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Rationalizing early childhood education and care in the local context : a case study of Finnish municipalities
No full textFor all, for free! Why do parents have to pay for early childhood education but not for primary education?
No full textDecentralisation in the context of competitiveness discourse : The Finnish labour market relations system since 2008
No full textWelfare state entry and exit over the life course : Employment and the sustainability of the welfare state in different worlds of welfare
No full textThe rise of lean organisations in Nordic countries : How recent changes in public sector management are shaping working life
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Fraktaalien dimensiot
No full textJoukkoja, jotka koostuvat äärettömän monesta ja äärettömän pienistä itseään toistavista rakenneosista, kutsutaan fraktaaleiksi. Termin määrittely on melko haastavaa, joten tämän tutkielman määritelmä perustuu fraktaalin kahteen perusominaisuuteen: itsesimilaarisuuteen sekä fraktaaleille ominaiseen Hausdorffin dimensioon.
Tutkielmassa perehdytään ensin mittateorian käsitteisiin, joita ovat joukon suuruus, pituus, peite sekä Hausdorffin mitta. Tästä edelleen siirrytään tarkastelemaan Hausdorffin dimensiota ja itsesimilaarisuutta. Itsesimilaarisuuteen sisältyvät käsitteinä kutistuma, similariteetti, kutistussuhde sekä invarianttius. Huomataan, että fraktaali on joukko, joka on invartiantti similariteeteille ja täten siis itsesimilaarinen joukko.
Tutkielman lopussa tarkastellaan syvemmin neljää eri fraktaalia, Kochin lumihiutaletta, Sierpinskin kolmiota, Mengerin pesusientä sekä Cantorin joukkoa. Näillä neljällä fraktaalilla tarkastellaan esimerkin omaisesti fraktaalien rakennetta sekä niiden Hausdorffin dimensioiden määrittämistä.
Tutkielmaan ja sen sisältöön liittyy lukiolaisille suunnattu interaktiivinen opiskelumateriaali joukko-opista sekä fraktaaleista. Materiaali on löydettävissä tutkielman liitteistä sekä osoitteesta
https://tim.jyu.fi/view/tau/toisen-asteen-materiaalit/matematiikka/kertaus/joukko-oppia-ja-fraktaaleja
Growth and Development : Correlation with Welfare Policies
No full textThe purpose of this thesis is to go to demonstrate how nowadays, the countries that manage to achieve solid, lasting and sustainable long-term economic growth are the same ones that commit themselves to supporting welfare policies by investing in their citizens through policies that aim to increase their human capital and social inclusion. The starting point will be the existing literature, to then demonstrate the different theses and conclusions through the help of empirical evidence and concrete examples.
To do this, concepts of economic growth and economic development will be examined and explained clearly and rigorously. In a given historical period, the phenomenon of economic growth will be contextualized and all the factors that contribute to its evolution will be analyzed. For this analysis we will start from the "classic" theories of economists Smith, Malthus, Ricardo, Schumpeter. Once the point of view of the classical economists regarding the phenomenon has been broadly explained, Solow's "neoclassical" model will be examined, which, following two changes compared to the original version, is still in existence. today one of the clearest and most comprehensive growth models.
Subsequently, the topic "economic development" will be introduced, highlighting the differences compared to the concept of "economic growth". Often the two words were used as interchangeable synonyms, but the concept of development is much more complex than that of growth. In fact, if growth is estimated and analyzed through economic factors, in order to evaluate the degree of development of a country, it is necessary to also analyze social factors.
Through literature and empirical evidence they will be defined by factors that determine the degree of development of a country. Going to explain and define these factors that are used as development indices, it is shown how the key value that most represents the degree of economic growth of a country, or GDP per capita, is only an indicator of well-being in material terms , but does not appear to be completely exhaustive regarding the socio-economic situation of a country. Factors such as social inclusion, education, health and income inequalities will be examined and in particular the different economic policies adopted by States will be examined. In this regard, the different welfare systems will be compared between countries in Northern Europe (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark) and lost countries in Mediterranean Europe (Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece). From this analysis, a substantial difference will emerge in terms of the priority of public expenditure interventions, which will fall on the economic growth factor
Improving acceptability towards ambitious carbon pricing policies : Problems and possible solutions
No full textIn this thesis, we investigate why carbon pricing is not being optimally implemented, despite a rare consensus from economists stating that carbon pricing is the most efficient tool to fight climate change. We focus on the question of the acceptability for carbon pricing. Even though this topic has for a long time been left aside of carbon pricing discussions, a growing number of researchers are now starting to focus on this aspect. Indeed, many scientists have come to the conclusion that the implementation of ambitious policies highly depends on public acceptability. This also strongly applies to the field of environmental policies. After a detailed review of literature, we have found two important issues in carbon pricing policies, which may explain the low levels of acceptability.
The first issue is its distributional consequences. Empirically, we have showed that there is yet no clear answer to whether a carbon tax is regressive or not. Still, many evidences seem to point to at least some level of regressivity. In order to increase people’s acceptability, we have found that redistributing revenues through green investments is the best option. This is a quite surprising and interesting result, because our intuition would have suggested redistributing revenues in a progressive manner (for instance lump-sum transfers).
The second issue is people’s fear for competitiveness disadvantages, which could theoretically translate into carbon leakage. For this question, we can give a more precise answer: no empirical study has so far been able to show any significant evidence of carbon leakage. This clearly shows that opponents of carbon pricing have overplayed this issue. Even if carbon leakage was to become an issue in the future (possibly as carbon prices increase), some useful solutions have already been proposed, in particular Border Carbon Adjustments (BCA)