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內生化價格或數量選擇下垂直相關市場的福利分析
No full textThis research investigates the endogenous choice of prices versus quantities in a vertically-related market where an integrated firm competes with a downstream firm and they bargain over a two-part tariff input pricing contract. Contrary to the standard result, we show that both Bertrand competition and Cournot competition can be sustained as equilibrium outcomes. First, the Bertrand equilibrium maximizes industry profit, but there is a market failure in the choice of the type of strategic variables. Second, the Cournot equilibrium maximizes social welfare and consumer surplus, but there is a prisoners' dilemma. This paper ends with an extension, showing that our baseline model arises naturally as the equilibrium outcome of a simple game that admits vertical mergers.補正完畢TW
Empowering Large Language Models to Leverage Domain-Specific Knowledge in E-Learning
No full textLarge language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various natural language processing tasks. However, their performance in domain-specific contexts, such as E-learning, is hindered by the lack of specific domain knowledge. This paper adopts a novel approach of retrieval augment generation to empower LLMs with domain-specific knowledge in the field of E-learning. The approach leverages external knowledge sources, such as E-learning lectures or research papers, to enhance the LLM’s understanding and generation capabilities. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of our approach compared to existing methods in capturing and generating E-learning-specific information.補正完畢CH
Endogenous Market Structure and Input Pricing Strategy in Vertically-related Markets
No full text本文假設一家上游廠商與兩家生產異質產品的下游廠商之垂直相關市場結構，研究內生化市場結構與中間財定價策略。研究結果發現，在給定垂直整合相關市場下，當產品替代性較小時，垂直整合廠商選擇中間財的固定費用定價策略；當產品替代性較大時，則選擇中間財的單位定價策略。在給定垂直分離相關市場下，當產品替代性較小時，上游廠商選擇固定費用定價策略，將中間財販售給兩家下游廠商；當產品替代性較大時，則選擇固定費用定價策略，將中間財販售給單獨一家下游廠商。在考慮內生化市場結構下，研究結果發現，當產品替代性較小時，上游廠商選擇與任一家下游廠商合併或是選擇不合併；當產品替代性適中時，上游廠商不會選擇合併，並採用固定費用定價策略，將中間財販售給兩家下游廠商；當產品替代性較大時，上游廠商選擇與任一家下游廠商合併，並選擇中間財的單位定價策略。補正完畢TW
Chitosan nanoparticles prepared by spray drying augment the immune response to an A/H5N1 influenza vaccine in mice
No full textChitosan nanoparticles (CSNs) were produced via spray drying to evaluate the effects of the molecular weight, concentration of chitosan, and nozzle size of a nanospray dryer on its physicochemical properties and adjuvant potential. Three molecular weights (465, 618, and 732 kDa) were tested. CSNs from 465 kDa chitosan had the smallest (95.4 nm) and the highest zeta potential (+45.7 mV), whereas 732 kDa chitosan yielded larger particles (335.9 nm, +29.6 mV). Reducing the chitosan concentration from 0.1% to 0.025% decreased the particle size (358.3 → 95.4 nm) and increased the surface charge (+39.3 → +45.7 mV). CSNs of five different sizes ranging from <100 to 3000 nm were loaded with the A/H5N1 antigen, with 95.3–97.7% loading efficiency and 4881–5035 HAU/mg capacity. Compared with antigen alone or Al(OH)₃ controls, vaccination with CSN formulations elicited significantly stronger immune responses. After booster immunization, serum IgG titers reached 1536–1843, nearly double those induced by Al(OH)₃ (768), while hemagglutination inhibition titers increased to 160–230 HIU (p < 0.05). Biocompatibility and toxicity tests confirmed the safety and good tolerance of CSN-based vaccine formulations. These results demonstrate that CSNs are effective and safe adjuvants for enhancing the immunogenicity of H5N1 vaccines.補正完畢US
Does the Dissent of Independent Directors Affect the Value Relevance of Key Audit Matters?
No full text本文旨在探討獨立董事異議，是否會影響公司被報導關鍵查核事項之更新性、項目數、項目平均字數與獨特性之價值攸關性。本研究並進一步分析公司在不同生命周期階段與是否設置審計委員會等因素，是否會改變前述價值攸關性之發現。實證發現，獨立董事反對意見與關鍵查核事項之更新性、項目數、項目平均字數與獨特性之交互作用，有較高之價值攸關性；代表市場投資人信任獨立董事之監督功能，故會給予關鍵查核事項報導正面的評價。再者，本文亦進一步發現，上述之結果是出現於經營穩定度較高及有設置審計委員會之樣本，而對於經營不確定性高或沒有設置審計委員會之公司，則無顯著之價值攸關性影響，顯示投資人仍會考量公司所屬之生命周期階段與公司治理良窳，以作為判斷獨立董事異議與關鍵查核事項指標之資訊價值。希冀透過本文之實證發現，能提供未來相關研究不同之思考方向。補正完畢TW
Spatiotemporal impact of urban development on nighttime light intensity and its hotspot distribution
No full textNighttime light (NTL) data serve as a valuable proxy for accessing urbanization and socio-economic activities at various scales. This study investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of NTL intensity in Taipei City from January 2018 to June 2023 using data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB) via the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. A grid system comprising 1,211 cells (500-m resolution) was established to integrate land use, road networks, population, electricity consumption, and business prosperity into temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal models using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations (INLA). Additionally, spatiotemporal patterns were analyzed through the space-time cube in ArcGIS Pro. This finding highlights the strong influence of commercial activities and electricity consumption on NTL intensity, with persistent hotspots in commercial and industrial areas and cold spots in forested and agricultural zones. This study underscores the potential of NTL data to capture the interplay between urbanization, land use, and socioeconomic factors. Emphasizing land use as a central analytical focus provides a scalable framework for future urban studies and policy development that can be applied to diverse urban contexts.補正完畢US