, and ecological stress, needs to be integrated analyzed and evaluated
Vegetation response to climate change and human impacts in the Usambara Mountains
No full textThis article is also available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/240510East and West Usambara Mountain blocks are unique based on three characteristics. Firstly, they are connected blocks; secondly,
they have an oceanic-influenced climate; and thirdly, the rain seasons are not easily discernible due to their close proximity to
the Indian Ocean and Equator. Sediment cores were collected from peat bogs in Derema (DRM) and Mbomole (MBML) in East
Usambara and from Madumu (DUMU) in West Usambara. The multiproxy record provides an understanding on climate and
vegetation changes during the last 5000 years.DRMandMBMLcores result in radiocarbon ages and age-depth curvewhich showed
hiatus at 20 cm and 61 cm and huge inversion for DUMU core at 57 cm. Period 5000–4000 14C yr BP for DUMU core revealed
increased Montane forest indicative of relatively moist conditions. Periods 3000–2000 and 2000–1000 14C yr BP, DUMU core
demonstrated increased submontane and lowland forests. Period 1000–200 14C yr BP,DUMUcore signified increased coprophilous
fungi while DRM and MBML cores signified fluctuating herbaceous pollen spectra (wet-dry episodes). Period 200 14C yr BP to
present, all cores demonstrated stable recovery of forest types especially dominance of submontane forests. Abundant coprophilous
fungi indicated increased human impacts including forest fires, cultivation, and grazing.-The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) Small Grant Programme for Building Research Capacity among Tanzanian and Kenyan students
-The Marie-Curie Excellence programme of the European 6th Framework under Contract MEXT-CT-2004-517098
-The York Institute for Ecosystem Dynamics (KITE), Environment department,University of York, United Kingdo
Adaptation strategies to climate change and variability of small scale rice producers in Maswa district, Tanzania
No full textMSc.ThesisClimate change (CC) is a worldwide problem affecting agricultural sector. The pattern
and amount of rainfall affect agricultural production. Rice farming is vulnerable to the
risks and impacts of CC, resulting in losses and decreased crop yield. The purpose of this
study was to assess adaptation strategies to climate change and variability as experienced
by small-scale rice producers in Maswa District. The study examined farmers' perception
to CC, CC trends, the effects of CC on rice yields, identify and document short and long
term adaptation strategies undertaken by communities. Purposive sampling of 120
respondents was used. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires;
secondary data were collected from TMA and DALDO's offices. Data were analysed
using Mann Kendall Test and MS excel computer programme. Link between climate
variables and rice yield was determined through linear regression model. Short and long
term adaptation strategies were identified using descriptive analysis using SPSS. Results
indicated that rainfall trend was decreasing over 30 years particularly April and May had
decreased by -2.438 and -1.593 respectively which was significant at Iz I ~ 2.
Temperature increased over the period, specifically in February, April and May with
significant increase at Iz I 2: 2. There was significant relationship between rice
production and rainfall which increased by 1.19 tons ha-1 for every increase in one unit of
rainfall at p < 0.05. Identified adaptive strategies were: use of early maturity varieties,
diversification of crops, growing drought tolerant varieties, adopting irrigation
technologies i.e. long and shallow wells or canals and changing sowing dates. This study
recommends appropriate interventions by farmers leading to sustainable use of adaptation
technologies for sustainable production. Efforts and resources should be directed towards
supporting research for developing more rice varieties which are drought tolerant, water
efficient user and developing technologies to reduce Greenhouse gas emissions.Eastern African Agricultural Productivity Programme (EAAPP)