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Raising of quality saplings of arid horticultural crops: a review
Get PDFPlanting material includes the parts of plants used for reproduction sexual or asexual ways may be seed, bulbs, sucker, offshoot, tuber, slip, corm or other plant parts. Mass level production of saplings requires standard propagation techniques depending upon the kind of crops, conditions (lab or open), climatic region (humid or arid) etc. Arid region where the paucity of water and in open nursery condition a short span is available for propagation activities and growth of the saplings while, in modern nursery unit equipped with advance structures (net house, shed net at varying intensity, mist chamber, lath house, propagation case, humidity chamber, fluorescent box, hardening chamber, mini greenhouse etc.) such activities may be performed round the year and multiplication of plant is possible. So both the ways utilize nursery unit as multiplication of saplings in mass scale as well as conservation of exotic or extra care requiring saplings may be seedlings, rootstocks, cuttage, layers, grafts, micropropagated plantlets till the transplanting at field. Standards have been set for seed (appearance, purity per cent, inert material status, weed seed count, germination status, vigour etc.), seedlings (uniformity, vigourness, growth, survivality, susceptibility to disease and pests, moisture content, size, age weight etc.) and varietal (purity, genuineness, free from stresses, health, authenticity etc.) quality. Production of saplings in arid region requires more attention to take up timely action so that farmers may get quality planting materials at the proper time and at the same time, the producer may gain the desired returns
Agricultural variation in cropping and irrigation intensity in western part of Rajasthan
Get PDFClimate change adversely affects human health due to fluctuations in temperature, rainfall pattern and natural hazards etc. The impact of climate change is also on agriculture where food security is greatly affected by climate change. The present paper deals with change in cropping and irrigation intensity in western part of Rajasthan due to climate change. The study includes comparison of cropping intensity and irrigation intensity of 12 districts of Rajasthan and found that Jhunjhunu have the highest cropping intensity from 2006 to 2016 which means a higher portion of the net area is being cropped more than once during one agricultural year. While, Barmer recorded the lowest cropping intensity for both years 2006 and 2016. Sikar did not show change in cropping intensity in this duration while churu had a decline in cropping intensity from 2006 to 2016. Further, Sri Ganganagar district have an increase in cropping intensity in 2015-2016 as compared to 2006-2007. Jaisalmer and Hanumangarh recorded the highest irrigation intensity which increased from 2006 to 2016 and the lowest irrigation intensity was recorded in Pali and Jhunjhunu. Pali and Jalore district had not shown change in irrigation intensity form 2006 to 2016. While Barmer, Jhunjhunu and Sikar districts showed a decrease in irrigation intensity from 2006 to 2016. Henceforth, the study shows the scenario of cropping and irrigation intensity as well as variation due to climate change in western part of Rajasthan
Morphometric analysis on different species of honeybees in NEH region of India
Get PDFMorphometric studies were carried out on different species of honeybees in North-East hill region of India and it was found that the longest mean tongue length was found in A. dorsata with a mean length of 4.19±0.07 mm followed by A. mellifera (3.87±0.12 mm) and shortest tongue length was found in A. florea with a mean length of 2.14±0.05mm. The length and breadth of forewing was longest in A. dorsata with a mean length of (12.5±0.00 mm) and (4.32 ±0.12 mm), respectively followed by A. mellifera (8.89±0.14 mm) and (3.15 ±0.06 mm) and the shortest length and breadth of forewing was found in A. florea with a mean length of (6.94±0.28 mm) and (2.40±0.06mm), respectively. The longest cubital index was found in A. dorsata with a mean length of (2.88±0.08 mm) followed by A. mellifera (2.80 ±0.05mm) and the shortest cubital index were found in A. florea (2.87±0.09mm). The number of wing hooks was highest in A. dorsata with a mean number of (27±0.06) followed by A. mellifera (20±1.25) and the minimum number of wing hooks was found in A. florea (11±1.06). The width of 3rd and 4th tergite was found maximum in A. dorsata with a (2.72±0.10mm) and (2.79±0.06mm) and minimum width was found in A. florea with mean width of (1.49±0.10mm) and (1.40±0.06mm), respectively. Morphomatrics of all eighteen morphological characters of different honey bee species was in the order: Apis dorsata (Manipur)˃Apis mellifera (Assam)˃ Apis cerana himalaya (Assam)˃ Apis cerana himalaya (Manipur)˃ Apis florae (Manipur)
