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Scope for introducing payment for environmental as a strategy to mitigate deforestation in Kilombero catchment forest Tanzania
No full textPayment for Environmental or Ecosystem Services (PES) is among the tools for managing degraded ecosystems
and their associated ecological and economic services. Wetlands are an important type of ecosystem, which are
highly degradable and accordingly PES become relevant for the sustainable management of wetlands. In
Tanzania deforestation in catchment forests has affected many wetlands so much that they cannot adequately
contribute to quantity and quality supply of water throughout the year. This study uses consumption surveys
and choice modelling to examine the values attached by communities in and around Kilombero Valley to the
conservation of catchment trees as compared to the market price value of wood used for timber products in
the wetlands. Results show that although conservation preference is generally positive among both rural
and urban communities for the trees, the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for the rural dwellers is in proportion to
approximately less than 1% of what they receive from the market. Again, the WTP for the rural communities is three times lower than that of the urban communities. These findings are important to policy makers and conservationists in making informed economic decisions on how PES schemes can be used to enhance sustainable management of wetlandsN
REDD+ piloting processes: the community's perception and attitude in the Zanzibar islands
No full textMasters DissertationIntroduction of REDD+ initiative in Tanzania underwent a series of preparation activities
including, selection of implementing NGOs, and finally the launching and
implementation National REDD+ pilot projects. The pilot projects have now lasted for
four years. This study was therefore carried out to assess the community perception and
determined social sustainability of REDD+ initiatives in Zanzibar Islands. Specifically the
study sought to determine the levels of community awareness, participation and attitudes
towards this initiative. The study was conducted in Zanzibar islands in the villages of
Kumbaurembe, Muyuni C, Mtende, Chuchumile and Hanyegwamchana. 90 respondents
were selected randomly from households. Data collection was through questionnaires, in
depth interviews and focus group discussions. SPSS, likert and indexes were used to
determine the levels of participation, awareness and attitude. Content analysis was also
used to analyse qualitative information from focus group discussions and in depth
interviews. Findings revealed a high level of community awareness by 63.3%, a
moderately high level of participation by 47.8% and a favourable attitude towards
REDD+ by 77% despite low levels of education that stood at 34% for those who
completed secondary school education, over dependence of forest resources and small
size of land holdings that would stand in the way of the communities' perception and
social sustainability towards the initiative. The study concluded that communities in
Zanzibar island have positive attitude and perceptions towards REDD+ initiatives.
Therefore, the likelihood that the community will continue involving in the initiative is
gurantteed ensuring social sustainability of REDD+ initiative in the target communities.
However, in a bid to sustain the communities' continued involvement, there should be
continued capacitation of beneficiary communities concerning REDD+ initiative progress
and objectives for them (beneficiary communities) to be in control of their own
development
The role of forest and wildlife conservation policies on implementation of REDD+ initiatives in Tanzania
No full textProceedings of the International Conference on Reducing Climate Change Challenges through Forestry and Other Land Use Practices, 2014Climate change is the greatest global challenge of our time. It is posing challenges to sustainable livelihoods and economic development, particularly in developing countries like Tanzania. One of the mitigation measures to address climate change impacts is to implement Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) policy. The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT) is currently voluntarily implementing REDD+. REDD+ implementation in the country is supported by a number of policies including conservation policies namely the National Forest Policy of 1998 and Wildlife Policy of Tanzania of 2007. These policies support implementation of REDD+ though a number of initiatives. This paper shows that the while National Forest Policy supports REDD+ through Participatory Forest Management (PFM) and trust funds, the Wildlife Policy of Tanzania supports REDD+ through Wildlife Management Areas (WMAsClimate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme funded through the Norwegian embassy in Tanzani
Large terrestrial mammals as indicator species for climate change effects in Tanzania: implications for policy
No full textProceedings of the International Conference on Reducing Climate Change Challenges through Forestry and Other Land Use Practices, 2014Climate change is adversely affecting wildlife species. Species are affected differently due to the different ways they respond to climate change stresses. Terrestrial large mammals have not often been considered as potential indicators of climate change impacts. This research identified potential terrestrial large mammals as a possible indicator species for climate change effects, and analysed their implications for climate change adaptation policy in Tanzania. Desktop analysis and survey questionnaires were used to gather information and showed that some terrestrial large mammals could be used as indicator species for climate change effects in Tanzania. Both the desktop analysis and survey questionnaire revealed highly water dependent species (hippopotamus and waterbuck) and migratory species (wildebeest) as potential indicator species for climate change effects in Tanzania. Both academic and field ecologists regarded the African elephant highly as potential indicator species for climate change in Tanzania. This suggests that climate change adaptation policy in Tanzania should prioritize the use of hippopotamus, waterbuck, African elephant, and wildebeest as indicator species for climate change effects. Other species which could also be considered as a potential indicator for climate change are rhinoceros, wild dogs, buffalo, lion, leopard and cheetahClimate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme funded through the Norwegian embassy in Tanzani