Effect of growth retardants on intermittent irrigation during water deficit stress period in Mrig (Monsoon flowering) crop of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)
Get PDFA field investigation was carried out at the experimental orchard of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) at CCRI, Nagpur in block no. 44 during 2015. Breaking the seasonality of Nagpur mandarin for commercial production would not only substitute the import of fresh fruits, but also provide the incentive prices to the Nagpur mandarin growers. Withholding water, root exposure and root pruning are the common practices adopted to regulate flowering. In the recent years, chlormequat chloride and paclobutrazol, growth retardants have been used with considerable success to induce early flowering for off-season production in several fruit crops. Citrus trees are exposed to water deficit stress by withholding water for about 30-45 days before expected flowering. Many times this stress is untimely broken due to climate change related untimely rains resulting in to sparse or no flowering due loss of flowering stimulus due to untimely rains. Therefore, to assess the effectiveness of two plant growth regulators chlormequat chloride and paclobutrazol these studies were conducted. Flood irrigation was given during the stress period in second week of May and following treatments were applied to reimpose the stress broken by intermittent irrigation. Six years old trees of Nagpur mandarin were used as experimental plants. The trees were uniform in age and size and trained to single stem. The trees were grown under drip irrigation following common cultural practices during the study period. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments replicated four times. Four trees were used for each replication. The treatments were imposed four months before flowering (June). The treatments tried were chlormequat chloride 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm as foliar spray, paclobutrazol 6 g, 9 g and 12 g as soil application along with control. Observations on soil moisture content (%) at weekly interval, leaf water potential (ΨL) at weekly interval, orchard microclimate: temperature, humidity and rainfall, were recorded. Paclobutrazol 12g showed the peak water stress in terms of leaf water potential (ΨL) which ranged from (-3.00 MPa to -3.17 MPa) till mid June and there was no flowering in June-July due to the high temperature (41.28°C), low rainfall (6 mm) and low humidity (40.71 %) during this period. The conditioning of microclimate in the orchard with sprinklers and irrigation can help in exploiting the flowering potential attained through growth retardant treatments
Effect of bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of spinach (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. All Green
Get PDFSpinach beet is one of the most common leafy vegetables of tropical and sub-tropical regions. The popular palak growing states include Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra and Gujarat. However, Palak is not very popular in South India. It is primarily used as potherb. It is a rich Source of vitamin A and C and also contains appreciable amount of protein, calcium and iron. The leaves contain low oxalic acid. Variety All Green was developed at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, it produces green tender leaves and gives about 6-7 cuttings at 15-20 days interval with yields about 12 tonnes/ha. Bio-fertilizers are less expressive, ecofriendly and sustainable likely to assume greater significance complement or supplement to inorganic fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted to see the effect of biofertilizers on growth and yield of spinach. Under study treatments imposed were Control – RDF (T0), Azotobacter @ 10kg/ha (T1), PSB @10 kg/ha (T2), Azotobacter + PSB each @10 kg/ha (T3), Azotobacter + PSB as seed treatment (T4), Azotobacter @ 2 lit/ha (T5), PSB @2 lit/ha (T6), Azotobacter+ PSB each @2 lit/ha (T7),Azotobacter @10 kg and PSB @2 lit/ha (T8), Azotobacter @ 2 lit + PSB @ 10 kg/ha (T9). Result revealed that biofertilizer supplimentation beneficial over control with respect to growth and yield of crop. Among biofertilizers of Azotobacter and PSB each at 2 litre per hectare application through liquid formulation was better and economic to the farmers for growing spinach cv. All Green
Performance studies on different okra varieties and hybrids under arid climatic conditions of Rajasthan
Get PDFAn experiment entitled “Performance and genetic variability studies in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)” was carried out during August 2019 to November 2019 at the Research farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur (Rajasthan). The experiment comprised of 12 varieties and hybrids of okra viz. ‘P-8’, ‘Pusa Bhindi-5’, ‘Samrat F1 Hybrid’, ‘Punjab Suhawani’, ‘Arka Nikita’, ‘Shakshi F1 Hybrid’, ‘Palam Komal’, ‘Kashi Kranti’, ‘Shakti F1 Hybrid’, ‘Arka Anamika’, ‘Kashi Pragati’ and ‘Laxmi F1 Hybrid’ and was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Significant differences were found amongst the varieties and hybrids of okra for the studied characters. The ‘Arka Anamika’ recorded the maximum number of branches per plant (2.80), stem diameter (17.10 mm), number of leaves per plant (69.06), number of fruit per plant (25.80), fruit yield per plant (319.78 g), fruit yield per plot (4.95 kg), estimated fruit yield per hectare (122.30 q). The ‘Palam Komal’ recorded the maximum plant height (139.73) and numbers of nodes on main stem (30.80). The ‘Laxmi F1 Hybrid’ produced the largest leaves (156.86 cm2). The earliest first flower anthesis and 50% flowering and first picking were noted in ‘Kashi Pragati’ (38.67, 39.33 and 45.40 DAS, respectively). The ‘Pusa Bhindi-5’ recorded the maximum fruit length (12.36 cm). The ‘Samrat F1 Hybrid’ recorded the maximum fruit diameter (16.02 mm) and fruit weight (12.99 g). The maximum shelf life of fruit was recorded in ‘Kashi Kranti’ (4.47 Days). Five ridges per fruit were exhibited in all the okra varieties and hybrids. From the present investigation it can be concluded that okra variety ‘Arka Anamika’ performed best for various growth and yield traits under arid climatic conditions of Rajasthan
Effect of flower regulation on biotic and abiotic stress management in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) under hot arid climate
Get PDFThe present study was carried out for management of abiotic stresses (fruit cracking) and biotic stresses (mite and fungal spot) in pomegranate by flower regulation through water stress, pruning and ethrel application. The results revealed that horticultural interventions, chemical treatments and their interactions significantly minimized mite, fungal spot and fruit cracking incidence in pomegranate. In different combinations treatments of horticultural interventions and chemical, minimum mite incidence (4.80 and 4.65%) and fungal spot incidence (9.17 and 7.83%) were recorded in withholding irrigation during June + pruning + thinning with ethrel 2 ml/l treatment as compared to maximum mite (31.95 and 27.51%) and fungal spot (35.78 and 32.58%) recorded in control natural flowering without chemicals during the years 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. Lower fruit cracking incidence i.e. <2.0 kg/plant was observed in withholding of irrigation during June + pruning + thinning with ethrel applications in both years. The maximum fruit cracking (2.51 and 3.24 kg/plant) was recorded in withholding of irrigation during March without chemicals treatment during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that withholding irrigation during June + pruning + thinning with ethrel 2 ml/l treatment reduced mite and fungal spot incidence and fruit cracking through induction of flowering and fruit growth during optimal climatic conditions and enhanced management
Standardization of techniques for raw mango candy production for rural entrepreneurship
Get PDFIndia is the largest producer and consumer of mango fruit and it is available for a longer period of time from February to September in different parts of the country. Mango is a rich source of antioxidants, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and fair amounts of iron and nicotinic acid. Raw mango fruits contained higher amount of polyphenols including flavonoids and thereby showing higher antioxidant properties. With the purpose of raw mango product diversification, raw mango candy of commercial varieties (Totapuri, Mallika and Dashehari) was developed during the mango season and evaluated for nutraceutical properties at three months and six months interval. Organoleptic evaluation of the product was assessed by using nine point hedonic scales. The total soluble solids, acidity, and reducing sugar increased, while ascorbic acid and antioxidant decreased during six months storage. Organoleptically Dashehari candy got highest score (8.5 out of 9) and Mallika lowest with score (7.8 out of 9). Highest TSS was recorded in Dashehari candy (73.50 B) and Lower in Mallika (66.50 B). Vitamin C was at par in Dashehari and Mallika i.e. 98.0 mg/100gm and lowest in Totapuri 70.0 mg/100gm. Acidity was highest in Mallika (0.81%) and lowest in Totapuri (0.33%). No microbial growth was found in any sample during the storage period. This mango candy is a perfect diversification for utilization of raw mango as small scale enterprise for farm women. It will also give solution to mango dropping during wind storm during the month of April-May