Soil organic carbon stocks in the dominant soils of the Miombo woodland ecosystem of Kitonga Forest Reserve, Iringa, Tanzania
No full textThis article is available at http://www.journalissues.orgFew studies have determined the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in the Miombo woodlands ecosystem in Tanzania. Standard field and laboratory procedures were used to evaluate SOC storage in the Miombo woodlands ecosystem of Kitonga Forest Reserve Iringa, Tanzania. A study area of 52 km 2 was selected and ten soil profiles were studied. Representative sampling points were geo-referenced and soil samples collected from natural horizons to the depth of 60 cm. Results show that the total soil organic carbon stocks in soil profiles varied from 19.4 to 28.9 Mg C ha-1 in leptosols; from 45.6 to 80.1 Mg C ha-1 in fluvisols; and from 33.9 to 134.6 Mg C ha-1 in cambisols. The SOC increased significantly (p< 0.05) with increasing elevation, horizon thickness and % clay, but it decreased significantly (p< 0.05) with increasing slope gradient and increasing % sand. The areal distribution of the soil types was 61%, for cambisols, 19% for leptosols, 11% for fluvisols and 9% for natural forest which was not surveyed because of inaccessibility. Proper management of Miombo woodlands would increase the SOC storage and contribute to climate change regulation.The Climate Change Impacts Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) programme under NORAD suppor
Potential and limitations of dryland communities in adapting to climate change in Mwanga district
No full textResearch ReportIn order to document the potential and limitations in adapting dryland communities to climate
change in Mwanga district a study was carried out in late March 2012. Because the project
focused on crops production and livestock production and natural resources management
(beekeeping in particular), potential and constraints of these three sectors were identified. The
data were collected from households situated in four proposed project villages of Kiruru
Ibwejewa, Kirya, Kwakoa and Kileo and a structured questionnaire was used in this regard.
The questionnaire was administered to 64 respondents, 16 for each study village. Along with
the survey, other methods used were observation transect walks, key-informant interview and
literature review. The main identified constraints in crops production were unreliable rainfall,
high costs of inputs, unavailability of the improved seeds and prevalence of pests and diseases.
Marketing constraints for crops included low price, lack of buyer within the village, and
market inaccessibility. Regarding livestock production, the main constraints were bush
encroachment, poor vegetative cover and shortage of water. On the other side, beekeeping had
large but unexploited potential because of lack of improved beekeeping and honey processing
knowledge, and ineffective organization. Also, theft of honey and beehives was among the
reported constraints. It is recommended that the understanding of contextual realities is
important before implementing any climate change adaptation interventions because such
understanding will provide a pointer on the appropriate and feasible interventions based on the
field realities. From such understanding it will be possible to plan appropriate use of scarce
financial, social and human resources in a profitable way.Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme in Tanzani
Perceptions, vulnerability and coping strategies to climate change impacts by mangroves dependent communities in Bagamoyo and Unguja
No full textThe study was conducted in Bagamoyo and Unguja to assess the perceptions,
vulnerability and coping strategies to climate change impacts by mangroves
dependent communities. The specific objectives of the study were to examine and
compare the perceptions of the locals to climate change, to compare meteorological
data with community perceptions, to analyse the vulnerability of the mangroves
dependent communities to climate change and to examine the coping strategies of
mangroves dependent communities to climate change impacts. Six study villages
from the two sites were purposively sampled while systematic random procedure
was used to select 207 households for questionnaire interview. Results showed 67%
of respondents strongly agreed rainfall has declined while 51% strongly agreed air
temperature has increased over the last two decades. Analysis of 30 years climate
data showed rainfall has declined and temperature has increased by 1.23°C and
0.9°C in Bagamoyo and Unguja respectively. The results indicated local
communities' perceptions to concur with climatic data analysis. Results indicated
89% of households were vulnerable to the changing climate and variability, the
highest level being in Bagamoyo and most experienced hazard was drought. More
than 30% of respondents explained to do nothing to cope with climate change
hazards. Few respondents explained to change the crops, opt for non-farming jobs,
planting trees, buying water, shift the location of settlement and use mosquito nets to
cope and adapt with climate change hazards. The study recommends documentation
of the current coping and adaptation strategies practiced by the locals against climate
change hazards. Also to combine the local coping methods with new innovations to
enhance adaptations to climate change hazards in the study sites.World Wide Fund for Nature through Prince Bernhard
Scholarship for Nature Conservatio
Evidence of climate change impacts on human settlements, health, enertgy and land sector and benefits of investing in adaptation strategies in Tanzania
No full textPrintRising fossil fuel burning and land use change have emitted and continue to emit increasing quantities of greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere. These greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide and emission of these gases has caused a rise in the amount of heat from the sun withheld in the Earth's atmosphere, heat that would normally be radiated back into space. This increase in heat has led to greenhouse effect resulting in climate change. Climate change is a change in the state of climate that can be identified (i.e.by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and or the variability of its properties and that persist for an extended period, typically decades or longer. It may be due to natural internal processes or external forcing, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use (IPCC, 200I).
Climate change has wide-ranging effects on the environment, and socio¬economic and related sectors including water resources, agriculture and food security, human settlement, human health, terrestrial ecosystems, biodiversity, energy, land and coastal zones. In Tanzania, Climate change is manifested in various ways which includes changes in physical conditions, weather patterns, ecosystems and ecosystem functioning.
Sea level rise due to climate change is a serious global threat, with rises of I-3m in this century being anticipated (Dasgupta et aI., 2007). Sea level rise is likely to have considerable impact on human settlements through inundation of coastal areas as well as coastal erosion. In some areas such as Dar es Salaam the problem of coastal erosion is already widespread. In Pangani Town, the sea wall that protects the town from ocean currents is gradually being overwhelmed thus threatening the coastal settlements.
Climate change has a number of immediate and long-term impacts on the fundamental determinants of human health. A number of potential human health effects have been associated either directly or indirectly with global climate change Vulnerability to the risks associated with Climate change may exacerbate ongoing socio-economic challenges. Climate change-related impacts on the ecosystems are likely to affect population by creating favorable conditions for disease vectors or disease pathogens as well as placing the communities at high risk of malnutrition, diarrhea diseases and other environmental health effects attributable to climate change (Ebi et 01., 2007). There is important evidence to show that climate change affect the occurrence and distribution of human diseases and malnutrition. Changes in the frequency and spread of infectious diseases are some of the most widely documented potential effects of climate change, and could have significant consequences for human health as well as economic and societal impacts (Chan et 01., 1999).
The majority of Tanzania's power generation approximately 55% comes from hydropower. Previously, Tanzania's reliance on hydropower was much higher, whereby in 2002, 97% of the country's grid-based electricity came from hydropower but recurrent droughts leading to power rationing have caused huge losses to the economy: 1.1 % slower growth in 2007; a 0.9% drop in 1997; and a decline of 3.8% in industrial growth in 1994 (Stacey, 20 I I).
Climate change is anticipated to have far reaching effects on the sustainable development of the developing countries including the ability to attain the United Nations Millennium Development Goals by 2015 (UN,2007).Tanzania, like many other developing countries is vulnerable to climate change impacts because poverty and low adaptive capacity associated with high dependence on climate sensitive livelihood activities. Development and implementation of countries adaptation measures focusing on key sectors has to be treated not only as a matter of high priority but also of urgency. Adaptation will be necessary to address impacts resulting from warming which are already unavoidable due past emissions (IPCC, 2007). This report provide an assessment based on the existing information on the specific evidence of climate change impacts; social, economic and environmental costs of climate change for four economic sectors (Human settlement, Energy, Human health and Land), in Tanzania and associated benefits in implementing adaptation strategies.United Nation Development Programm
Effects of the world’s oceans on global climate change
No full textThis article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2013.23018The role of the World Ocean in Global Climate Change is considered from two points of view: 1) heat energy accumu- lation and distribution in the ocean and its discharge into the atmosphere as purely physical processes; 2) participation of living matter in the ocean in these processes. The oceanic organic matter, especially plankton and different organic compounds, absorbs solar energy and changes water transparency, controlling thickness of layers and amount of the energy accumulated. Having ability to react not only to fluctuations of solar heat energy supply, but also to extra weak fluctuations of electromagnetic and magnetic fields of terrestrial and extraterrestrial origin, phytoplankton and other organic matter should be considered as active forcing of global climate and ocean ecosystem fluctuations observed on different scales. Several mechanisms of solar activity effects on global climate-ocean ecosystem interactions are dis- cussed
Assessing the potential impacts of four climate change scenarios on the discharge of the Simiyu River, Tanzania using the SWAT Model
No full textThe Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to explore the potential impact of four Climate change scenarios on discharge from the Simiyu River in Tanzania, located in the Lake Victoria watershed in Africa. The SWAT model used in this study was calibrated and verified by comparing model output with historic stream flow data for 1973 1976 as well as 1970 1971. SWAT was operated at daily and monthly time steps during both calibration and verification. For the daily time step verification, the model had a Nash Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (NSE) of 0.52andacorrelation coefficient (R2) of 0.72. For the monthly time step verification, the recorded NSE andR2 values were 0.66 and 0.70. In developing climate change scenarios within the general patterns defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, predicted increases in CO2 concentrations were implemented within the constraints of the model’s parameterisation by raising, in a seasonally specific manner, the values of two proxy parameters daily baseline temperature and precipitation. Under all scenarios, Simiyu River discharge increased (24 45%), showing the highest increase in the rainy season (March to May), with the greatest increase occurring during the rainy season (March to May). Discharge was influenced to a much greater degree by increases in precipitation rather than by temperature. The Increase in river flow predicted by the model suggests that the potential increase in heavy flood damage during the rainy season will increase, which could, in turn, have significant adverse effects on infrastructure, human health, and the environment in the watershed. The SWAT predictions provide an important insight into the magnitude of stream flow changes that might occur in the Simiyu River in Tanzania as a result of Future climatic change.The advice of Prof. Willy Bauwens of Vrije University is
appreciated. The financial assistance of the Flemish
Interuniversity Council, the IUPWARE program, the
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and an NSERC Discovery
Grant held by Jan Adamowski are acknowledge